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This randomized clinical trial sought to evaluate the performance of two packable composites over a period of 36 months. A total of 39 Class I and II restorations were placed in the permanent teeth of 20 patients. Using United States Public Health Services criteria, two investigators evaluated the restorations immediately after placement and again after 12 and 36 months, examining color match, marginal discoloration, marginal integrity, recurrent caries, proximal contact, anatomical shape, surface texture, and postoperative sensitivity. It was concluded that the packable composites evaluated showed satisfactory clinical performance after three years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dimensional stability of prototyped surgical guides after autoclave and 2% glutaraldehyde sterilization processes., Material and Methods: Twenty prototyped surgical guides were prepared and submitted to two sterilization processes (n = 10): Physics - sterilization by autoclave (saturated water vapor under pressure, temperature of 126 to 130 °C, pressure of 1,7 at 1.9 kgf/cm 2 , 16 min); Chemistry - sterilization by 2% glutaraldehyde for 10 h. Six pre-established points were measured in the prototyped surgical guides, before and after sterilization, using a digital caliper rule. The comparisons were made using orthogonal contrasts using the linear model of mixed effects (random and fixed)., Results: there are no significant differences between autoclave and glutaraldehyde 2% (p>0.05) there are significant differences after autoclave sterilization (p<0.05) and there are not significant differences after 2% glutaraldehyde sterilization (p>0.05)., Conclusion: autoclave promoted dimensional alteration of the prototyped surgical guides, and the chemical sterilization by glutaraldehyde 2% did not cause dimensional alteration of the prototype surgical guides, being a favorable choice for sterilization., Clinical Significance: the sterilization of surgical guides can be performed through the chemical process with 2% glutaraldehyde without changing the linear precision of the prototype surgical guides., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Author DAPHNE CAMARA BARCELLOS declares that she has no conflict of interest. Author ERICA ALVES GOMES declares that she has no conflict of interest. Author DIEGO MORAES DE MATHEUS declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author ELIZABETH PIMENTEL ROSETTI declares that she has no conflict of interest. Author ROGÉRIO MARGONAR declares that he has no conflict of interest. No potential competing interest was reported by the authors., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The present study evaluated the bond strength (μTBS) of dentin treated with chlorhexidine and propolis subjected to simulated pulpal pressure (SPP) and thermocycle aging. One hundred and twenty healthy human molars were sectioned to obtain 2 mm of dentin thickness and were divided into two groups (n = 60): SPP (15 cm H 2 O) and no SPP (Control group). Dentin surfaces were conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 s and were divided according to the dentin treatment (n = 20): Control; Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2% for 30 s) and Propolis (aqueous propolis extract for 30 s). Half of the specimens were submitted to 15,000 thermocycle aging (5 ± 2°C and 55 ± 2°C). The samples were sectioned into beams and submitted to μTBS. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (SPP × Dentin treatment × Thermocycle aging) and the Tukey's tests (p < .001). With regard to the SPP, ANOVA revealed that the Control group (32.98 MPa) had significantly higher values of μTBS when compared to the SPP (29.19 MPa). With regard to Thermocycle aging, no aging (34.05 MPa) had significantly higher values of μTBS when compared to the aging (28.12 MPa). With regard to the dentin treatment, Propolis and Chlorhexidine did not statistically influence the results (p > .05). The SPP and thermocycle aging negatively influenced the bond strength between the dentin and resin; the 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate and aqueous propolis extract solutions did not interfere in the bond strength between the resin and dentin. The use of chlorhexidine and propolis as a dental treatment may not influence the dentin bond strength, but SPP and thermocycle aging may damage the longitudinal dentin bond strength. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Chlorhexidine and propolis as a dental treatment may not influence the dentin bond strength. Simulated pulpal pressure and thermocycle aging may damage the longitudinal dentin bond strength., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Nisin is a peptide that possesses potent antibacterial properties. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of a nisin-doped adhesive against Streptococcus mutans, as well as its degree of conversion and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin. Nisin was added to the adhesive Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), resulting in four groups: Control Group (Single Bond 2); Group 1% (1 wt% nisin-incorporated), Group 3% (3 wt% nisin-incorporated) and Group 5% (5 wt% nisin-incorporated). Antibacterial activity against S. mutans was evaluated using colony-forming unit counts (CFU). The degree of conversion was tested using FTIR. Forty human teeth were restored for μTBS evaluation. Data were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests at α = 0.05. The nisin-doped adhesives, for all concentrations, exhibited a significant inhibition of the growth of S. mutans (p < 0.05); Incorporation of 5% and 3% nisin decreased the degree of conversion of the adhesive (p < 0.05). The μTBS (in MPa): Control Group—38.3 ± 2.3A, Group 1%—35.6 ± 2.1A, Group 3%—27.1 ± 1.6B and Group 5%—22.3 ± 1.0C. Nisin-doped adhesives exerted a bactericidal effect on S. mutans. The μTBS and degree of conversion of adhesive were not affected after incorporation of 1% nisin.

