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Exposure to hypoxia has shown beneficial adjustments in different species, including silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen), especially in situations of aquatic contamination with pollutants such as manganese (Mn). Considering that hypoxia is seasonal in the natural aquatic environment, we decided to assess whether these adaptive mechanisms could be maintained when reoxygenation is established. Silver catfish acclimated to moderate hypoxia (~3 mg L-1, 41% O2 saturation) for 10 days and subsequently exposed to Mn (~8.1 mg L-1) for additional 10 days displayed lower (47%) Mn accumulation in the gills, and it was maintained (62.6%) after reoxygenation, in comparison to normoxia. Oxidative status in the gills allowed us to observe increased reactive species (RS) generation and protein carbonyl (PC) level together with decreased mitochondrial viability induced by Mn under normoxia. Inversely, while hypoxia per se was beneficial on RS generation and PC level, this acclimation was able to minimize Mn toxicity, as observed by the minor increase of RS generation and the minor reduction of mitochondrial viability, together with decreased PC level. Interestingly, after reoxygenation, part of the protective influences observed during hypoxia against Mn toxicity were maintained, as observed through a lower level of PC and higher mitochondrial viability in relation to the group exposed to Mn under normoxia. Only groups exposed to Mn under hypoxia showed increased activity of both catalase (CAT) and Na+/K+-ATPase in the gills, but, while CAT activity remained increased after reoxygenation, Na+/K+-ATPase activity was decreased by Mn, regardless of the oxygen level. Based on these outcomes, it is possible to propose that environment events of moderate hypoxia are able to generate rearrangements in the gills of silver catfish exposed to Mn, whose influence persists after water reoxygenation. These responses may be related to the adaptive development, reducing Mn toxicity to silver catfish.Moderate hypoxia generates rearrangements in the gills of Silver catfish, exerting beneficial and persistent protection against Mn toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: Development of a hydrogel containing rutin at 0.025% (w/w) and evaluation of its in vivo efficacy in cutaneous wound healing in rats. Methods: Hydrogels were prepared using Carbopol Ultrez® 10 NF and an aqueous dispersion of rutin in polysorbate 80. Hydrogels were characterized by means of pH measurement, rheological and spreadability analysis and rutin content determination by liquid chromatography. The in vivo healing effect was evaluated through the regression of skin lesions in rats and by analysis of oxidative stress. Results and discussion: Hydrogels showed adequate pH values (5.50-6.50) and pseudoplastic non-Newtonian behavior. After 5 days of treatment of wounds, hydrogels containing rutin presented a higher decrease in the wound area compared to the control hydrogels. Analysis of the oxidative stress showed a decrease in lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content as well as an increase in catalase activity after the treatment with the hydrogel containing rutin. Furthermore, this treatment increased total protein levels. Conclusion: This study shows for the first time the feasibility of using dermatological formulations containing rutin to improve skin wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a modified bitewing film holder based on preschoolers' acceptance and the diagnostic quality of radiographic images. Methods: Sixty-six 3- to 5-year-old children were radiographed with the modified device. Acceptance was assessed according to their behavior during the radiographic examination and to their perception of the procedure. In only the 4- and 5-year-olds, the children's perception was assessed using a faces scale. Evaluation of the images' diagnostic quality for each quadrant (considering pairs of radiographs) was based on anatomic structures usually present on bitewing radiographs. Results: During radiographic examination, 73% of the children were cooperative. As to the patients' perceptions (N = 43), 74% showed satisfaction with the radiographic examination. The diagnostic quality of radiographic images (N = 66) was adequate in more than 90% of the cases for all evaluated parameters, except for the visualization of alveolar bone crests (54%) and the absence of proximal overlapping (86%). Conclusions: The modified bitewing film holder produced adequate radiographs for almost all parameters and was well accepted by preschoolers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sílvio Terra Stefanello,1 Fernando Dobrachinski,1 Nélson Rodrigues de Carvalho,1 Guilherme Pires Amaral,1 Rômulo Pillon Barcelos,1 Vitor Antunes Oliveira,1 Cláudia Sirlene Oliveira,1 Camila Ferrazza Alves Giordani,2 Maria Ester Pereira,1 Oscar Endrigo Dorneles Rodrigues,2 Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares1 1Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, 2Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil Abstract: Selenium compounds, such as diphenyl diselenide (DPDS), have been shown to exhibit biological activity, including antioxidant effects. However, the use of DPDS in pharmacology is limited due to in vivo pro-oxidative effects. In addition, studies have shown that DPDS-loaded nanocapsules (DPDS-NCS) have greater bioavailability than free DPDS in mice. