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1. State of the climate in 2016

Author

Aaron-Morrison, A. P., Ackerman, S. A., Adams, N. G., Adler, R. F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E. J., Allan, R., Alves, L. M., Amador, J. A., Andreassen, L. M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D. S., Arzhanova, N. M., Aschan, M. M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M. O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K. M., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bell, G. D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Bettolli, M. L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B. D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E. S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M. G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O. N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S. J., Campbell, J. D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B. R., Chambers, D. P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J. R., Chung, D., Chung, E. S., Cinque, K., Clem, K. R., Coelho, C. A., Cogley, J. G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O. R., Copland, L., Cosca, C. E., Cross, J. N., Crotwell, M. J., Crouch, J., Davis, S. M., Eyto, E., Jeu, R. A. M., Laat, J., Degasperi, C. L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M. T., Dolgov, A. V., Dolman, A. J., Domingues, C. M., Donat, M. G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W. A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D. S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R. J. H., Durán-Quesada, A. M., Dutton, G. S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J. W., Espinoza, J. C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T. E., Famiglietti, J. S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R. A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V. E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C. T., Fogt, R. L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M. J., Fountain, A., Francis, S. D., Franz, B. A., Frey, R. A., Frith, S. M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Gomez, R. S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J. U., Gruber, A., Guard, C. C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, J. M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B. D., Halpert, M. S., Hamlington, B. D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A. K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R. R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H. G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S. P. B., Holmes, R. M., Hu, Z. Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H. K., Huffman, G. J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D. F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Jones, P. D., Joseph, A. C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L. M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S. J., Kimberlain, T. B., Klotzbach, P. J., Knaff, J. A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N. N., Kovacs, K. M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D. P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M. A., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M. A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’heureux, M., Lieser, J. L., Lin, I. I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C. S., López Álvarez, L. A., Lorrey, A. M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J. J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J. M., Maberly, S. C., Maddux, B. C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Marra, J. J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R. A., Mata, M. M., Mathis, J. T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., Mcbride, C., Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Mcgree, S., Mcvicar, T. R., Mears, C. A., Meier, W., Meinen, C. S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. P., Merchant, C. J., Meredith, M. P., Merrifield, M. A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D. G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G. T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S. A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A. B., Nash, E. R., Naveira-Garabato, A. C., Nerem, R. S., Newman, P. A., Nieto, J. J., Noetzli, J., O’neel, S., Osborn, T. J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R. M., Park, E. H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A. R., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A. M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P. R., Pelto, M. S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A. B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M. C., Pons, M. R., Porter, A. O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V. N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J. A., Revadekar, J. V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J. L., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Roth, C., Rusak, J. A., Sabine, C. L., Sallée, J. B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M. L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T. A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C. J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A. I., Shiklomanov, N. I., Siegel, D. A., Signorini, S. R., Sima, F., Simmons, A. J., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, S. L., Spence, J. M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J. L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T. S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D. A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L. D., Tamar, G., Tank, S. E., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M. L., Maxim Timofeyev, Tirnanes, J. A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V. L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B. C., Trotman, A. R., Tschudi, M., As, D., Wal, R. S. W., A, R. J., Schalie, R., Schrier, G., Werf, G. R., Meerbeeck, C. J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L. A., Volkov, D., Vose, R. S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S. H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R. A., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S. E., Wilber, A. C., Wild, J. D., Willett, K. M., Williams, M. J. M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S. Y., Yin, X., Young, S. H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J. R., Love-Brotak, S. E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S. W., Ambrose, B. J., Griffin, J., Misch, D. J., Riddle, D. B., Young, T., Macias Fauria, M, Blunden, J, Arndt, D, Earth and Climate, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Clinical Developmental Psychology, Climate Change and Landscape Dynamics, and Molecular Cell Physiology

Subjects
Meteor (satellite), Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, Geography, 13. Climate action, Climatology, SDG 13 - Climate Action, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute similar to 7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01 degrees C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st century-to-date of +0.162 degrees C decade(-1) is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100 degrees C decade(-1). Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Nino at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Nina contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.