Objective: To evaluate the physicochemical (sorption (SOR), solubility (SOL), and degree of conversion (DC)) and mechanical (flexural strength (FS), modulus of elasticity (ME), and compressive strength (CS)) properties of adhesives with different water contents (D 2 O)., Materials and Methods: An adhesive was formulated: 55 wt% BisGMA, 45 wt% HEMA, 0.5 wt% camphorquinone, 0.5 wt% EDMAB, and 1.0 wt% DPIHP. D 2 O was added into the adhesives (0 wt%, 10 wt%, and 16 wt%). DC was monitored through the FTIR. FS, ME, CS, SOR, and SOL were tested. The adhesive samples were aged in deionized water, ethanol, and acetone. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's tests (5%)., Results: For DC, the 0 wt% group showed a significant reduction (68.09 ± 0.14 A ) compared with the 10 wt% (87.07 ± 0.81 B ) and 16 wt% groups (89.87 ± 0.24 B ); 10 wt% showed the highest FS (MPa) mean values (141.6 ± 6.71 B ) compared with the 0 wt% (109.4 ± 20.5 A ) and 16 wt% (107.8 ± 15.8 A ). For the CS (MPa) and ME (GPa), the 16 wt% showed the lowest mean values (98.8 ± 18.0 B and 2.2 ± 0.3 B , respectively) compared with the 10 wt% and 0 wt%. For the SOR, 16 wt% of water showed the highest mean values and the ethanol showed the lowest mean values of SOL regardless of water content., Conclusion: The amount of water content and the types of aging solvents significantly affect the adhesive properties., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Stella Renata Machado Silva Esteves et al.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SPP with either fetal bovine serum (FBS) or deionized water (DW) on the bond strength (μTBS) of a Universal adhesive to dentin, in both etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) modes. The kinematic viscosity (cSt) of FBS and DW was measured at 25 °C ± 0.1 ºC. Seventy-two sound human molars were sectioned and randomly divided into three groups according to the SPP conditions: (1) Control (0 cm H 2 O), (2) SPP (15 cm H 2 O) with FBS, (3) SPP (15 cm H 2 O) with DW. Each group was subdivided (n = 10) based on the bonding modes: ER (37% phosphoric acid + ScothBond Universal Adhesive) or SE (ScothBond Universal Adhesive). Samples were then submitted to μTBS. Data were analyzed by Student's t test, two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). The cSt results showed that DW (23.59 ± 0.39) had significantly higher values than FBS (22.33 ± 0.06). With regard to SPP, the control group (36.1 MPa) had significantly higher values of μTBS when compared to the SPP using FBS (31.06 MPa) and SPP with DW (26.55 MPa). According to ANOVA, the bonding modes and the interaction of simulated pulpal pressure (SPP) did not statistically influence the results (p < 0.05). The presence of SPP reduced the bond strength of Universal adhesive to dentin. DW during SPP had significantly reduced bonding values when compared to FBS. Bonding strategies were not affected by SPP when evaluated in a short period of time (24 h)., (© 2021. The Society of The Nippon Dental University.)

