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Poor dietary intake or unhealthy lifestyle contributes to various health disorders, including postprandial hyperglycemia, leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Reduction of postprandial glucose concentrations through diet is a key strategy for preventing and managing T2DM. Thus, it is essential to understand how dietary components affect glycemic regulation. Dietary polyphenols (DPs), such as anthocyanins and other phenolics found in various fruits and vegetables, are often recommended for their potential health benefits, although their systemic effectiveness is subject to ongoing debate. Therefore, this review assesses the current and historical evidence of DPs bioactivities, which regulate crucial metabolic markers to lower postprandial hyperglycemia. Significant bioactivities such as modulation of glucose transporters, activation of AMP kinase, and regulation of incretins are discussed, along with prospects for diet-induced therapeutics to prevent the onset of T2DM., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Coptis teeta Wall., an endangered but valuable medicinal species having various folklore uses in Indian and Chinese Traditional system of medicine. Its distribution is restricted to India, China and Tibet. In India, C. teeta is traditionally used in joint disorders, urinary infections and inflammatory diseases, however the scientific validation is missing. Thus, the present study aims to validate the anti-lithiatic and anti-gout activity of C. teeta rhizome extract (CTME) through in-vitro biological assays. The metabolic fingerprinting of CTME through reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (RP-HPLC-PDA) showed the presence of five benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloids, namely berberine (2.59%), coptisine (0.746%) jatrorrhizine (0.133%), palmatine (0.03%) and tetrahydropalmatine (0.003%). The anti-gout potency analysed via in-vitro xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition assay, followed by HPTLC (High performance thin layer chromatography) mediated bio-autographic inhibition of XOD signifies that CTME exhibit strong inhibition of XOD (IC 50 : 3.014 μg/ml), insignificantly different (p > 0.05) from allopurinol (IC 50 : 2.47 μg/ml). The XOD bioautographic assay advocates that the efficacy is primarily due to berberine and coptisine alkaloids. The CTME has significant anti-lithiatic activity, and thereby limiting the progression of crystal nidus formation, mediated via inhibition of calcium oxalate crystals nucleation and aggregation. Additionally, the extract also exhibits potential effect on inhibition of oxidative stress associated inflammation, which plays crucial role in alleviating urolithiasis and gouty conditions. Validating the traditional claims of C. teeta will not only confirm its medicinal benefits for targeted pathological conditions but also enhance its industrial demand., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction Chemoradiation (CRT) is the standard of care for the treatment of carcinoma cervix, more benefits of CRT are seen in the early stage as compared to a locally advanced stage. Altered fractionation such as accelerated radiotherapy (ART) in locally advanced carcinoma cervix has not been explored much. Here, we have reported the long-term outcome of ART in comparison to conventional CRT in locally advanced cervical cancer patients. Methods From September 2011 to January 2014, 191 patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, FIGO stage IIB - IIIB were included in this study. They were randomized into two arms: the CRT arm (95 patients) versus the ART arm (96 patients). During external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), the patients in the CRT arm received conventional radiotherapy 50 Gy/25 fractions, 2 Gy/fraction, 5 fractions/week with cisplatin 40 mg/m 2 /week while patients in the ART arm received 50 Gy/25 fractions, 2 Gy/fraction, 6 fractions per week (Monday to Saturday) radiation alone. This was followed by three insertions of 6.5 Gy per fraction of high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy at one-week intervals in both arms to keep the total treatment time 50 days in the CRT arm versus 45 days in the ART arm. Results The median follow-up of the study population was 57 months (range: 4-108 months). The patients with no residual disease (NRD) after EBRT and complete response (CR) at first follow-up were statistically less in the ART arm as compared to the CRT arm (30.2% versus 53.7% and 42.7% versus 63.2%; p = 0.006 and p = 0.024, respectively). However, there was no statistical difference in response at six months. High-grade acute toxicities hematological (9.5%) and gastrointestinal (15.8%) were more prevalent in the CRT arm in comparison to the ART arm, with no statistical significance (p>0.05) and Grade 1/2 genitourinary toxicity was significantly higher in the CRT arm. Late toxicities in both groups were equivalent. Recurrence, distant type of recurrence, and time to recurrence were similar in both groups. Five-year rates of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 51.2% versus 37.2% (p = 0.087) and 57.1% versus 46.3% (p = 0.223) in the CRT arm versus ART arm, respectively. Conclusion ART is a compelling alternative to concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer, particularly in patients with significant comorbidities, elderly women, and those in higher stages where concurrent chemotherapy's efficacy diminishes. It should be strongly considered when chemotherapy is contraindicated., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethical Committee of King George's Medical University issued approval 20084174. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kushwaha et al.)

Background: The moderate deep inspiratory breath hold (mDIBH) is a modality famed for cardiac sparing. Prospective studies based on this are few from the eastern part of the world and India. We intend to compare the dosimetry between mDIBH and free-breathing (FB) plans., Methods: Thirty-two locally advanced left breast cancer patients were taken up for the study. All patients received a dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions to the chest wall/intact breast, followed by a 10-Gy boost to the lumpectomy cavity in the case of breast conservation surgery. All the patients were treated in mDIBH using active breath coordinator (ABC). The data from the two dose volume histograms were compared regarding plan quality and the doses received by the organs at risk. Paired t-test was used for data analysis., Results: The dose received by the heart in terms of V5, V10, and V30 (4.55% vs 8.39%) and mean dose (4.73 Gy vs 6.74 Gy) were statistically significant in the ABC group than that in the FB group (all p-values < 0.001). Also, the dose received by the LADA in terms of V30 (19.32% vs 24.87%) and mean dose (32.99 Gy vs 46.65 Gy) were significantly less in the ABC group. The mean treatment time for the ABC group was 20 min, while that for the free-breathing group was 10 min., Conclusions: Incorporating ABC-mDIBH for left-sided breast cancer radiotherapy significantly reduces the doses received by the heart, LADA, and left and right lung, with no compromise in plan quality but with an increase in treatment time., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Infraspecific floral trait variations may appear in response to elevational differences in alpine plant species. There is enormous information on the selection of such morphs mediated by biotic and/or abiotic variables. Whether such differences contribute to differences in reproductive strategy and mating outcomes is rarely investigated. We investigated these aspects in two distinct elevational floral morphs (Red and Pink) of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. in Western Himalaya. The red morphs occupy the lower elevations while pink morphs the higher elevations. The two morphs differ in floral traits like phenology, dimension, display, quality of floral rewards, and pollinators that happen to influence interaction with available pollinator pool at each elevation. The pink morph exhibits entomophily, while the red ones show ornithophily. Although experimental pollinations established that both the morphs are self-compatible, selfing results in significantly lower fruit-set than either cross- or open-pollinations. The outcrossing rate in the red morph, as determined by using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, was higher (t m =0.82) than that in the pink morph (t m =0.76), with a tendency of the latter to be shifting towards mixed-mating strategy. However, the extent of biparental inbreeding was comparable among the two morphs. It is inferred that the differences in the mating outcomes among the morphs in the tree species are linked to those emerging from floral traits and the pollination by different functional groups of floral visitors., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Sorokhaibam, Chandra, Baishya, Barik, Goel and Tandon.)