Published
2017

2. State of the Climate in 2017

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Hartfield, G., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Crouch, Jake, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Abernethy, R., Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Aliaga-nestares, Vannia, Anderson, John, Armitage, C., Avalos, Grinia, Behe, Carolina, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bernhard, G. H., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bolmgren, K., Bouchon, Marilu, Campbell, Ethan C., Castro, Anabel, Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davletshin, S. G., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., Deline, P., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Dickerson, C., Domingues, Ricardo, Durre, Imke, Eakin, C. Mark, Farmer, J., Fauchald, P., Geiger, Erick F., Gomez, Andrea M., Gugliemin, Mario, Hansen, K., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Heron, Scott F., Heuze, C., Horstkotte, T., Hubert, Daan, Hueuze, Celine, Ibrahim, M. M., Isaac, Victor, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Karakoylu, Erdem M., Khan, M. S., Ladd, C., Lavado-casimiro, Waldo, Lee, S. -e, Lee, T. C., Li, Bailing, Li, Tim, Lopez, Luis A., Luthcke, S., Marcellin, Vernie, Marin, Dora, Marsh, Benjamin L., Martin, A, Martinez, Alejandra G., Martinez-sanchez, Odalys, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Miller, Ben, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Nielsen-gammon, John W., Noll, Ben E., Osborne, Emily, Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion, Paulik, Christoph, Peltier, Alexandre, Pinzon, J., Po-chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rakotoarimalala, C., Richardson, A. D., Ricker, R, Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto, Rosner, Benjamin, Roth, David Mark, Rutishauser, T., Sasgen, L., Sayad, T. A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Silow, Eugene, Skirving, William J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spillane, Sandra, Stanitski, Diane M., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Strong, Alan E., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Kenneth S., Thackeray, S. J., Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle, V, Togawa, H., Tommervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trinanes, Joaquin A., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van Der A, Ronald J., Velden, Christopher S., Vickers, H., Webster, M., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wood, K., Yoon, Huang, York, A., Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., Ziese, Markus G., Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Hartfield, G., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Box, J. 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B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Abernethy, R., Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Aliaga-nestares, Vannia, Anderson, John, Armitage, C., Avalos, Grinia, Behe, Carolina, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bernhard, G. H., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bolmgren, K., Bouchon, Marilu, Campbell, Ethan C., Castro, Anabel, Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davletshin, S. G., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., Deline, P., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Dickerson, C., Domingues, Ricardo, Durre, Imke, Eakin, C. Mark, Farmer, J., Fauchald, P., Geiger, Erick F., Gomez, Andrea M., Gugliemin, Mario, Hansen, K., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Heron, Scott F., Heuze, C., Horstkotte, T., Hubert, Daan, Hueuze, Celine, Ibrahim, M. M., Isaac, Victor, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Karakoylu, Erdem M., Khan, M. S., Ladd, C., Lavado-casimiro, Waldo, Lee, S. -e, Lee, T. C., Li, Bailing, Li, Tim, Lopez, Luis A., Luthcke, S., Marcellin, Vernie, Marin, Dora, Marsh, Benjamin L., Martin, A, Martinez, Alejandra G., Martinez-sanchez, Odalys, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Miller, Ben, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Nielsen-gammon, John W., Noll, Ben E., Osborne, Emily, Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion, Paulik, Christoph, Peltier, Alexandre, Pinzon, J., Po-chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rakotoarimalala, C., Richardson, A. D., Ricker, R, Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto, Rosner, Benjamin, Roth, David Mark, Rutishauser, T., Sasgen, L., Sayad, T. A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Silow, Eugene, Skirving, William J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spillane, Sandra, Stanitski, Diane M., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Strong, Alan E., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Kenneth S., Thackeray, S. J., Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle, V, Togawa, H., Tommervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trinanes, Joaquin A., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van Der A, Ronald J., Velden, Christopher S., Vickers, H., Webster, M., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wood, K., Yoon, Huang, York, A., Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., and Ziese, Markus G.