Microscopy has been widely used to complement the data of studies related to dentin bonding; however, different specimen preparation methods may influence the analysis. Aiming to contribute to the reported scenario, this study evaluated the effect of two specimen-sectioning methods (cleavage and diamond disk cut) on the quality of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Four crowns of human molars were selected and had an area of approximately 6 mm 2 of dentin exposed. They were then divided into two groups according to the universal adhesive application: total and self-etching modes. Then, composite blocks were built up and the specimens were stored in deionized water to allow the postcuring. The specimens were further divided according to the sectioning method: cleavage or diamond disk cut. Four specimens were obtained from each tooth. They were desiccated, placed on aluminum stubs, sputter-coated with gold, and observed in a scanning electron microscope, with ×2000 of magnification. The quality of the SEM images were evaluated by two calibrated examiners and classified into four scores (1-4). Mann-Whitney test (p < .05) showed that the diamond disk provided significantly higher scores than cleavage, whereas no significant difference was observed when comparing the total-etching and self-etching modes of application. The diamond disk cut method is preferable to the cleavage method to ensure the quality of the SEM analysis in studies involving the resin-dentin interface., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different bonding agents on bond-strength to demineralized enamel after remineralizing treatments and resin infiltration. Methods: Buccal enamel of 120 bovine incisors was polished and then were divided into five experimental groups: SE (sound enamel); DE (demineralized enamel); AS (demineralized enamel immersed in artificial saliva for eight weeks); NaF (demineralized enamel treated with 0.05% sodium fluoride solution (one minute) for eight weeks); Ic (demineralized enamel infiltrated with a low-viscosity resin (Icon-DGM). These groups were subdivided according to adhesive system used: self-etching adhesive Adper Easy One (3M/ESPE) and etch-and-rinse adhesive Single Bond (3M/ESPE). The composite resin blocks were fabricated using a Teflon matrix. A thermomechanical cycling machine was used to carry out the artificial aging of the specimens and thus were sectioned into sticks. The microtensile tests were performed using a universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Data (in MPa) were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (5%). Results : Significant differences were found for both factors tested and interactions (p<0.05). Tukey's test results of µTBS (mean ± SD) were: etch-and-rinse SE (28.79±3.93); DE (30.41±7.22); AS (29.03±3.33); NaF (29.81±4.06)a; Ic (29.47±5.5);  and self-etching SE (30.37±6.96); DE (14.62±4.47); AS (9.79±2.32); NaF (9.36±2.31); Ic (30.78±8.68).   Conclusions: Resin infiltration did not affect the bond strength of demineralized enamel for both adhesive systems tested. For etch-and-rinse adhesive, no differences were observed for the tested groups. For self-etching adhesive, only the resin-infiltrated group showed similar bond strength to sound enamel. Both etch-and-rinse and self-etching adhesive systems can be used in resin-infiltrated enamel, if a composite restoration needs to be further performed. In enamel that has undergone the de/remineralization process, the use of a total-etch adhesive might be preferable for the restorative procedure., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2019 Borges AB et al.)

Objectives: Several anti-proteolytic dentin therapies are being exhaustively studied in an attempt to reduce dentin bond degradation and improve clinical performance and longevity of adhesive restorations. This study assessed the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on long-term bond strength when incorporated into adhesives., Material and Methods: Adhesive systems were formulated with EGCG concentrations of 0 wt%: (no EGCG; control); 0.5 wt% EGCG; 1.0 wt% EGCG, and 1.5 wt% EGCG. Flexural strength (FS), modulus of elasticity (ME), modulus of resilience (MR), compressive strength (CS), degree of conversion (DC), polymerization shrinkage (PS), percentage of water sorption (%WS), percentage of water solubility (%WL) and cytotoxicity properties were tested. Dentin microtensile bond strength (µTBS) was evaluated after 24 h and again after 6 months of water storage. The adhesive interface was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)., Results: No significant differences were found among the groups in terms of FS, ME, MR, CS and PS. EGCG-doped adhesives increased the DC relative to the control group. EGCG concentrations of 1.0 wt% and 0.5 wt% decreased the WS of adhesives. WL decreased in all cases in which EGCG was added to adhesives, regardless of the concentration. EGCG concentrations of 1.0 wt% and 0.5 wt% reduced cytotoxicity. EGCG concentrations of 1.0 wt% and 0.5 wt% preserved µTBS after 6 months of storage, while 1.5 wt% EGCG significantly decreased µTBS. SEM: the integrity of the hybrid layer was maintained in the 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt% EGCG groups., Conclusion: EGCG concentrations of 1.0 wt% and 0.5 wt% showed better biological and mechanical performance, preserved bond strength and adhesive interface, and reduced cytotoxicity.

