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Abstract Due to the importance and the need of wireless sensor networks in several applications, lots of research has been carried out. The utmost challenging issue is regarding the energy depletion of the network such that reducing the consumed energy leads to extending the network lifetime. The most popular routing algorithm for that purpose is LEACH. Regrettably, it has some limitations, and this work produces Sectored‐LEACH, which proposes solutions for these limitations. The main idea is about splitting the communication area into sectors to decrease the transmission distance, hence reducing the overall consumed energy. Results show a decrease in the total consumed energy, an increment in the network lifetime compared with the original LEACH and other four algorithms Q‐LEACH, I‐LEACH, RCH‐LEACH and ME‐LEACH. S‐LEACH has the best results regarding the comparison of performance metrics parameters.

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology offers a national operational 7-day ensemble streamflow forecast service covering regions of high environmental, economic, and social significance. This semi-automated service generates streamflow forecasts every morning and is seamlessly integrated into the Bureau's Hydrologic Forecasting System (HyFS). Ensemble rainfall forecasts, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and Poor Man's Ensemble (PME), available in the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) suite, are used to generate these streamflow forecasts. The NWP rainfall undergoes pre-processing using the Catchment Hydrologic Pre-Processer (CHyPP) before being fed into the GR4H rainfall–runoff model, which is embedded in the Short-term Water Information Forecasting Tools (SWIFT) hydrological modelling package. The simulated streamflow is then post-processed using Error Representation and Reduction In Stages (ERRIS). We evaluated the performance of the operational rainfall and streamflow forecasts for 96 catchments using four years of operational data between January 2020 and December 2023. Performance evaluation metrics included the following: CRPS, relative CRPS, CRPSS, and PIT-Alpha for ensemble forecasts; NSE, PCC, MAE, KGE, PBias, and RMSE; and three categorical metrics, CSI, FAR, and POD, for deterministic forecasts. The skill scores, CRPS, relative CRPS, CRPSS, and PIT-Alpha, gradually decreased for both rainfall and streamflow as the forecast horizon increased from Day 1 to Day 7. A similar pattern emerged for NSE, KGE, PCC, MAE, and RMSE as well as for the categorical metrics. Forecast performance also progressively decreased with higher streamflow volumes. Most catchments showed positive performance skills, meaning the ensemble forecast outperformed climatology. Both streamflow and rainfall forecast skills varied spatially across the country—they were generally better in the high-runoff-generating catchments, and poorer in the drier catchments situated in the western part of the Great Dividing Range, South Australia, and the mid-west of Western Australia. We did not find any association between the model forecast skill and the catchment area. Our findings demonstrate that the 7-day ensemble streamflow forecasting service is robust and draws great confidence from agencies that use these forecasts to support decisions around water resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND This study was conducted to examine the recovery times following cemented or uncemented total hip arthroplasty for patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head and to examine the clinical and functional outcomes of cemented versus uncemented total hip replacements in patients with this agonizing condition. METHODS This was a 17-month study that took place in a hospital setting and involved 30 patients with hip joint arthritis brought on by avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The patients gave written informed consent and the approval of the institutional ethics committee before being referred to the Department of Orthopedics at the Princes Esra Hospital/Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. RESULTS Before surgery, the mean functional gait score was 10.53±6.96, and after surgery, it was 30.33±2.31. Prior to surgery, the functional activity score was 5.17±1.62, and following surgery, it was 11.40±1.07. The study group's preoperative and postoperative scores showed statistically significant variation. The average Harris hip score was 32.27±8.11 before surgery and 92.60±3.16 after surgery. The differences in scores before and after surgery were statistically significant. Before surgery, the study group's mean ROM score was 2.40±1.25, and after surgery, it was 4.63±0.49. In the preoperative and postoperative phases, there was a statistically significant difference in ROM evaluations. CONCLUSION The current generation of uncemented implants used in total hip replacement for AVNcaused hip arthritis yields, satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes after a reasonable period of follow-up. Despite a few problems with the course of treatment, functional and clinical outcomes have been good to