Abstract

In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide— reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth’s surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina—the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan’s all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981–2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values r

Published
2018
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3. State of the Climate in 2016

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Aaron-morrison, Arlene P., Abdallah, A., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alvarez, Luis A., Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Arce, Dayana, Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Arzhanova, N. M., Augustine, John, Awatif, E. M., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettolli, Maria L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Biskaborn, B., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Boudet, Dagne, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Brimelow, Julian, Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Caroff, P., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Chandler, Elise, Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Daniel, Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cutie, Virgen, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dindyal, S., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Etienne-leblanc, Sheryl, Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flannigan, Mike, Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Fonseca, C., Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gonzalez, Idelmis T., Goto, A., Greenhough, Marianna D., Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Hare, Jon, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Huelsing, Hannah K., Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kass, David, Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Kelem, G., Keller, Linda M., Kelly, B. P., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Kimberlain, Todd B., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kochtubajda, Bob, Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lanckmann, J. -p., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lantz, Kathleen, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, Lewis, Stephen R., L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Loranty, M., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lu, Mong-ming, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macara, Gregor, Macdonald, Alison M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, Gerard, Mccarthy, M., Mcdonagh, Elaine L., Mcgree, Simon, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Menezes, V. V., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Minnis, Patrick, Miralles, Diego G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Morrow, Blair, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pellichero, Violaine, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Pons, M. R., Porter, Avalon O., Quintana, Juan, Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., Read, Peter, Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Renwick, James A., Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rollenbeck, Ruetger, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Roquet, F., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sarmiento, Jorge L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schemm, Jae, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schoeneich, P., Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Silov, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stennett-brown, Roxann, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Timofeev, Maxim A., Tirnanes, Joaquin A., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tweedy, Olga, Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vieira, G., Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Wahlin, Anna, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willie, Shem, Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yim, So-young, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Zilberman, Nathalie, Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Aaron-morrison, Arlene P., Abdallah, A., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alvarez, Luis A., Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Arce, Dayana, Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Arzhanova, N. M., Augustine, John, Awatif, E. M., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettolli, Maria L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Biskaborn, B., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Boudet, Dagne, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Brimelow, Julian, Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Caroff, P., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Chandler, Elise, Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Daniel, Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cutie, Virgen, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dindyal, S., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Etienne-leblanc, Sheryl, Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flannigan, Mike, Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Fonseca, C., Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gonzalez, Idelmis T., Goto, A., Greenhough, Marianna D., Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Hare, Jon, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Huelsing, Hannah K., Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kass, David, Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Kelem, G., Keller, Linda M., Kelly, B. P., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Kimberlain, Todd B., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kochtubajda, Bob, Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lanckmann, J. -p., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lantz, Kathleen, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, Lewis, Stephen R., L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Loranty, M., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lu, Mong-ming, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macara, Gregor, Macdonald, Alison M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, Gerard, Mccarthy, M., Mcdonagh, Elaine L., Mcgree, Simon, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Menezes, V. V., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Minnis, Patrick, Miralles, Diego G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Morrow, Blair, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pellichero, Violaine, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Pons, M. R., Porter, Avalon O., Quintana, Juan, Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., Read, Peter, Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Renwick, James A., Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rollenbeck, Ruetger, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Roquet, F., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sarmiento, Jorge L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schemm, Jae, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schoeneich, P., Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Silov, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stennett-brown, Roxann, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Timofeev, Maxim A., Tirnanes, Joaquin A., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tweedy, Olga, Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vieira, G., Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Wahlin, Anna, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willie, Shem, Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yim, So-young, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., and Zilberman, Nathalie

Abstract

In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 av

Published
2017
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4. State of the Climate in 2014