This study evaluated the influence of liner agents placed under resin composite restorations on shear bond strength (SBS) to dentin. A total of 40 extracted bovine incisors were used. Enamel surfaces were ground to expose a flat dentin area of 7 mm in diameter. Teeth were divided into four groups according to tested liners: Group 1 (control) used no liner; Group 2 used a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement liner (Vitrebond Plus, 3M ESPE); Group 3 used a light-activated calcium hydroxide resin liner (Ultra-Blend Plus, Ultradent); and Group 4 used a polyacrylic acid surface treatment + conventional glass-ionomer cement liner (Vidrion F, SSWhite). All groups were subjected to bonding procedures with Single Bond (3M ESPE) and 4-mm-thick buildups of resin composite were fabricated. Artificial aging was performed, and the specimens were submitted to mechanical shear testing. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among liners (P = .00). Group 4 showed the highest SBS. Group 1 showed significantly higher mean SBS compared with Group 3. Results showed that SBS is improved when using polyacrylic acid surface treatment + conventional glass-ionomer cement and decreased when using light-activated calcium hydroxide when compared with no liner. Polyacrylic acid surface treatment + conventional glass-ionomer cement as a liner placed under adhesion surface can improve the shear bond strength between dentin and resin, while light-activated calcium hydroxide resin should be used restrictedly in very deep cavities, because they may reduce the bond strength of the restoration submitted to masticatory forces and temperature changes in the oral environment.

Introduction: The decalcification protocol of dentin surface with sodium hypochlorite removes the exposed collagen fibrils and could improve the longevity of the bonding interface. This study evaluated the influence of collagen removal with 10% sodium hypochlorite (10% NaOCl) on the longitudinal shear bond strength (SBS) of adhesives to dentin., Materials and Methods: Seventy-two extracted human molars were sectioned and the buccal and lingual surfaces were flattened and acid etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds. The specimens were divided into six groups (n = 12 teeth - 24 sections), according to adhesive and collagen removal protocol: group 1: UNO Dentastic; group 2: Prime and Bond NT; group 3: Single Bond; group 4: 10% NaOCl + UNO Dentastic; group 5: 10% NaOCl + Prime and Bond NT; group 6: 10% NaOCl + Single Bond. Composite Z100 buildup was prepared, and the SBS test was assessed after 24 hours and 1 year. Data were submitted to three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests (p < 0.05)., Results: The mean values (MPa) were for 24 hours: G1: 22.45 B ; G2: 7.90 DE ; G3: 12.56 CD ; G4: 19.85 BC ; G5: 33.73 A ; G6: 20.77 B ; and for 1 year: G1: 2.43 E ; G2: 2.26 E ; G3: 4.3 DE ; G4: 18.79 BC ; G5: 26.49 AB ; G6: 22.73 B ., Conclusion: Dentin deproteinization treatment with 10% NaOCI influenced the SBS compared with conventional treatment. The negative influence on SBS detected for conventional groups at 1-year interval was not detected for deproteinized groups., Clinical Relevance: The longevity of hybrid layer is critical due to the hydrolysis process at the adhesive interface over time. The use of 10% NaOCl deproteinization protocol might improve the longevity of bonding in adhesive restorations.

Objective: This study assessed a 6 month resin/dentin bond's durability and cytotoxic effect of Zn-doped model dentin adhesives. The mechanical and physicochemical properties were also tested., Methods: A model etch-and-rinse single-bottle adhesive was formulated (55wt.% Bis-GMA, 45wt.% HEMA, 0.5wt.% CQ, 0.5wt.% DMAEMA) and Zinc methacrylate (Zn-Mt) or ZnO nanoparticles (ZnOn) were added to the model's adhesive, resulting in three groups: Group Control (control model adhesive); Group Zn-Mt (1wt.% Zn-Mt incorporated to adhesive) and Group ZnOn (1wt.% ZnOn incorporated to adhesive). The microtensile bond strength (mTBS) was assessed after 24h or 6 months in water storage. Mechanical properties (diametral tensile strength/DTS, flexural strength/FS, flexural modulus/FM, resilience modulus/RM, and compressive strength/CS) and physicochemical properties (polymerization shrinkage/PS, contact angle/CA, water sorption/WS, and water solubility/WS) were also tested. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with SRB biochemical assay., Results: No significant difference in the DTS, FS, FM, CS, CA, WS, and WS were found when 1% of ZnOn or Zn-Mt was added to the model dentin adhesive. Group Zn-Mt decreased the RM of adhesive. Groups Zn-Mt and ZnOn decreased the PS of adhesives. Group ZnOn reduced the cytotoxicity of adhesive. Group ZnOn preserved mTBS after 6 months storage without degradation areas as seen by SEM analysis., Significance: The 1wt.% ZnOn may preserve the integrity of the hybrid layer and may reduce cytotoxicity and polymerization shrinkage of model dentin adhesive. The addition of Zn-Mt to the adhesive had no beneficial effects., (Copyright © 2016 The Academy of Dental Materials. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of simulated pulpal pressure (SPP) on the variation of intrapulpal temperature (ΔT) and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin submitted to an adhesive technique using laser irradiation. One hundred sound human molars were randomly divided into two groups (n = 50), according to the presence or absence of SPP (15 cm H2O). Each group was divided into five subgroups (n = 10) according to Nd:YAG laser energy (60, 80, 100, 120, 140 mJ/pulse). The samples were sequentially treated with the following: 37 % phosphoric acid, adhesive (Scotchbond Universal), irradiation with Nd:YAG laser (60 s), and light curing (10 s). ΔT was evaluated during laser irradiation using a type K thermocouple. Next, a composite resin block was build up onto the irradiated area. After 48 h, samples were submitted to microtensile test (10 kgf load cell, 0.5 mm/min). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p = 0.05). ANOVA revealed significant differences for ΔT and TBS in the presence of SPP. For ΔT, the highest mean (14.3 ± 3.23 °C)(A) was observed in 140 mJ and without SPP. For μTBS, the highest mean (33.4 ± 4.15 MPa)(A) was observed in 140 mJ and without SPP. SPP significantly reduced both ΔT and μTBS during adhesive procedures, lower laser energy parameters resulted in smaller ΔT, and the laser parameters did not influence the μTBS values.