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties of DPDS-NCS in vitro and biological activity in mice. Our in vitro results suggested that DPDS-NCS significantly reduced the production of reactive oxygen species and Fe(II)-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in brain. The administration of DPDS-NCS did not result in death or change the levels of endogenous reduced or oxidized glutathione after 72 hours of exposure. Moreover, ex vivo assays demonstrated that DPDS-NCS significantly decreased the LPO and reactive oxygen species levels in the brain. In addition, the highest dose of DPDS-NCS significantly reduced Fe(II)- and sodium nitroprusside-induced LPO in the brain and Fe(II)-induced LPO in the liver. Also, δ-aminolevulinate acid dehydratase within the brain was inhibited only in the highest dose of DPDS-NCS. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that DPDS-NCS exhibited low toxicity in mice and have significant antioxidant characteristics, indicating that nanoencapsulation is a safer method of DPDS administration. Keywords: diphenyl diselenide, DPDS-NCS, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant properties, δ-ALA-D

Background: We tested the hypothesis that children of non-depressed mothers perform better in a developmental test at 3 years than children of depressed mothers., Method: Longitudinal analysis from a trial to assess the impact of a child development promotion program in 30 Brazilian municipalities. Mothers and children were appraised at first-year post-partum, 1 and 3 years after enrollment. Child development was assessed through the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ3) and maternal depression through the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Crude and adjusted beta coefficients were obtained by linear regression before and after multiple imputation., Results: In total, 2098 mother/child dyads were included and 8.2% of the mothers had persistent depressive symptoms. There was a decrease in ASQ3 as the number of follow-ups with EPDS ≥ 10 increased (p for trend <0.001). In adjusted analysis, the direction of the association persisted but lost statistical significance. After multiple imputation, children from mothers with EPDS ≥ 10 in three follow-ups presented a decrease of about 14 points in ASQ3 (adjusted beta coefficient = -13.79; -22.59 to -5.00) (p for trend = 0.001)., Conclusions: Identification of women at increased risk of depression should be among the primary health care sector priorities in maternal and child health in Brazil., Impact: In our population study, almost one in every ten women presented persistent depression symptoms across the first 3 years postpartum. In adjusted analysis there was a detrimental impact of persistent maternal depression on child development at 3 years of age. The persistent exposure to maternal depression across early childhood negatively influences children's development. Considering its prevalence, identification of women at increased risk of depression should be among the primary health care sector priorities in maternal and child health in Brazil., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Women living in low- and middle-income countries are more exposed to known risk factors for depression occurrence and persistency over time., Aim: Our aim was to investigate the course of depression in the first 2 years postpartum among Brazilian women enrolled in a cash transfer program., Method: Longitudinal analysis of baseline (T0; mean 3.7 months postpartum) and first follow-up data (T1; mean 18.6 months postpartum) from a trial to assess the impact of a child development promotion program in 30 municipalities from six Brazilian states. The program does not include any interventions against maternal depression. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at cutoff ⩾10 was applied. Women were categorized into four groups based on EPDS at T0 and T1: absence of depression, persistence, discontinuity, or emergence pattern. Adjusted Poisson regressions were run using a multilevel hierarchical model., Results: Two thousand eight hundred sixty-three women were assessed. Prevalence of depression was 26.4% [24.8, 28.1] at T0 and 24.4% [22.8, 26.0] at T1. Persistence, discontinuation, and emergence were found in 14.1% [11.3, 17.6%], 12.8% [11.4, 14.3%], and 10.2% [8.0, 13.0], respectively. In adjusted analyses, the persistence pattern was directly associated with parity and inversely associated with schooling of the woman and of the child's father. Living with husband/partner and support from the child's father and family members during pregnancy were protective against persistence. The discontinuity and the emergence patterns were not associated with any of the exposure variables., Conclusions: Depressive symptoms were highly prevalent during the first 2 years postpartum. About half of the women with depression at T1 were persistent cases that could have been detected earlier. Screening for maternal depression should be an essential component in every encounter of women with health professionals in primary health care settings.