Author

Aaron-Morrison, Arlene P., Ackerman, Steven A., Adams, Nicolaus G., Adler, Robert F., Albanil, Adelina, Alfaro, E. J., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, Juan, Arndt, Derek S., Arzhanova, N. M., Aschan, M. M., Azorin-Molina, César, Banzon, Viva, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Bazo, Juan, Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettolli, María L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Bill, Brian D., Billheimer, Sam, Bissolli, Peter, Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Boudet, Dagne, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderón, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, Gualberto, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Chandler, Elise, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Daniel, Chung, E. S., Cinque, Kathy, Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A., Cogley, J. G., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica N., Crotwell, Molly J., Crouch, Jake, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A.M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, Dale, Di Girolamo, Larry, Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolgov, A. V., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Dortch, Quay, Doucette, Greg, Drozdov, D. S., Ducklow, Hugh, Dunn, Robert J.H., Durán-Quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Espinoza, Jhan C., Etienne-Leblanc, Sheryl, Evans, Thomas E., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, Robert S., Fedaeff, Nava, Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogarty, Chris T., Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, Michael J., Fountain, Andrew, Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Garzoli, Silvia, Gerland, S., Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Gomez, R. Sorbonne, Goni, Gustavo, Goto, A., Grooß, J. U., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles Chip, Gugliemin, Mauro, Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, J. M., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hakkarainen, J., Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, Richard R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, Marieta, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Hilburn, Kyle, Ho, Shu Peng Ben, Holmes, R. M., Hu, Zeng Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Huelsing, Hannah K., Huffman, George J., Hughes, C., Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jiménez, C., Jin, Xiangze, Johannesen, E., John, Viju, Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Jones, Philip D., Joseph, Annie C., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. J., Kimberlain, Todd B., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kobayashi, Shinya, Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kovacs, K. M., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Kudela, Raphael, Kumar, Arun, Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lantz, Kathleen, Lazzara, Matthew A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, Eric, L’Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I. I., Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Lo Monaco, Claire, Long, Craig S., López Álvarez, Luis Alfonso, Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing Jia, Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, John M., Maberly, Stephen C., Maddux, Brent C., Malheiros Ramos, Andrea, Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marcellin, Vernie, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, José A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mata, Mauricio M., Mathis, Jeremy T., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, McBride, Charlotte, McCabe, M. F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J. W., McGree, Simon, McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Meinen, Christopher S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, Melisa, Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Metzl, N., Minnis, Patrick, Miralles, Diego G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, Gary T., Monselesan, Didier, Monteiro, Pedro, Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Nash, Eric R., Naveira-Garabato, Alberto C., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan José, Noetzli, Jeannette, O’Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, E. Hyung, Parker, David, Parrington, M., Parsons, A. Rost, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramírez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Paulik, Christoph, Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, David, Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Pons, M. R., Porter, Avalon O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, Sean, Quintana, Juan, Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Rémy, Samuel, Renwick, James A., Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, Michael, Rimmer, Alon, Rintoul, Steve, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodríguez Solís, José L., Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sabine, Christopher L., Sallée, Jean Bapiste, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schemm, Jae, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schmidtko, Sunke, Schreck, Carl J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Setzer, Alberto, Sharp, M., Shaw, Adrian, Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, A. I., Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeets, C. J.P.P., Smith, Sharon L., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, José L., Stengel, Martin, Stennett-Brown, Roxann, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, D. A., Sun-Mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Talley, Lynne D., Tamar, Gerard, Tank, S. E., Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, Katrin, Thoman, R. L., Thompson, Philip, Thomson, L., Timmermans, M. L., Tirnanes, Joaquin A., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trainer, Vera L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S.W., van der A., Ronald J., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vigneswaran, Bala, Vincent, Lucie A., Volkov, Denis, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Wåhlin, Anna, Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng Hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, Michael J.M., Willie, Shem, Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yamada, Ryuji, Yim, So Young, Yin, Xungang, Young, Steven H., Yu, Lisan, Zahid, H., Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhou, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Gilbert, Kristin, Maycock, Tom, Osborne, Susan, Sprain, Mara, Veasey, Sara W., Ambrose, Barbara J., Griffin, Jessicca, Misch, Deborah J., Riddle, Deborah B., Young, Teresa, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Earth and Climate