The presence of neurotoxin β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in the seeds of Cycas sphaerica is reported for first time. We developed a UPLC-MS/MS method for BMAA quantification by derivatizing with dansyl chloride. The method successfully differentiated L-BMAA from its structural isomer 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB). The extracting mixture 0.1M TCA: ACN 4:1 v/v had a recovery level of >95%. The method is a high throughput sensitive chromatographic technique with 16.42 ng g -1 Limit of Quantification. BMAA was present in the endosperm of C. sphaerica, and was not detected in the leaves and pith. Washing of seeds in running cold water for 48 h reduced BMAA content by 86%. The local communities also treat the seeds under running cold water, but only for 24 h. The results of the study thus validated the traditional BMAA removal process through cold water treatment, but recommend for increase in the treatment period to 48 h or more., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyze the association between TLR2 deletion (-196 to -174) and TLR1 743 A > G gene polymorphism with drug resistant tuberculosis (PTB, MDR-TB, and XDR-TB) in a population from Agra, Uttar Pradesh., Methods: The present case-control study included 101 pulmonary TB patients, 104 multidrug-resistant TB patients, 48 extremely drug-resistant TB patients, and 130 healthy and unrelated controls residing in the same locality. The genotyping method for TLR2 deletion (-196 to -174) was carried out by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and TLR1 743 A > G gene polymorphism was performed by hybridization probe chemistry in Roche Real-Time PCR. Genotype and allele frequencies were analyzed by the chi-square test. Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA and compared using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests., Results: The frequency of heterozygous ( Ins/del ) genotypes for TLR2 (-196 to -174) polymorphism was predominant in XDR-TB patients (0.57), whereas heterozygous A/G genotype for TLR1 743 A > G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was predominant in healthy controls (0.57) for TLR1 743 A > G gene polymorphism. The heterozygous genotype of TLR2 deletion polymorphism was found to be significantly higher in XDR-TB ( p  = 0.0001). TLR1 743 A > G SNP, AG genotypes were found to be significantly associated with healthy controls than PTB ( p  = 0.047). The level of serum cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) was also found to be significantly different among TB patients and healthy controls., Conclusion: The findings suggested that in the present population, the heterozygous ( Ins/Del ) genotype and deletion allele of TLR2 deletion (-196 to -174) polymorphism are associated with the risk for the development of drug-resistant TB. Furthermore, for TLR1 743 A > G gene polymorphism, A/G genotype, and G allele are found associated with healthy controls, suggesting the protective role against TB., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Varshney, Singh, Mohanty, Kumar, Varshney, Sinha and Barik.)

Introduction CDK4/6 inhibitors currently approved for patients with hormone-receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer include palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib. This study aims to report on the treatment outcomes and real-world data regarding the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the treatment of ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer at a tertiary care institute in Eastern India. Materials and methods The present study is a retrospective analysis of data from patients with metastatic HR+/HER2- breast cancer who were treated with CDK4/6 inhibitors at a tertiary care institute in Eastern India between 2015 and 2022. The data were collected from online records in the departmental files and analyzed for the primary baseline characteristics of the patients, tumors, and response rates, including partial response (PR), complete response (CR), progressive disease (PD), and stable disease (SD), as defined by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria version 1.1. The treatment administered, progression-free survival (PFS), and toxicity were also evaluated. Results From 2015 to 2022, 24 eligible patients were treated with CDK4/6 inhibitors for metastatic HR+/HER2- breast cancer. The average duration of follow-up was 25 months. Out of the 24 patients, 15 (62.5%) were taking Tab. ribociclib, six (25%) were taking Tab. palbociclib, and three (12.5%) were taking Tab. abemaciclib. CDK4/6 was used as a first-line therapy for 16 patients, while eight patients received it as a second-line treatment. Out of the total number of patients, six (25%) had stable disease, 13 (54.2%) had a partial response, and four (16.7%) had progressive disease. In total, of the eligible patients, five (20.8%) had grade I neutropenia, seven (29.2%) had grade II neutropenia, and four (16.7%) had grade III neutropenia. At five years, the PFS rate estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method was 50% (95% CI: 47.89-69.31). Conclusion Ribociclib and palbociclib have improved PFS in patients with metastatic HR+/HER2- breast cancer. Both drugs have well-tolerated toxicity, allowing patients to continue taking them for an extended period of time. CDK4/6 inhibitors have a higher response rate than the other agents., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Das Majumdar et al.)

Taxonomic data are a scientific common. Unlike nomenclature, which has strong governance institutions, there are currently no generally accepted governance institutions for the compilation of taxonomic data into an accepted global list. This gap results in challenges for conservation, ecological research, policymaking, international trade, and other areas of scientific and societal importance. Consensus on a global list and its management requires effective governance and standards, including agreed mechanisms for choosing among competing taxonomies and partial lists. However, governance frameworks are currently lacking, and a call for governance in 2017 generated critical responses. Any governance system to which compliance is voluntary requires a high level of legitimacy and credibility among those by and for whom it is created. Legitimacy and credibility, in turn, require adequate and credible consultation. Here, we report on the results of a global survey of taxonomists, scientists from other disciplines, and users of taxonomy designed to assess views and test ideas for a new system of taxonomic list governance. We found a surprisingly high degree of agreement on the need for a global list of accepted species and their names, and consistent views on what such a list should provide to users and how it should be governed. The survey suggests that consensus on a mechanism to create, manage, and govern a single widely accepted list of all the world's species is achievable. This finding was unexpected given past controversies about the merits of list governance.