Objectives: This is a double-blind, split-mouth, randomized clinical study that aims to evaluate the influence of bulk-fill composite packaging presented in syringes (BSy) and capsules (BCa), and the effect of selective enamel etching (SEE) on the clinical performance of class I and II bulk-fill resin composite restorations after 24 months., Methodology: A total of 295 class I or class II restorations were performed on 70 patients. One universal adhesive was applied in all restorations. SEE was used in 148 restorations and self-etching mode (SET) in 147 restorations. After the adhesive application, cavities were restored with Filtek Bulk-fill Posterior Restorative in syringes (BSy), Filtek One Bulk-fill in capsules (BCa), or Filtek Supreme Ultra in syringes with the incremental technique (In). All restorations were evaluated using the FDI criteria after one week and after six, 12, and 24 months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Pearson's Chi-square test were used (α=0.05) for statistical analysis., Results: After 24 months, 62 patients were evaluated and four restorations were lost due to fracture (one for SEEBSy, two for SEEIn, and one for SETIn). No significant differences in the fracture and retention rate were found between groups (p>0.05). SEE showed significantly fewer marginal adaptation defects than SET (p<0.05). BCa and BSy groups showed fewer marginal discrepancies compared to In (p<0.05). Restorations performed with BCa showed less color mismatch than BSy or In (p<0.05)., Conclusion: Although all restorations exhibited satisfactory clinical performance after 24 months of clinical service, the clinical behavior of class I and II restorations' improved when performed with a bulk-fill composite in capsules, mainly when associated with a universal adhesive applied with SEE.

Synchrotron radiation phase-contrast microtomography is sensitive to low attenuating tissues, giving an alternative visualisation of the sample and being useful for investigating microstructure inside biological specimens without staining them with a contrast medium. The phase-contrast technique has been widely used in the scientific community, as it is a technique associated with radiography and microscopy and able to enhance contrast in soft tissues, specifically at the edges, showing details that could not be seen by the absorption technique. This work aims to show the ability of synchrotron-based phase-contrast microtomography for the visualisation of soft tissues and hard internal structures of millimetre-sized biological organisms. Case studies of the anatomy of Rhodnius prolixus head and Thoropa miliaris tadpole are presented to illustrate the imaging technique., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests., (© International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022.)

Objective: Investigate factors associated with symptoms of postpartum depression in mothers from families in social vulnerability., Methods: Information was used from the baseline of a randomized trial to assess a child development program that enrolled 3,242 children < 12 months of age from beneficiary families of the Bolsa Família Program residing in 30 municipalities (counties) in six states of Brazil. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was applied to the mothers, and depression was defined as score ≥10. Information on the mother (schooling, age, parity, marital status, skin color, smoking, number of prenatal appointments, and planning of the pregnancy), family (paternal schooling, household crowding, support from the child's father and the family during the pregnancy, and number of children under 7 years living in the household), and infant (sex, gestational age, birthweight, Apgar score, and child's age at the time of the interview) was collected. Prevalence rates for depressive symptoms were calculated with crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), using hierarchical logistic regression, in a multilevel model., Results: The analysis included 3,174 mothers with information on EPDS. The interviews were conducted on average 7.9 months (standard deviation= 2.9) after childbirth. Overall prevalence of depressive symptoms was 26.5% (25.0-28.1%). In the adjusted analysis, higher parity was associated with higher odds of postpartum depression (p <0.001). Women with ≥3 previous deliveries showed an odds 84% higher of presenting depressive symptoms (OR= 1.84; 1.43-2.35) than primiparae. Higher maternal and paternal schooling, presence of husband or partner, and having received support from the child's father and the family during the pregnancy were protective factors against postpartum depression., Conclusion: The study showed high prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms. Promotion of parental education, alongside with the promotion of support to the woman during pregnancy by the child's father and by the family, as well as family planning leading to birth spacing are measures that may help to prevent postpartum depressive symptoms., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Early life is a critical period for the development of the central nervous system (CNS) when the brain undergoes functional