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Perspective (graphical), 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, El Niño Southern Oscillation, 13. Climate action, Climatology, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Environmental science, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Most of the dozens of essential climate variables monitored each year in this report continued to follow their long-term trends in 2014, with several setting new records. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-the major greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-once again all reached record high average atmospheric concentrations for the year. Carbon dioxide increased by 1.9 ppm to reach a globally averaged value of 397.2 ppm for 2014. Altogether, 5 major and 15 minor greenhouse gases contributed 2.94 W m-2 of direct radiative forcing, which is 36% greater than their contributions just a quarter century ago. Accompanying the record-high greenhouse gas concentrations was nominally the highest annual global surface temperature in at least 135 years of modern record keeping, according to four independent observational analyses. The warmth was distributed widely around the globe's land areas, Europe observed its warmest year on record by a large margin, with close to two dozen countries breaking their previous national temperature records; many countries in Asia had annual temperatures among their 10 warmest on record; Africa reported above-average temperatures across most of the continent throughout 2014; Australia saw its third warmest year on record, following record heat there in 2013; Mexico had its warmest year on record; and Argentina and Uruguay each had their second warmest year on record. Eastern North America was the only major region to observe a below-average annual temperature. But it was the oceans that drove the record global surface temperature in 2014. Although 2014 was largely ENSO-neutral, the globally averaged sea surface temperature (SST) was the highest on record. The warmth was particularly notable in the North Pacific Ocean where SST anomalies signaled a transition from a negative to positive phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation. In the winter of 2013/14, unusually warm water in the northeast Pacific was associated with elevated ocean heat content anomalies and elevated sea level in the region. Globally, upper ocean heat content was record high for the year, reflecting the continued increase of thermal energy in the oceans, which absorb over 90% of Earth's excess heat from greenhouse gas forcing. Owing to both ocean warming and land ice melt contributions, global mean sea level in 2014 was also record high and 67 mm greater than the 1993 annual mean, when satellite altimetry measurements began. Sea surface salinity trends over the past decade indicate that salty regions grew saltier while fresh regions became fresher, suggestive of an increased hydrological cycle over the ocean expected with global warming. As in previous years, these patterns are reflected in 2014 subsurface salinity anomalies as well. With a now decade-long trans-basin instrument array along 26°N, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shows a decrease in transport of-4.2 ± 2.5 Sv decade-1. Precipitation was quite variable across the globe. On balance, precipitation over the world's oceans was above average, while below average across land surfaces. Drought continued in southeastern Brazil and the western United States. Heavy rain during April-June led to devastating floods in Canada's Eastern Prairies. Above-normal summer monsoon rainfall was observed over the southern coast of West Africa, while drier conditions prevailed over the eastern Sahel. Generally, summer monsoon rainfall over eastern Africa was above normal, except in parts of western South Sudan and Ethiopia. The south Asian summer monsoon in India was below normal, with June record dry. Across the major tropical cyclone basins, 91 named storms were observed during 2014, above the 1981-2010 global average of 82. The Eastern/Central Pacific and South Indian Ocean basins experienced significantly above-normal activity in 2014; all other basins were either at or below normal. The 22 named storms in the Eastern/Central Pacific was the basin's most since 1992. Similar to 2013, the North Atlantic season was quieter than most years of the last two decades with respect to the number of storms, despite the absence of El Niño conditions during both years. In higher latitudes and at higher elevations, increased warming continued to be visible in the decline of glacier mass balance, increasing permafrost temperatures, and a deeper thawing layer in seasonally frozen soil. In the Arctic, the 2014 temperature over land areas was the fourth highest in the 115-year period of record and snow melt occurred 20-30 days earlier than the 1998-2010 average. The Greenland Ice Sheet experienced extensive melting in summer 2014. The extent of melting was above the 1981-2010 average for 90% of the melt season, contributing to the second lowest average summer albedo over Greenland since observations began in 2000 and a record-low albedo across the ice sheet for August. On the North Slope of Alaska, new record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at four of five permafrost observatories. In September, Arctic minimum sea ice extent was the sixth lowest since satellite records began in 1979. The eight lowest sea ice extents during this period have occurred in the last eight years. Conversely, in the Antarctic, sea ice extent countered its declining trend and set several new records in 2014, including record high monthly mean sea ice extent each month from April to November. On 20 September, a record large daily Antarctic sea ice extent of 20.14 × 106 km2 occurred. The 2014 Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole was 20.9 million km2 when averaged from 7 September to 13 October, the sixth smallest on record and continuing a decrease, albeit statistically insignificant, in area since 1998.

Published
2015

5. RUSSIA.

Author

Bulygina, O. N., Korshunova, N. N., Bardin, M. U., and Arzhanova, N. M.

Subjects
WEATHER & climate change, SURFACE temperature, HYDROMETEOROLOGY, HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL stations, METEOROLOGICAL precipitation, EXTREME weather
Abstract

The article offers information on the weather and climate in Russia in 2015. Topics mentioned include the hydrometeorological observations performed at Roshydromet Observation Network, the averaged air temperature in the country, as well as the precipitation, the weather events recorded such as strong winds and heavy rain, and the damage caused by weather anomalies.

Published
2016

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