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Abstract Background Resistance exercise is recommended as the first line of treatment for rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP), but with conflicting evidence supporting the superiority of specific prescription parameters. Particularly, the role of pain-related prescription parameters remains poorly understood, despite their wide clinical application and potential impact on treatment outcomes. This review aims to investigate how pain-related prescription parameters, such as pain allowance and intensity limits, are reported, described, and applied in clinical trials assessing resistance exercise interventions for RCRSP. Methods Guided by PRISMA-ScR, this scoping review followed a comprehensive and systematic search in MEDLINE (Ovid), MEDLINE (EMBASE), Central (Cochrane), PEDro and CINAHL (EBSCO). Two authors independently performed title and abstract screening, and full text screening on eligible records. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published in English between 2018 and 2023, applying resistance exercise for RCRSP were included. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches to data analysis were conducted. Results The literature search identified 7500 records, of which 4588 titles and abstracts were screened after duplicate removal. Altogether, 304 full texts were screened leaving a total of 86 records in the final analysis. Fifty-eight (67%) studies did not mention the use of any pain-related prescription parameters, resulting in data extraction from the 28 remaining studies. Applied parameters were widely heterogenic, but three categories of pain allowance styles were identified and categorized into “yes”, “no” or “ambiguous”. These categories were commonly guided by specific Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)/Visual Analog Scale (VAS) limits or individual pain tolerance, used for pain monitoring and exercise progression. Citations and/or justifications for the chosen pain-related prescription parameters were reported by 10 (36%) studies, in which 5 main themes for justifications, and 3 key papers for the citations were identified. Conclusion This review reveals substantial reporting deficiencies regarding pain-related prescription parameters in RCTs addressing RCRSP with resistance exercise. The identified parameters varied widely, reflecting a lack of consensus and evidence-based guidance in the literature and in a clinical setting. To advance our understanding on the role of pain-related prescription parameters, more consistent reporting of these parameters in future research is warranted. Trial registration Published on the Open Science Framework 28.02.24: osf.io/a52kn.

Aim: To explore physiotherapists' experiences with recruiting, training, and supervising volunteer instructors responsible for leading Sterk og stødig (English: Strong and Steady) exercise groups as part of the municipality's fall prevention services for home-dwelling older adults. Method: Four individual in-depth interviews with physiotherapists employed across various municipalities were analysed using systematic text condensation. Findings: Five themes were identified: (1) A natural role that provides variety in the workday, (2) Recruitment – a new role, (3) Volunteers as bridges for knowledge sharing, (4) Continuous supervision to ensure correct exercise dosage, and (5) Strong and Steady for the target group? The study shows that the training and supervisory roles in Strong and Steady were perceived as natural, characterised by confidence, competence, and a positive attitude towards preventive work with the target group. Volunteer instructors served as knowledge facilitators on exercise and fall prevention for group participants. Recruiting suitable volunteer instructors was essential for both training effectiveness and program continuity but was also resource-intensive for the physiotherapists. There were differing views on including group participants outside the target group. Conclusion: Physiotherapists find that tasks related to the Strong and Steady program align well with their professional roles. Despite the resource-intensive nature of recruitment, collaboration with volunteer group instructors serves as a valuable resource in fall prevention efforts. Identifying appropriate solutions related to recruitment work is essential.

Abstract Background Athletes participating in low-impact sports such as cycling and swimming are at increased risk for low bone mineral density, which may lead to long-term health issues. Exercise is known to increase bone mineral density, but there is little knowledge of the effects of this in athletes participating in low-impact sports. This review aims to identify potential exercise interventions that could improve bone health in these athletes. Methods There appears to be little research on this topic, and we addressed the research question using a scoping review to get a broad overview of the research literature. The scoping review was conducted following the methodological framework of Arksey and O´Malley. A literature search was conducted May 2024 in SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cinahl, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. The Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template was used to evaluate the reporting of the exercise intervention(s). Results A total of 2528 studies were screened and assessed for eligibility. Five studies met the inclusion criteria reporting results of exercise interventions on bone mineral density in cyclists and swimmers. Different designs were applied, and study populations varied. Five populations were explored; one cohort of adolescent swimmers (both sexes), one cohort of female Olympic artistic swimmers, one cohort of elite road cyclists (both sexes), one cohort of male competitive amateur cyclists, and one cohort of trained to well-trained cyclists (both sexes). Conclusion This scoping review found that resistance training, plyometric exercises, whole-body vibration, and a combined jumping exercise with collagen supplementation show promising results in improving bone mineral density in athletes participating in cycling and swimming. However, there is limited evidence due to few identified studies, with varying study designs and inconsistent exercise reporting, highlighting the need of further research to better understand how different training approaches can improve bone health in these athletes.

Three accounts of common ground maintenance make different assumptions about speakers' responsibilities regarding listener-privileged information. Duplicated responsibility requires each interlocutor to assimilate the other's knowledge before designing appropriate utterances. Shared responsibility appeals to least collaborative effort [Clark, H. H., & Wilkes-Gibbs, D. (1986). Referring as a collaborative process. "Cognition, 22," 1-39.], requiring each interlocutor to report her own privileged knowledge. Cognitive load [Horton, W. S., & Gerrig, R. J. (2005b). The impact of memory demands on audience design during language production. "Cognition, 96"(2), 127-142.] assumes duplicated responsibility curtailed by processing limitations, so that simpler cues to listener knowledge should be preferred. Three experiments track genuine gaze of instructors at simulated projected gaze of confederate followers whom they guide along a map route. Though instructors can correct off-route gaze, a simply interpretable cue to listener knowledge, they habitually rely on inaccurate, underspecified verbal feedback instead and begin corrections without first checking the follower's gaze. Time pressure discourages corrections accompanied by gaze checking. The results argue for shared responsibility attributable to a limitation in capacity to seek and integrate listener knowledge.

Three experiments investigated listeners' ability to detect disfluency in spontaneous speech. All three employed gated word recognition with judgments of disfluency for spontaneous utterances containing disfluencies and for three kinds of fluent control utterances from the same six speakers. (Author/JL)

Radiocarbon (14C) concentrations in the oceans are different from those in the atmosphere. Understanding these ocean-atmospheric 14C differences is important both to estimate the calendar ages of samples which obtained their 14C in the marine environment, and to investigate the carbon cycle. The Marine20 radiocarbon age calibration curve is created to address these dual aims by providing a global-scale surface ocean record of radiocarbon from 55,000–0 cal yr BP that accounts for the smoothed response of the ocean to variations in atmospheric 14C production rates and factors out the effect of known changes in global-scale palaeoclimatic variables. The curve also serves as a baseline to study regional oceanic 14C variation. Marine20 offers substantial improvements over the previous Marine13 curve. In response to community questions, we provide a short intuitive guide, intended for the lay-reader, on the construction and use of the Marine20 calibration curve. We describe the choices behind the making of Marine20, as well as the similarities and differences compared with the earlier Marine calibration curves. We also describe how to use the Marine20 curve for calibration and how to estimate Δ R —the localized variation in the oceanic 14C levels due to regional factors which are not incorporated in the global-scale Marine20 curve. To aid understanding, illustrative worked examples are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]