Mycosis fungoides (MF) remains a challenge as a disease from its diagnosis through treatment and follow-up. The rarity of the disease and uncharacteristic clinical manifestations pose difficulty in diagnosis, and the lack of treatment facilities adds to the management woes. Though the Stanford technique is the most accepted modality of total skin electron beam therapy (TSEBT), the implementation details are still unstandardized. Different centers adopt different methodologies as per their convenience and suitability. We present a patient of MF with many dimensions of prediagnosis clinical features to the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up with subsequent developments over a period of 24 years that may help to understand the disease and management in a better manner.

Climate change impact on the habitat distribution of umbrella species presents a critical threat to the entire regional ecosystem. This is further perilous if the species is economically important. Sal (Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn.), a climax forest forming Central Himalayan tree species, is one of the most valuable timber species and provides several ecological services. Sal forests are under threat due to over-exploitation, habitat destruction, and climate change. Sal's poor natural regeneration and its unimodal density-diameter distribution in the region illustrate the peril to its habitat. We, modelled the current as well as future distribution of suitable sal habitats under different climate scenarios using 179 sal occurrence points and 8 bioclimatic environmental variables (non-collinear). The CMIP5-based RCP4.5 and CMIP6-based SSP245 climate models under 2041-2060 and 2061-2080 periods were used to predict the impact of climate change on sal's future potential distribution area. The niche model results predict the mean annual temperature and precipitation seasonality as the most influential sal habitat governing variables in the region. The current high suitability region for sal was 4.36% of the total geographic area, which shows a drastic decline to 1.31% and 0.07% under SSP245 for 2041-60 and 2061-80, respectively. The RCP-based models predicted more severe impact than SSP; however, both RCP and SSP models showed complete loss of high suitability regions and overall shift of species northwards in the Uttarakhand state. We could identify the current and future suitable habitats for conserving sal population through assisted regeneration and management of other regional issues., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The identification and characterization of plasma proteins in drug resistant and drug sensitive in HIV-1 infected/AIDS patients were carried out using the SWATH-MS protocol. In total, 204 proteins were identified and quantified, 57 proteins were differentially expressed, out of which 25 proteins were down regulated and 32 proteins were up regulated in drug resistant patients. Six proteins such as complement C4-A, immunoglobulin heavy variable 1-2, carboxylic ester hydrolase, fibulin-1, immunoglobulin lambda constant7, secreted phosphoprotein 24 were differentially expressed in individuals with drug resistant HIV as compared to individuals with drug sensitive HIV. Gene ontology of 57 differentially expressed proteins was analysed and documented., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 Biomedical Informatics.)

Gloriosine, the predominant metabolite of Gloriosa superba L., shares chemical properties with colchicine. We analyze the microtubule-binding affinity of gloriosine at the colchicine binding site (CBS) using an in silico-in vivo approach. The In silico docking of gloriosine showed a binding score of (-) 7.5 kcal/Mol towards β-tubulin at CBS and was validated by overlapping the coupling pose of the docked ligand with co-crystallized colchicine. 2D plots (Ligplot +) showed > 85% overlap between gloriosine and colchicine. The ADMET profile of gloriosine was in accordance with Lipinski's rule of five. Gloriosine belongs to class II toxicity with anLD 50 value of 6 mg/kg. In vivo and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that gloriosine induces abnormalities in cell division such as condensed chromosomes in C-metaphase and enlarged nucleus with increased nuclear material. Gloriosine treated cells exhibited mitotic index of about 14% compared to control of 24% and high anti-proliferative activity i.e. 63.94% cell viability at a low concentration (0.0004 mg/ml). We conclude that gloriosine has a strong affinity for β-tubulin at CBS and thus can be used as a colchicine alternative in cytology and other clinical conditions., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Genome sequence and identification of specific genes involved in the targeted secondary metabolite biosynthesis are two essential requirements for the improvement of any medicinal plant. Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari (family: Burseraceae), a medicinal plant native to Western India, produces a phytosterol guggulsterone, which is useful for treating atherosclerosis, arthritis, high cholesterol, acne, and obesity. For enhanced guggulsterone yield, key genes involved in its biosynthesis pathway need to be predicted, for which the genome sequence of the species is a pre-requisite. Therefore, we assembled the first-ever hybrid draft genome of C. wightii with a genome size of 1.03 Gb and 107,221 contigs using Illumina and PacBio platforms. The N50 and L50 values in this assembled genome were ~74 Kb and 3486 bp, respectively with a guanine-cytosine (GC) content of 35.6% and 98.7%. The Benchmarking Universal Single Copy Ortholog (BUSCO) value indicated good integrity of assembly. Analysis predicted the presence of 31,187 genes and 342.35 Mb repeat elements in the genome. The comparative genome analysis of C. wightii with relevant orthogroups predicted a few key genes associated with phytosterol biosynthesis and secondary metabolism pathways. The assembled draft genome and the predicted genes should help the future variety development program with improved guggulsterone contents in C. wightii .

Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) has become one of the main urban air pollutants. In the present study, we assessed impact of ambient and future ground-level O 3 on nine commonly growing urban tree species under Free Air Ozone Enrichment (FAOE) condition. During the study period, mean ambient and elevated ozone (EO 3 ) concentrations were 48.59 and 69.62 ppb, respectively. Under EO 3 treatment, stomatal density (SD) significantly decreased and guard cell length (GCL) increased in Azadirachta indica, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Plumeria rubra, Saraca asoca and Tabernaemontana divaricata, while SD increased and GCL decreased in Ficus benghalensis and Terminalia arjuna. Proline levels increased in all the nine plant species under EO 3 condition. EO 3 significantly reduced photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rates (E). Only A. indica and N. indicum showed higher gs and E under EO 3 treatment. Water use efficiency (WUE) significantly increased in F. benghalensis and decreased in A. indica and T. divaricata. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) significantly increased in Ficus religiosa and S. asoca whereas it decreased in B. spectabilis and A. indica. Of all the plant species B. spectabilis and A. indica were the most sensitive to EO 3 (high g s and less ascorbic acid content) while S. asoca and F. religiosa were the most tolerant (lowg s and more ascorbic acid content). The sensitivity of urban tree species to EO 3 is a cause of concern and should be considered for future urban forestry programmes. Our study should guide more such studies to identify tolerant trees for urban air pollution abatement., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The success of a species in future climate change scenarios depends on its morphological, physiological, and demographic adaptive responses to changing climate. The existence of threatened species against climate adversaries is constrained due to their small population size, narrow genetic base, and narrow niche breadth. We examined if ecological niche model (ENM)-based distribution predictions of species align with their morpho-physiological and demographic responses to future climate change scenarios. We studied three threatened Ilex species, viz., Ilex khasiana Purkay., I. venulosa Hook. f., and I. embelioides Hook. F, with restricted distribution in Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. Demographic analysis of the natural populations of each species in Meghalaya, India revealed an upright pyramid suggesting a stable population under the present climate scenario. I. khasiana was confined to higher elevations only while I. venulosa and I. embelioides had wider altitudinal distribution ranges. The bio-climatic niche of I. khasiana was narrow, while the other two species had relatively broader niches. The ENM-predicted potential distribution areas under the current (2022) and future (2050) climatic scenarios (General Circulation Models (GCMs): IPSL-CM5A-LR and NIMR-HADGEM2-AO) revealed that the distribution of highly suitable areas for the most climate-sensitive I. khasiana got drastically reduced. In I. venulosa and I. embelioides, there was an increase in highly suitable areas under the future scenarios. The eco-physiological studies showed marked variation among the species, sites, and treatments (p < 0.05), indicating the differential responses of the three species to varied climate scenarios, but followed a similar trend in species performance aligning with the model predictions., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Atomically precise thiolate-protected coinage metal nanoclusters and their alloys are far more numerous than their selenium congeners, the synthesis of which remains extremely challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of atomically defined dithiophosph(in)ate protected eight-electron superatomic palladium silver nanoalloys [PdAg 20 {S 2 PR 2 } 12 ], 2a-c (where R = O i Pr, a; O i Bu, b; Ph, c) via ligand exchange and/or co-reduction methods. The ligand exchange reaction on [PdAg 20 {S 2 P(O n Pr) 2 } 12 ], 1, with [NH 4 {Se 2 PR 2 } 12 ] (where R = O i Pr, or O n Pr) leads to the formation of [PdAg 20 {Se 2 P(O i Pr) 2 } 12 ] (3) and [PdAg 20 {Se 2 P(O n Pr) 2 } 12 ] (4), respectively. Solid state structures of 2a, 2b, 3 and 4 unravel different PdAg 20 metal frameworks from their parent cluster, originating from the different distributions of the eight-capping silver(I) atoms around a Pd@Ag 12 centered icosahedron with C 2, D 3, T h and T h symmetries, respectively. Surprisingly ambient temperature crystallization of the reaction product 3 obtained by the ligand exchange reaction on 1 has resulted in the co-crystallization of two isomers in the unit cell with overall T (3a) and C 3 (3b) symmetries, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first ever characterized isomeric pair among the selenolate-protected NCs. Density functional theory (DFT) studies further rationalize the preferred geometrical isomerism of the PdAg 20 core., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Tropical forests sequester six times higher carbon than that released by humans annually into the atmosphere. These biodiversity-rich tropical forests have high net primary productivity (NPP), which differs among constituent plant communities. Tropical moist deciduous forests occupy 179,335 km 2 of India's geographical area and constitute 44% of the country's total protected area (PA) forests. The productivity of these forests has neither been estimated specifically nor precisely. We measured the annual NPP of three predominant distinct community types, viz., mixed (DM), sal (SM), and teak (TP), in a tropical moist deciduous forest in northern India. The NPP was estimated from tree biomass data collected from nine long-term ecological research (LTER) plots of 1 ha each representing the above three community types. The estimated annual NPP were 10.28, 6.25, and 9.79 Mg ha -1  year -1 in DM; 8.93, 7.09, and 10.59 Mg ha -1  year -1 in SM; and 14.57, 7.14, and 13.56 Mg ha -1  year -1 in TP for the years 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. The NPP was correlated with tree density, height and DBH, species richness, diversity, microclimatic and edaphic variables, and leaf area index (LAI) using principal component analysis (PCA) and generalized linear modeling (GLM). Air temperature and humidity were strongly related to NPP in all the community types, while "complementarity" and "selection effects" contributed to the NPP in both the sal and mixed forest communities with equal importance, and the NPP in teak plantation