exceptional overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, we wanted to test the efficacy and functional outcome of locking compression plate in proximal humerus fractures, evaluate the incidence of complication that may occur with locking compression plate in proximal humerus fractures, study different modalities of fixations in proximal humerus fractures, and assess and compare the functional outcome. Material and Methods: This was a hospital based observational study conducted among 20 patients who were diagnosed with proximal humerus fracture attending the Department of Orthopaedics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Tertiary Care Centre, Hyderabad, from October 2018 to August 2019 after obtaining clearance from the institutional ethics committee and written informed consent from the study participants. Results: ORIF with LCP (35%) was the most common modality of treatment. Percutaneous pinning was done in 20% of the patients. 15% of them had CRIF with IM nails. ORIF with k wires and ORIF with k wires and cancellous wires were done in 10% of patients each. Shoulder hemiarthroplasty and ORIF with Ethibond suture were done in 5% of patients each. 55% of the patients developed complications in the post-operative period in the form of infections and stiffness. Of the twenty patients, four (20%) had excellent results, thirteen patients (65%) had satisfactory results, one (5%) had unsatisfactory results and one (5%) was a failure. Conclusion: Proximal humerus fractures are more common in 30-39 years and 40-49 years. It is more common in females. The most common cause is RTA. 2-part fracture is most common. ORIF with LCP was the most common modality of treatment. About half the patients had complications in the form of infections and stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This prospective observational study was undertaken to look into the factors that affect the outcome of total knee arthroplasty and the short-term results of total knee replacements in complex knee pathologies. Methods This prospective observational study was conducted between 2021 and 2023 at Owaisi Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad. A consecutive series of 12 total knee arthroplasties was performed on 12 patients at our institute using PFC Sigma endoprosthesis. The patients were assessed clinically and radiologically using the INSALL scoring system. Results The average pre-operative range of motion (flexion) was 45˚, with a highest of 120˚ and a lowest of 0˚. The average post-operative flexion was 102˚, with a highest of 130˚ and a lowest of 90˚. The average extension lag preoperatively was 18˚, and the average postoperative extension lag was less than 10˚. The average pre-operative knee score was 64.84, with the highest score of 91 and the lowest score of 40. The majority of the patients had a score in the range of 51–100. The average post-operative knee score was 136.84, with the highest score of 160 and the lowest score of 120. A majority of the patients had an improvement in score in the range of 101–150. At 6 months, follow-up relief was excellent in most patients; only 10 patients had anterior knee pain, and all the patients were able to walk more than 50 blocks post-operatively without any walking aid. Conclusion Determining the factors resulting in a difficult knee helps in formulating an appropriate surgical approach, which results in a better functional outcome following total knee arthroplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment for high-energy tibial fractures is challenging because they involve open wounds or significant degloving injuries, articular depression, condylar displacement, and the separation of comminuted metaphysis from diaphysis. Using periarticular fine wires in minimally invasive techniques lets small pieces of cancellous bone and intra-articular fractures be fixed in place. These techniques also make it easy to keep an eye on the wound, allow early joint mobilisation and weight bearing, and cause little damage to soft tissues. Materials and Methods: This was an observational study conducted at the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Owaisi Hospital and Research Center which is attached to Deccan College of Medical Sciences Hyderabad between June 2021 to June 2023 involving a total of 18 cases of complex proximal and distal tibia treated with an Ilizarov ring fixator. The Rasmussen radiological grading system, the Karlsson and Peterson ankle function score, and the Knee Society scoring system were used to evaluate the patients. Results: One patient was 20 years old, six were between the ages of 21 and 30, six were between the ages of 31 and 40, and five were over 40. 