organization, neuronal proliferation and migration. This study aimed to evaluate influences and possible interactions of the neonatal handling (NH) on morphologic, biochemical and molecular markers in the hippocampus, as well as on Mu opioid receptors (MOR) immunoreactivity when adolescent rats were exposed to morphine. On postnatal day (PND) 1, male pups were assigned to two experimental groups: unhandled (UH) or neonatal handling (NH), whose procedure was applied from PND2 to PND9. On PND 50, animals were submitted to memory behavioral test, anesthesia and euthanasia for blood collection and hippocampus removal. Animals exposed to NH showed: i) increased levels of proBDNF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); ii) increased memory performance; iii) decreased lipid peroxidation (LP) in plasma and hippocampus; iv) increased antioxidant defenses; v) increased glucocorticoids receptor (GR) levels. Interestingly, our data showed a positive correlation between BDNF and working memory after NH procedure (r 2  = 0.73; P = 0.006). Animals submitted to NH showed an increased per se of MOR immunoreactivity regardless of morphine exposure, while this increasing was also observed in the UH group after morphine exposure, even in a small extent. NH beneficial influence during early stage of life can be reflected during the development of the puppies, enhancing memory performance, preventing oxidative events and improving molecular targets in hippocampus. Further experimental studies in addition to clinical ones are needed to validate NH protocol as a therapeutic tool., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Psychostimulant drugs addiction is a chronic public health problem and individuals remain susceptible to relapses increasing public expenses even after withdrawal and treatment. Our research group has focused on finding new therapies to be employed in drug addiction treatment, suggesting the physical exercise as a promising tool. This way, it is necessary to know the mechanisms involved in the beneficial influences of physical exercise observing the pathway that could be explored in drug addiction treatment. Male Wistar rats were conditioned with amphetamine (AMPH) following the conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol and subsequently submitted to swimming for 5 weeks (1 h per day, 5 days per week). Half of the animals were injected with Naloxone (0.3 mg/mL/kg body weight, i.p.) 5 min prior each physical exercise day. After AMPH-CPP re-exposure, our outcomes showed that physical exercise, in addition to minimizing the relapse behavior in the CPP, it increased D1R, D2R and DAT in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), but not in the Nucleus accumbens (NAc). Interestingly, while naloxone inhibited the partial beneficial influence of the exercise on drug-relapse behavior, exercise-induced changes in the dopaminergic system were not observed in the group administered with naloxone as well. Based on these evidences, besides reinforcing the beneficial influence of the physical exercise on AMPH-induced drug addiction, we propose the involvement of endogenous opioid system activation, not as a single one, but as a possible mechanism of action resulting from the physical activity practice, thus characterizing an important therapeutic approach, which may contribute to drug withdrawal consequently preventing relapse., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Addiction is a devastating worldwide disorder that requires effective and innovative therapies. Physical exercise could be useful in addiction treatment because it shares a common neural circuit with addictive drugs. Based on this, molecular adaptations consequent to time of exercise in opioid exposed animals were evaluated. Rats were designed as sedentary (SED) or exercised (EXE). This last group was separated to perform three different periods of swimming: short-term (S-EXE), medium-term (M-EXE) and long-term (L-EXE) for 14, 28 and 42 days, respectively. On the last exercising week, one-half of the animals from SED and all animals from S-, M- and l-EXE were concomitantly exposed to morphine-conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm and y-maze task for behavioral assessments followed by molecular assays in both Nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hippocampus. Between SED groups, morphine conditioning showed drug-CPP and increased dopamine transporter (DAT), dopamine receptor type-1 (D1R), type-2 (D2R) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in both brain areas in relation to saline group. Besides the small morphine-CPP in relation to SED group, all periods decreased DAT, D1R, and GR immunoreactivity in NAc, DAT and D1R in hippocampus, while D2R in both brain areas and GR in hippocampus were primarily decreased by L-EXE. Our findings show that even a short-term exercise modifies behaviors related to drug withdrawal, changing DA targets and GR, which are closely linked to addiction. Therefore, our outcomes involving physical exercise are interesting to perform a possible clinical trial, thus expanding the knowledge about drug addiction., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.)