ould point to "dominance effect.", (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Microbial polysaccharides (MPs) offer immense diversity in structural and functional properties. They are extensively used in advance biomedical science owing to their superior biodegradability, hemocompatibility, and capability to imitate the natural extracellular matrix microenvironment. Ease in tailoring, inherent bio-activity, distinct mucoadhesiveness, ability to absorb hydrophobic drugs, and plentiful availability of MPs make them prolific green biomaterials to overcome the significant constraints of cancer chemotherapeutics. Many studies have demonstrated their application to obstruct tumor development and extend survival through immune activation, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle arrest by MPs. Synoptic investigations of MPs are compulsory to decode applied basics in recent inclinations towards cancer regimens. The current review focuses on the anticancer properties of commercially available and newly explored MPs, and outlines their direct and indirect mode of action. The review also highlights cutting-edge MPs-based drug delivery systems to augment the specificity and efficiency of available chemotherapeutics, as well as their emerging role in theranostics., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Since the impact of future climate change on wheat productivity is inconsistent, we studied geographic distribution and yield of wheat using two global General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Free Air CO 2/ O 3 Enrichment (FACE) experiments. The GCMs (IPSL-CM5A-LR and NIMR-HADGEM2-AO) with four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and 19 bioclimatic variables were used for distribution/ecological niche modeling (ENM). Currently cultivated eight wheat cultivars were exposed to individual treatment of (i) ambient CO 2 , temperature, and ozone (ACO + AO + AT) representing the present climate scenario, and (ii) elevated CO 2 (550 ppm) (ECO), (iii) elevated temperature (+ 2 °C) (ET), (iv) elevated O 3 (ambient + 20 ppb) (EO), (v) elevated CO 2  + elevated O 3 (ECO + EO), and (vi) elevated CO 2  + elevated temperature + elevated O 3 (ECO + EO + ET) under FACE facility simulating the future climate change scenarios in 2050. The niche models predicted a reduction in climatically suitable areas for wheat, and identified "maximum temperature" as the most influencing factor for area reduction. The elevated CO 2 , O 3 , and temperature individually and in combinations had differential impacts on the yield of wheat cultivars. Only two cultivars, viz., DBW 184 and DBW 187 did not exhibit yield decline suggesting their suitability in the future climate change scenario. Since the performance of six out of eight cultivars significantly declined under simulated FACE experiment, and ENM predicted reduction in wheat cultivation area under RCP 8.5 in 2050, it was concluded that future of wheat cultivation in India is bleak. The study further indicates that coupling of bioclimatic modeling and FACE experiment can effectively predict the impact of climate change on different crops., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Citrus is an important horticultural crop of India and is often prone to diseases, particularly under increased temperature scenarios. For developing disease-resistant Citrus varieties, conservation of wild relatives is extremely important. However, our knowledge on temperature tolerance of these wild relatives of Citrus to varied climate change scenarios is extremely limited. Therefore, we determined the climatic niche of six wild relatives of cultivated Citrus species (C. indica Tanaka, C. karna Rafin., C. latipes (Swingle) Tanaka, C. macroptera Montrouz., C. medica L., and C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck.) and identified the geographical areas in India that would remain climatically stable in future through ecological niche modeling (ENM). Raster data on 19 bioclimatic variables with a resolution of 0.04° were used to generate niche models for each Citrus species that delineated their potential distribution areas. Future species distribution predictions for the year 2050 were made using the climate change scenarios from the most appropriate climate models, i.e., IPSL-CM5A-LR and NIMR-HADGEM2-AO with four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Ensemble of current and future projections was used to identify climatically stable areas for each species. Precipitation-related bioclimatic variables were the key climatic determinants for the modeled distribution pattern. The consensus of current and future projections suggests that most areas with stable climates for the species in the future would be available in the northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura. Efforts for in situ conservation and establishment of germplasm banks and citrus orchards may be encouraged in these identified areas., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Purpose: To investigate and evaluate the feasibility of a simple modified Divided Planning Target Volume (DPTV) optimization method in radiation therapy planning of lung cancer patients., Methods: A cohort of 15 patients of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (13 patients stage III and two patients of stage II) who were previously treated with Concurrent Chemo Radiation Therapy were included in the study. The planning modality was Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy, and the dose prescription was 60 Gray in 30 fractions. In this study, we attempted to replan by dividing the previous Single Planning Target Volume (SPTV) into a DPTV. All the treatment plans were revised and again optimized for DPTV with required dose constraints as in SPTV. The dosimetric parameters that were achieved for target and normal structures were recorded in both the optimization methods., Results: Dosimetric target coverage (D95%) (p-value = 0.0001), dose homogeneity (p-value =0.0001) and conformity (p-value = 0.044) were improved by the DPTV optimization. The volume of the oesophagus receiving 35 Gy was found to be higher in the DPTV arm (p-value = 0.02) compared to the SPTV arm, but the volume of the oesophagus receiving 50 Gy was found to be similar (p-value = 0.122)., Conclusion: In radiation therapy planning of lung cancer, the DPTV optimization method has better dose coverage to the target volume, homogeneity, as well as conformity than the stsndsrd SPTV method. Therefore, the DPTV optimization method can be a simple and efficient alternative to the SPTV method in lung cancer., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