17 patients were males, and only one was female. Eleven individuals with tibial platue fractures achieved functional outcomes and an excellent to good knee score. One patient had a fair knee score and functional results. In 3 tibial shaft fractures, 2 had excellent results and 1 had a good result. In 3 pilon fractures, 2 had excellent results and 1 had good results. In our research, three of the eighteen patients experienced a pin tract infection, which resolved with localised antibiotic dressings. One of these patients experienced a pin-tract infection recurrence right before the fixator was supposed to be removed. Conclusion: Complex tibial fractures caused by high-energy injuries are seen more frequently in males in the 3rd and 4th decades. Ilizarov external fixation with the use of olive wires gives excellent clinical and functional results in their management with lesser complication rates compared to internal fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Intramedullary interlocking nailing is currently considered the treatment of choice foropen(grade 1 and grade 2)tibial shaft fractures, with high rates of fracture union, advantages of early stabilization which decreases the morbidity and mortality rates in patients, allows early mobilization, reduces the incidence of infection, malunion, nonunion, or implant failure. This study is done to assess compound diaphyseal fractures of tibia and to evaluate the functional outcome of patients with open tibial shaft fracture treated with locked intramedullary nailing without reaming. Methods: Twenty adult patients of both sexes presented with open tibial shaft fractures to Princess Esra Hospital, Deccan College of medical sciences, Hyderabad who satisfies our inclusion criteria and are surgically fit are included in this study. All enrolled Patients were admitted from March 2020 to December 2021 were treated surgically with locked intramedullary interlocking nailing tibia without reaming and evaluated. Final assessment of functional outcome is done using JOHNER and WRUH'S Criteria. Results: The results of interlocking nail for fracture tibia without reaming were excellent in 15 patients (75%), good in 3 patients (15%) and fair in 2 patients (10%). The average healing time was 20.13 weeks. In our study valgus deformity of 3 degrees (3 patients) and varus deformity of 3 degrees (1 patient) is seen. There were 1 superficial infection (5%), 2 patients with anterior knee pain (10%), 1 patient with delayed union (5%) and 1 patient with shortening of 1cm seen (5%). Conclusion: The method of treatment employing closed intramedullary interlocking nailing without reaming to stabilize open (type 1 and type 2) diaphyseal fractures of tibia is ideal because of its excellent and good results. The method has a long learning curve but with the excellent results. The advantages of rapid rehabilitation and relatively few complications serve to recommend it for wider use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hydrologic Reference Stations is a network of 467 high quality streamflow gauging stations across Australia, developed and maintained by Bureau of Meteorology, as part of ongoing responsibility under the Water Act 2007. Main objectives of the service are to observe and detect climate-driven changes in observed streamflow and to provide a quality controlled dataset for research. We investigate linear and step changes in streamflow across Australia in data from all 467 streamflow gauging stations. Data from 30 to 69 years duration ending in February 2019 was examined. We analysed data in terms of water year totals and for the four seasons. The commencement of water year varies across the country - mainly from February-March in the south to September-October in the north. We summarised our findings for each of the 12 Drainage Divisions defined by Australian Geospatial Fabric (Geofabric), and continental Australia as a whole. We used statistical tests to detect and analyse linear and step changes in seasonal and annual streamflow. Linear trends were detected by Mann-Kendall - Variance Correction Approach (MK3), Block Bootstrap Approach (MK3bs) and Long Term Persistence (Mk4) tests. The Nonparametric Pettitt test was used for step change detection and identification. Regional significance of these changes at the drainage division scale was analysed and synthesised using the Walker test. The Murray Darling Basin, with Australia's largest river system, showed statistically significant decreasing trends for the region in annual total and all four seasons. Drainage Divisions in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania showed significant annual and seasonal decreasing trends. Similar results were found in south-west Western Australia, South Australia and north-east Queensland. There was no significant spatial pattern observed in Central and mid-west Australia, one possibility being the sparse density of streamflow stations and or length of data. Only the Timor Sea drainage division in northern Australia showed increasing trends and step changes in annual and seasonal streamflow and were regionally significant. Most of the step changes occurred during 1970-99. In the south-eastern part of Australia, majority of the step changes occurred in the 1990s, before the onset of the millennium drought. Long term linear trends in observed streamflow and its regional significance are consistent with observed changes in climate experienced across Australia. Findings from this study will assist water managers for long term infrastructure planning and management of water resources under climate variability and change across Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]