The objectives of this double-blind randomized clinical trial were to compare (a) the clinical times and (b) the occurrence and severity of postoperative sensitivity, of posterior restoration that used a universal adhesive, in a self-etch or selective enamel-etching technique, along with incremental or bulk-fill composites (presented in syringes or capsules). A total of 295 posterior restorations were placed according to the following groups: SETB - self-etch/bulk-fill in syringe; SETC - self-etch/bulk-fill in capsules; SETI - self-etch/incremental; SEEB - selective enamel-etching/bulk-fill in syringe; SEEC - selective enamel-etching/bulk-fill in capsules; and SEEI - selective enamel-etching/incremental. Clinical time was assessed by a reason (s/mm3) between the total volume of resin inserted and the total time required to perform the restorations. Postoperative sensitivity was evaluated using two scales (Numeric Rating Scale and Visual Analogue Scale). Mean clinical time results, analyzed by Wald's Chi-square, showed significant statistical differences among all groups (p<0.001), indicating that the restorative strategy affected the time required for the restoration. A generalized estimating equation model statistical analysis, performed to compare postoperative sensitivity, showed that neither the restorative technique, the adhesive strategy nor the presentation mode of the bulk-fill composite affected the overall risk of postoperative sensitivity (4.06 [2.22-6.81]). The use of bulk-fill composite, presented in capsules or syringes, is less time consuming and does not increase the risk or intensity of postoperative sensitivity relative to the traditional incremental technique.

Introduction: Injuries during childhood, which mostly consist of falls, burns, drowning, poisonings and car crashes, are among the main causes of death among children and young adults in several countries., Objectives: To investigate the association between maternal depression and the incidence of injuries during childhood., Methods: In 2004, children who were born in the municipality of Pelotas, Brazil, were enrolled in a population-based birth cohort, with evaluations at birth and at 3, 12, 24 and 48 months of age. Maternal depression during pregnancy was evaluated at the time of delivery. At 12 and 24 months post partum, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used. The injuries incidence rates at ages of 24-48 months and the crude and adjusted IRRs were calculated with 95% CI through Poisson's regression., Results: A total of 3533 children were analysed. The incidence of injuries was higher among children whose mothers presented depressive symptoms during pregnancy and at 12 and 24 months compared with those whose mothers did not present any symptoms. In the adjusted analysis, the IRR among girls whose mothers presented depressive symptoms during pregnancy and EPDS ≥13 at 12 and 24 months was 1.31 (1.15-1.50); and, among boys, 1.18 (1.03-1.36)., Interpretation: Maternal depression is associated with higher incidence of injuries between 24 and 48 months of age, in both sexes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2019. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

This study evaluated clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes of root canal treatments (CT) with smear layer removal, performed in primary teeth, using two different root canal filling materials. Pulpectomy was performed on 27 primary teeth with necrosis or irreversible pulpitis, caused by dental caries or trauma, in 23 children (2-7 years old). A single trained operator performed the CT in a single visit in cases without periapical or interradicular radiolucency (PIR) or in multiple visits in cases with PIR. Participants were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, and randomly allocated into two groups: Group 1 (G1) - iodoform paste (iodoform + camphorated parachlorophenol + ointment comprising prednisolone acetate 5.0 mg and rifamycin 1.5 mg); Group 2 (G2) - Calen®/ZO paste. Treated teeth were restored with composite resin immediately after the root canal filling. The outcomes were evaluated clinically and radiographically according to specific criteria. Two blinded and standardized evaluators assessed the radiographic outcomes. We used descriptive analyses due to the small sample size. CTs were performed due to caries lesions in 70.4% of the cases and due to trauma in 29.6%. Only one tooth of G1 was unsuccessful; hence, pulpectomy performance in both groups was not influenced by the filling material, nor by any other analyzed variable. The level of the root canal filling was better in the Calen®/ZO group. The clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes indicated successful treatment, independently of the root filling material used.