Objective: This study evaluated the influence of Nd:YAG laser on the evaporation degree (ED) of the solvent components in total-etch and self-etch adhesives., Materials and Methods: The ED of Gluma Comfort Bond (Heraeus-Kulzer) one-step self-etch adhesive, and Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), and XP Bond (Dentsply) total-etch adhesives was determined by weight alterations using two techniques: Control--spontaneous evaporation of the solvent for 5 min; Experimental--Nd:YAG laser irradiation for 1 min, followed by spontaneous evaporation for 4 min. The weight loss due to evaporation of the volatile components was measured at baseline and after 10 s, 20 s, 30 s, 40 s, 50 s, 60 s, 70 s, 80 s, 90 s, 100 s, 110 s, 2 min, 3 min, 4 min, and 5 min., Results: Evaporation of solvent components significantly increased with Nd:YAG laser irradiation for all adhesives investigated. Gluma Comfort Bond showed significantly higher evaporation of solvent components than Adper Single Bond 2 and XP Bond. All the adhesives lost weight quickly during the first min of Nd:YAG laser irradiation., Conclusion: The application of Nd:YAG laser on adhesives before light curing had a significant effect on the evaporation of the solvent components, and the ED of Gluma Comfort Bond one-step self-etch adhesive was significantly higher than with Adper Single Bond 2 and XP Bond total-etch adhesives., Clinical Relevance: The use of the Nd:YAG laser on the uncured adhesive technique can promote a greater ED of solvents, optimizing the longevity of the adhesive restorations.

This clinical study evaluated the use of 0.11% topical sodium fluoride (SF) desensitizing agent to treat tooth sensitivity during a nightguard tooth whitening procedure. Thirty-two subjects bleached their teeth with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) gel using an at-home bleaching technique with custom trays. During bleaching treatment, subjects were divided into 2 groups (n = 16). The subjects in Group 1 received a topical gel containing 0.11% SF; the subjects in Group 2 received a placebo gel (PG). Each subject was instructed to place the gel in his/her bleaching tray for 30 min every day following bleaching treatment. Results showed the use of SF did not affect the whitening efficacy of the 10% CP gel. Subjects who received the PG had significantly higher tooth sensitivity when compared with subjects who received SF (P < 0.00). The use of daily 0.11% SF after 10% CP bleaching gel reduced tooth sensitivity during the bleaching treatment.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the 5-year clinical performance of composite restorations of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL) using a total-etch adhesive system with or without collagen removal with 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)., Methods: In this study randomized controlled split-mouth clinical trial, one-hundred and thirty-eight NCCL were restored into 30 patients. Each patient received at least one pair of composite restorations (Filtek A110/3M ESPE), bonded either with 2 techniques: Conventional Technique--acid etching with 37% phosphoric acid+Prime & Bond NT (Denstply DeTrey); Deproteinization Technique--acid etching with 37% phosphoric acid+10% NaOCl for 1min+Prime & Bond NT. The two techniques were evaluated using the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria at baseline, 18 months, 3 and 5 years. After five years, one-hundred and six restorations were evaluated in 24 patients. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test (p<0.05)., Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the two techniques regarding the evaluated parameters (p>0.05)., Conclusion: After 5 years, the application of 10% NaOCl deproteinization on etched dentine did not affect the clinical performance of composite restorations placed in NCCL when compared to the conventional total-etch technique., Clinical Significance: Clinical studies evaluating the performance of the Deproteinization Technique are scarce. In this study, this technique showed similar clinical performance at the end of 5 years when compared to a conventional total-etch technique., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Reduced surface tension of liquids results in higher surface wetting ability and diffusivity by the substrate., Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the Grander Technology in reducing the surface tension of adhesive systems., Methods: Two adhesive systems (self-etch and total-etch) were modified by physical contact with the Grander system Flexible unit to revitalize water, for 48 h. Surface tension of adhesive systems and water in normal and grander-modified conditions was measured with a goniometer., Results: The results showed a reduction of surface tension for all conditions grander-modified between 3-15%., Conclusions: Grander Technology was effective in reducing the surface tension of the Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond adhesive systems. Clinical significance. Grander technology was employed to restructure the molecular structure of water-based adhesive systems, which can increase their wetness capacity and therefore ensure a greater diffusibility.