More than 200 root-nodule bacterial strains were isolated from Leucaena leucocephala growing at 42 sampling sites across 12 states and three union territories of India. Genetic diversity was observed among 114 strains from various climatic zones; based on recA, these were identified as strains of Ensifer, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium, and Bradyrhizobium. In multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) strains clustered into several novel clades and lineages. Ensifer were predominant nodulating genotype isolated from majority of alkaline soils, while Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium strains were isolated from a limited sampling in North-Eastern states with acidic soils. Positive nodulation assays of selected Ensifer representing different genetic combinations of housekeeping and sym genes suggested their broad host range within the closely related mimosoid genera Vachellia, Senegalia, Mimosa, and Prosopis. Leucaena selected diverse strains of Ensifer and Mesorhizobium as symbionts depending on available soil pH, climatic, and other edaphic conditions in India. Lateral gene transfer seems to play a major role in genetic diversification of Ensifer exhibited in terms of Old World vs. Neotropical genetic make-up and mixed populations at several sites. Although Neotropical Ensifer strains were most symbiotically effective on Leucaena, the native Ensifer are promiscuous and particularly well-adapted to a wide range of sampling sites with varied climates and edaphic factors., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.)

Introduction: COVID-19 patients with cancer had poorer outcomes due to immunosuppression during cancer care, poor general condition, and other comorbidities. The study was conducted to present the real-world analysis of the effect of treatment interruptions on the outcomes of patients treated with radiation therapy during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary care institute in India., Materials and Methods: The study is a retrospective observational cohort study on cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy from March 2020 to January 2021. The study's primary outcome was to analyze the effect of treatment interruptions on the outcomes of patients treated with radiation therapy during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic., Results: Between March 2020 to January 2021, 218 eligible patients undergoing radiation therapy were found for the study. Among the 218 patients, 25 patients (11.47%) were found positive for COVID-19, while 193 patients (88.53%) were negative for COVID-19. Among COVID-19-positive patients, ten patients had < 3 weeks of treatment interruption, while 15 patients had > 3 weeks of treatment interruptions. After recovering from COVID-19, treatment was resumed and completed for 15 (60.00%) of the COVID-19-positive patients. In comparison, 13 patients (52.00%) were lost to follow-up. Three of the COVID-19-positive patients died. The disease was clinically controlled in 12 (48.00%) of the COVID-19-positive patients, and the patients reported locoregional disease progression in 10 (40.00%). Among the 193 COVID-19-negative patients, 32 patients (16.58%) had treatment interruption. Twelve patients (37.50%) had treatment interruptions for less than 1 week. There was a significant difference in the delay of radiation treatment delivery by 2 weeks (11 fractions) in COVID-19-positive patients compared to only two fractions delay in COVID-19-negative patients., Conclusion: COVID-19 impacted the treatment outcomes in both COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative cohorts of patients. There was a longer duration of treatment interruptions in the COVID-19-positive patients, leading to fewer patients completing the radiation treatment and thereby increased locoregional disease progression. There was a significant difference in the delay in treatment between the two groups., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Data science has been an invaluable part of the COVID-19 pandemic response with multiple applications, ranging from tracking viral evolution to understanding the vaccine effectiveness. Asymptomatic breakthrough infections have been a major problem in assessing vaccine effectiveness in populations globally. Serological discrimination of vaccine response from infection has so far been limited to Spike protein vaccines since whole virion vaccines generate antibodies against all the viral proteins. Here, we show how a statistical and machine learning (ML) based approach can be used to discriminate between SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune response to an inactivated whole virion vaccine (BBV152, Covaxin). For this, we assessed serial data on antibodies against Spike and Nucleocapsid antigens, along with age, sex, number of doses taken, and days since last dose, for 1823 Covaxin recipients. An ensemble ML model, incorporating a consensus clustering approach alongside the support vector machine model, was built on 1063 samples where reliable qualifying data existed, and then applied to the entire dataset. Of 1448 self-reported negative subjects, our ensemble ML model classified 724 to be infected. For method validation, we determined the relative ability of a random subset of samples to neutralize Delta versus wild-type strain using a surrogate neutralization assay. We worked on the premise that antibodies generated by a whole virion vaccine would neutralize wild type more efficiently than delta strain. In 100 of 156 samples, where ML prediction differed from self-reported uninfected status, neutralization against Delta strain was more effective, indicating infection. We found 71.8% subjects predicted to be infected during the surge, which is concordant with the percentage of sequences classified as Delta (75.6%-80.2%) over the same period. Our approach will help in real-world vaccine effectiveness assessments where whole virion vaccines are commonly used., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

There is phylogenetic ambiguity in the genus Lithocarpus and subfamily Quercoideae (Family: Fagaceae). Lithocarpus dealbatus , an ecologically important tree, is the dominant species among the Quercoideae in India. Although several studies have been conducted on the species' regeneration and ecological and economic significance, limited information is available on its phylo-genomics. To resolve the phylogeny in Quercoideae, we sequenced and assembled the 161,476 bp chloroplast genome of L. dealbatus , which has a large single-copy section of 90,732 bp and a small single-copy region of 18,987 bp, separated by a pair of inverted repeat regions of 25,879 bp. The chloroplast genome contained 133 genes, of which 86 were protein-coding genes, 39 were transfer RNAs, and eight were ribosomal RNAs. Analysis of repeat elements and RNA editing sites revealed interspecific similarities within the Lithocarpus genus. DNA diversity analysis identified five highly diverged coding and noncoding hotspot regions in the four genera, which can be used as polymorphic markers for species/taxon delimitation across the four genera of Quercoideae viz., Lithocarpus , Quercus , Castanea , and Castanopsis . The chloroplast-based phylogenetic analysis among the Quercoideae established a monophyletic origin of Lithocarpus , and a closer evolutionary lineage with a few Quercus species. Besides providing insights into the chloroplast genome architecture of L. dealbatus , the study identified five mutational hotspots having high taxon-delimitation potential across four genera of Quercoideae.

Genomic signatures of the protease and reverse transcriptase gene of HIV-1 from HIV infected North Indian patients who were under ART from 1 to ≤ 7 years were analyzed. The DNA from plasma samples of 9 patients and RNA from 57 patients were isolated and subjected to amplification for the protease and reverse transcriptase gene of HIV-1 subtype C. Then sequencing was carried out following the WHO dried blood spot protocol. The drug resistance mutation patterns were analyzed using the HIV Drug Resistance Database, Stanford University, USA. Lamivudine-associated drug-resistance mutations such as M184V/M184I, nevirapine-associated drug resistance mutations Y181C and H221Y, and efavirenz-associated drug resistance mutations M230I were observed in reverse transcriptase gene of archived DNA of two HIV-1 infected patients. No mutation was observed in the remaining 7 patients. Various computational tools and websites like viral epidemiological signature pattern analysis (VESPA), hyper mutation, SNAP version 2.1.1, and entropy were utilized for the analysis of the signature pattern of amino acids, hyper mutation, selection pressure, and Shannon entropy in the protease and reverse transcriptase gene sequences of the 9 archived DNA, 56 protease gene and 51 reverse transcriptase gene from the HIV-1 DNA amplified sequences of RNA. The HIV-1 Subtype-C (Gene bank accession number: AB023804) and first isolate HXB2 (Gene bank accession number: K03455.1) was taken as reference sequence. The signature amino acid sequences were identified in the protease and reverse transcriptase gene, no hyper mutation, highest entropy was marked in the amino acid positions and synonymous to non-synonymous nucleotide ratio was calculated in the protease and reverse transcriptase gene of 9 archived DNA sequences, 56 protease and 51 reverse transcriptase gene sequences of HIV-1 Subtype C isolates., Competing Interests: All authors have no conflicts of interest., (© 2022 Biomedical Informatics.)

Interleukin-mediated deep cytokine storm, an aggressive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in COVID-19 patients, is correlated directly with lung injury, multi-organ failure, and poor prognosis of severe COVID-19 patients. Curcumin (CUR), a phenolic antioxidant compound obtained from turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.), is well-known for its strong anti-inflammatory activity. However, its in vivo efficacy is constrained due to poor bioavailability. Herein, we report that CUR-encapsulated polysaccharide nanoparticles (CUR-PS-NPs) potently inhibit the release of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors associated with damage of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (CoV2-SP)-stimulated liver Huh7.5 and lung A549 epithelial cells. Treatment with CUR-PS-NPs effectively attenuated the interaction of ACE2 and CoV2-SP. The effects of CUR-PS-NPs were linked to reduced NF-κB/MAPK signaling which in turn decreased CoV2-SP-mediated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, p42/44 MAPK, and p65/NF-κB as well as nuclear p65/NF-κB expression. The findings of the study strongly indicate that organic NPs of CUR can be used to control hyper-inflammatory responses and prevent lung and liver injuries associated with CoV2-SP-mediated cytokine storm.