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of the administration of pre-operative dexamethasone on tooth sensitivity stemming from in-office bleaching., Materials and Methods: A triple-blind, parallel-design, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 70 volunteers who received dexamethasone or placebo capsules. The drugs were administered in a protocol of three daily 8-mg doses of the drug, starting 48 h before the in-office bleaching treatment. Two bleaching sessions with 37.5% hydrogen peroxide gel were performed with a 1-week interval. Tooth sensitivity (TS) was recorded on visual analog scales (VAS) and numeric rating scales (NRS) in different periods up to 48 h after bleaching. The color evaluations were also performed. The absolute risk of TS and its intensity were evaluated by using Fisher's exact test. Comparisons of the TS intensity (NRS and VAS data) were performed by using the Mann-Whitney U test and a two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test, respectively., Results: In both groups, a high risk of TS (Dexa 80% x Placebo 94%) was detected. No significant difference was observed in terms of TS intensity. A whitening of approximately 3 shade guide units of the VITA Classical was detected in both groups, which were statistically similar., Conclusions: It was concluded that the administration pre-operatively of dexamethasone, in the proposed protocol, does not reduce the incidence or intensity of bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity., Clinical Relevance: The use of dexamethasone drug before in-office bleaching treatment does not reduce incidence or intensity of tooth sensitivity., Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT02956070.

Amphetamine (AMPH) and its derivatives are addictive drugs used to promote and enhance alertness, motivation, willingness, courage and wellbeing. However, their chronic use is related to memory loss, emotional instability, insomnia, psychosis and paranoia. In the last decades, modern society has included processed foods, rich in trans fatty acids (TFA), in their diet, what has been related to several health problems including increased AMPH preference and self-administration. In this scenario, physical activity appears to be useful to attenuate rewarding symptoms related to addictive drugs mainly by affecting brain neuroplasticity and neurotransmission. The current study has been developed to assess the influence of physical activity on addiction parameters of rats exposed to AMPH which were previously supplemented with hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF), rich in TFA. After six weeks of HVF or soybean oil (SO, control group) supplementation, adult rats were conditioned with d,l-AMPH or vehicle for 14 days. Then, half of each experimental group was submitted to physical activity in treadmill running sessions (60min/day, 5 days/week) for 5 weeks. Animals were re-conditioned with AMPH or vehicle for 3 more days, to observe drug relapse. Locomotor activity and anxiety-like symptoms were observed 24h after the last AMPH reconditioning, and fatty acids composition was quantified in the ventral tegmental area, striatum and prefrontal cortex. All animals showed AMPH preference, but only SO sedentary showed drug relapse. No differences were observed in locomotor activity among groups, while HVF-supplemented group showed decreased exploration per se, and physical activity prevented this. Moreover, AMPH-HVF group showed increased anxiety-like symptoms, which were prevented by physical activity. These results indicate that HVF supplementation modifies AMPH addiction, whereas regular physical activity could be protective against both AMPH and TFA damages., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: To evaluate for the first time in vivo the effects of methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer dissolved in ethanol in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as adjuvant periodontal treatment, at plasmatic oxidative stress and vascular behavior in rat model., Methods: Wistar rats were divided into negative control (NC, no periodontitis) and positive control (PC, with periodontitis, without any treatment). The other groups had periodontitis and were treated with scaling and root planing (SRP); SRP+aPDT+MB dissolved in water (aPDT I); SRP+aPDT+MB dissolved in ethanol (aPDT II). The periodontitis was induced by ligature at the mandibular right first molar. At 7/15/30days, rats were euthanized, the plasma was used to determine oxidative stress parameters and gingival tissue for histomorphometric analysis., Results: PC showed higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels in 7/15/30days. aPDT II was able to block the lipid peroxidation, especially between 15th and 30th days. Glutathione reduced levels were consumed in PC, aPDT I and II groups throughout the experiment. aPDT II increased the vitamin C levels which were restored in this group in the 30th day. aPDT II group showed the highest number of blood vessels., Conclusion: In summary, the aPDT with MB dissolved in ethanol provides better therapeutic responses in periodontitis treatment., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)