Existing drugs have limited success in managing obesity in human due to their low efficacy and severe side-effects. Surface-modified gold nanoparticles have now received considerable attention of researchers for efficient biomedical applications owing to their superior uptake by cells, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity and non-immunogenicity. Here we prepared Cinnamomum verum derived bioactives-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au@P-NPs) and assessed their impact on obesity and related immune-metabolic complications in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice using metabolic experiments along with 16S RNA gene-based gut microbial profiling and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Au@P-NPs treatment prevented weight gain, decreased fat deposition, reduced metabolic inflammation and endotoxaemia in HFD-fed mice. Au@P-NPs-treated group exhibited better glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity than HFD-fed control mice, and got completely protected against hepatic steatosis. These impacts were related to increased energy expenditure and enhanced Ucp1 expression in the brown adipose tissues of Au@P-NPs-administered animals, which strongly linked with the mRNA expression of the membrane bile acid receptor TGR5. Treatment of HFD-fed animals with Au@P-NPs altered plasma bile acid profile, and increased Akkermansia muciniphila and decreased Lactobacillus populations in the faeces. Au@P-NPs-treated animals revealed altered plasma bile acid profile, and increased Akkermansia muciniphila and decreased Lactobacillus populations in the faeces. FMT experiments showed lesser weight gain and greater energy expenditure in the mice fed with faecal suspension from Au@P-NPs-treated animals than that from HFD-fed mice. These results clearly establish that gold nanoparticles functionalized with bioactive compounds of C. verum have high potential to be an anti-obesity drug., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Managing of radiotherapy department in many cancer centers in India has become very challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic. A radiotherapy center has to deal with multiple problems such as long treatment duration of each patient, high caseload on each radiotherapy machine, a limited number of qualified technical staff available, and equipment maintenance. For the department's smooth running, both the patient and healthcare worker must be safe from contacting COVID-19. A robust and planned strategy is required for prevention, screening, and awareness among all. To access our preparedness and evolve by gaining from other radiotherapy centers, a study was conducted using questionnaires and responses collected from different cancer centers in India., Competing Interests: None

The recent COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has sparked a new spectrum of investigations, research and studies in multifarious directions. Efforts are being made around the world for discovery of effective vaccines/drugs against COVID-19. In this context, Ayurveda, an alternative traditional system of medicine in India may work as an adjuvant therapy in compromised patients. We selected 40 herbal leads on the basis of their traditional applications. The phytomolecules from these leads were further screened through in-silico molecular docking against two main targets of SARS-CoV-2 i.e. the spike protein (S; structural protein) and the main protease (M PRO ; non-structural protein). Out of the selected 40, 12 phytomolecules were able to block or stabilize the major functional sites of the main protease and spike protein. Among these, Ginsenoside, Glycyrrhizic acid, Hespiridin and Tribulosin exhibited high binding energy with both main protease and spike protein. Etoposide showed good binding energy only with Spike protein and Teniposide had high binding energy only with main protease. The above phytocompounds showed promising binding efficiency with target proteins indicating their possible applications against SARS-CoV-2. However, these findings need to be validated through in vitro and in vivo experiments with above mentioned potential molecules as candidate drugs for the management of COVID-19. In addition, there is an opportunity for the development of formulations through different permutations and combinations of these phytomolecules to harness their synergistic potential.

Introduction Intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) is an integral component in the management of locally advanced cervical cancer. Spinal anaesthesia is the preferred mode of pain management during brachytherapy procedures. In high volume, resource constraint settings, it is difficult to provide spinal anaesthesia to all patients. This study attempts dosimetric comparison of high-dose-rate ICBT with spinal anaesthesia to that under conscious sedation to find out whether brachytherapy under conscious sedation is comparable with spinal anaesthesia. Methods Retrospective data of total of 56 cervical cancer patients who received ICBT after completion of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) were collected. Among these 56 patients, 28 patients received brachytherapy under spinal anaesthesia (SA group) and the rest under conscious sedation (CS group). Brachytherapy dose was 7 Gray per fraction weekly for three weeks. Thus, 84 brachytherapy plans of each group were analysed with respect to doses received by points A, B, P and Organs at Risk. Results The mean doses received by points A, B and P were comparable in SA and CS groups (p-value >0.05). Similarly, the mean doses received by Organs at Risk (rectum, urinary bladder, and sigmoid colon) were also comparable in both the groups (p-value>0.05). Conclusion ICBT under CS is dosimetrically non-inferior to SA, which makes it an alternative option., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Mahapatra et al.)

We aim to characterize the drug resistance mutations in reverse transcriptase gene of HIV-1 subtype C-infected North Indian population in those who are failing first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) and if these mutations are associated with mortality. We also attempted the assessment of switch over to second-line antiretroviral therapy in these patients. Based on the immunological marker CD4 count (<350 cubic/mm), 192 HIV/AIDS patients were selected and viral load was estimated in those who were enrolled from December 2009 to November 2016. Based on viral load, genotyping was carried out in 57 HIV-1 isolates (VL ≥1,000 copies/mL) by sequencing and drug resistance mutations were examined through the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database, USA. Among them, 21 (36.84%) first-line ART failure patients were shifted to second-line ART. These patients were followed for a period wide ranging from 10 months to 11 years. Drug resistance mutation M184V (ATG to GTA) (63.15%) associated with lamivudine and abacavir and K103N (AAG or AAA to AAU) (36.84%) associated with efavirenz and nevirapine were predominantly identified in first-line ART failure patients. During follow-up, it was observed that 3 out of 21 who were in second-line ART died, whereas 9 out of 36 died who were in the first-line ART. No mutation could be associated with mortality although TAM-2 mutations were absent in patients who died. This study indorses the need for a facility for viral load estimation and resistance monitoring in each treatment failure patient and availability of appropriate antiretroviral therapies.

Persistence of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pesticide is a major problem for its disposal. Soil microflora plays an important role in remediating contaminated sites. Keeping concepts of microbial- and phyto-remediation together, the difference between soil microflora with and without association of HCH accumulating plant species was studied. Metagenomic analysis among the non-plant soil (BS) (∑HCH 434.19 mg/g), rhizospheric soil of shrubs (RSS) (∑HCH 157.31 mg/g), and rhizospheric soil of trees (RSD) (∑HCH 105.39 mg/g) revealed significant differences in microbial communities. Shrubs and trees occurred at a long-term dumpsite accumulated α- and β- HCH residues. Plant rhizospheric soils exhibited high richness and evenness with higher diversity indices compared to the non-plant soil. Order Rhizobiales was most abundant in all soils and Streptomycetales was absent in the BS soil. Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were highest in BS soil, while Actinobacteria was enriched in both the plant rhizospheric soil samples. In BS soil, Pseudomonas, Sordaria, Caulobacter, Magnetospirillum, Rhodospirillum were abundant. While, genera Actinoplanes, Streptomyces, Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Agrobacterium are abundant in RSD soil. Selected plants have accumulated HCH residues from soil and exerted positive impacts on soil microbial communities in HCH contaminated site. This study advocates microbe-assisted plant-based bioremediation strategy to remediate HCH contamination., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The unprecedented quick spreading of newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 has put the whole world in vast crisis. Several prophylactic interventions are being performed to discover the effective anti-COVID-19 agent. Thus, the present study aims to identify the cryptogamic secondary metabolites (CSMs) as potent inhibitors of two major targets of SARS-Cov2, namely 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL pro ) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike glycoprotein (SGP), by implementing a computational approach. Molecular docking was carried out on Autodock 4.2 software with the 3CL pro (PDB ID:6LU7) and RBD of SGP (PDB ID:6W41) of the virus. Lopinavir and Arbidol were taken as positive controls to compare the efficacy of randomly selected 53 CSMs. The drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics properties of all metabolites were accessed to discern the anti-COVID 19 activity acting well at the physiological conditions. The docking results predicted that Marchantin E and Zeorin would potentially block the catalytic site of 3CL pro with the interaction energy values of -8.42 kcal/mol and -9.04 kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, Usnic acid revealed its ability to combat the interaction of RBD of SGP to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 in docking analysis. To certify the potent metabolites for both targets of SARS-CoV-2, MD analysis was performed for 100 ns. The results confirmed that Marchantin E could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro and RBD of SGP as well as reveals excellent pharmacokinetic properties. The present study suggests that the identified CSMs could be quickly positioned for further experimental validation to propose promising inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Dr. Brahma Nand Singh reports financial support was provided by DBT and CSIR and DBT, India. Dr. B.N. Singh reports a relationship with CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow that includes: employment., (© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Identification and characterization of endogenous and stress adapted bacterial species, from rat-hole coal mines in Meghalaya, amplify the ambit of bioremediation for eco-restoration. 52 native bacterial isolates, drawn from soil and water samples of these mines, were analysed for bioremediation potential, based on growth and metal tolerance parameters. 12 of these isolates were metal tolerant with Bacillus spp. being the most promising taxon. Three isolates, namely, Serratia marcescens KH-CC, Bacillus altitudinis KH-16F and Bacillus siamensis KH-12A, exhibited high Maximum Tolerable Concentration (MTC) against Fe (500 ppm), Mn (830 ppm) and Pb (1400 ppm). B. siamensis showed highest Fe remediation with 48.34% removal capacity, while maximum removal for Mn and Pb was exhibited by Serratia marcescens at 72.5 and 83%, respectively. The growth profile of the isolates indicated their ability to survive under pH, temperature and salt stress conditions. In vitro growth kinetics studies of the isolates revealed their ability to decrease the acidity of growth media and improve alkalinity from an initial of pH 4.8-5.2 to an alkaline level of pH 8.5-9. These native bacteria, extracted from the stressed coal mine habitat, are potential germane applicants for rehabilitation and eco-restoration of ecologically degraded mine sites.

The present study reports pollution evaluation indices employed to assess the intensity of metal pollution in water systems affected by acid mine drainage from rat-hole coal mines prevalent in North-east India. The concentration of seven eco-toxic metals was evaluated from coal mine waters which showed concentration order of Iron (Fe) > Manganese (Mn) > Zinc (Zn) > Chromium (Cr) > Lead (Pb) > Copper (Cu) > Cadmium (Cd). The water samples were acidic with mean pH 2.67 and burdened with dissolved solids (924.8 mg/L). The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) displayed high and medium range of pollution level in majority of the water samples. Statistical correlation suggested strong positive correlation between metals such as Cr with Mn ( r  = 0.780), Mn with Fe (r = 0.576), Cr with Fe ( r  = 0.680), Pb with Mn ( r  = 0.579) and Cr with Pb ( r  = 0.606), indicating Mn, Pb, Fe and Cr to be major metal contaminants; an unequivocal affirmation of degradation in water quality. The sampled waters had lower heavy metal concentration during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The commonly occurring bacterial species Bacillus pseudomycoides and Bacillus siamensis were chosen to understand their behavioral responses toward metal contamination. Findings demonstrated that Bacillus spp. from control environment had low tolerance to metals stress as evident from their MTC, MIC and growth curve studies. The survival of the native isolates across varying pH, salinity and temperature in the coal mine areas suggest these isolates as promising candidates for reclamation of rat-hole coal mining sites., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to this article., (© King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2021.)

Gloriosa superba L. has economic significance due to colchicine, a bioactive compound used for gout. In present study metabolic and molecular variability in natural population of species was analyzed and correlated with edaphic and climatic factors. Thirty populations (wild) of G. superba were mapped from 10 different eco-regions of India at an elevation range of 10-1526 m, having no morphotypic variations. The two known biologically active alkaloids colchicine (ranged from 0.015-0.516%) and gloriosine (0.19-0.44%) were significantly varied (p < 0.05) among populations, leading to the identification of four elite chemotypes. Molecular variability from ISSR data divides the population in different sub clusters at intra-specific level, presenting the high similarity percentage with bootstrap value of 66-100%. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that elite chemotypes are related to temperature, precipitation and aridity gradient. The rhizospheric soil selenium was significantly correlated with colchicine content in G. superba., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)