Objective: This study evaluated the influence of different surface treatments on the resin bond strength/light-cured characterizing materials (LCCMs), using the intrinsic characterization technique. The intrinsic technique is characterized by the use of LCCMs between the increments of resin composite (resin/thin film of LCCM/external layer of resin covering the LCCM)., Materials and Methods: Using a silicone matrix, 240 blocks of composite (Z350/3M ESPE) were fabricated. The surfaces received different surface treatments, totaling four groups (n=60): Group C (control group), no surface treatment was used; Group PA, 37% phosphoric acid for one minute and washing the surface for two minutes; Group RD, roughening with diamond tip; and Group AO, aluminum oxide. Each group was divided into four subgroups (n=15), according to the LCCMs used: Subgroup WT, White Tetric Color pigment (Ivoclar/Vivadent) LCCM; Subgroup BT, Black Tetric Color pigment (Ivoclar/Vivadent) LCCM; Subgroup WK, White Kolor Plus pigment (Kerr) LCCM; Subgroup BK, Brown Kolor Plus pigment (Kerr) LCCM. All materials were used according to the manufacturer's instructions. After this, block composites were fabricated over the LCCMs. Specimens were sectioned and submitted to microtensile testing to evaluate the bond strength at the interface. Data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (surface treatment and LCCMs) and Tukey tests., Results: ANOVA presented a value of p<0.05. The mean values (±SD) for the factor surface treatment were as follows: Group C, 30.05 MPa (±5.88)a; Group PA, 23.46 MPa (±5.45)b; Group RD, 21.39 MPa (±6.36)b; Group AO, 15.05 MPa (±4.57)c. Groups followed by the same letters do not present significant statistical differences. The control group presented significantly higher bond strength values than the other groups. The group that received surface treatment with aluminum oxide presented significantly lower bond strength values than the other groups., Conclusion: Surface treatments of composite with phosphoric acid, diamond tip, and aluminum oxide significantly diminished the bond strength between composite and the LCCMs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers on the shear bond strength of composite resin to dentin. The coronal portion of 56 human molars was divided into three parts, and the dentin thickness was standardized at 2 mm. A 3-mm hole was marked in the center of each tooth with sealing tape paper. The specimens (n = 14) were then divided into four groups: (1) acid etching + Single Bond (SB) (control), (2) acid etching + SB + Nd:YAG laser irradiation (before adhesive curing), (3) thermal etching with the Er:YAG laser + SB, and (4) thermal etching with the Er:YAG laser + SB + Nd:YAG laser irradiation (before adhesive curing). A composite resin cylinder was built into the delimited area for conducting the shear bond strength test on the universal testing machine. The means ± standard deviations were: group 1, 17.05 ± 4.15 MPa; group 2, 16.90 ± 3.36 MPa; group 3, 12.12 ± 3.85 MPa; and group 4, 12.92 ± 2.73 MPa. Groups 1 and 2 presented significantly higher values than groups 3 and 4. It was concluded that conventional etching with 37% phosphoric acid yielded significantly higher bond strength values compared to thermal etching with the Er:YAG laser. The Nd:YAG laser did not significantly influence the bond strength.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength of three adhesive systems, using different methods of dentin preparation., Materials and Methods: A hundred and eight bovine teeth were used. The dentin from buccal face was exposed and prepared with three different methods, divided in 3 groups: Group 1 (DT)- diamond tip on a high-speed handpiece; Group 2 (CVD)-CVD tip on a ultrasonic handpiece; Group 3 (LA)-Er: YAG laser. The teeth were divided into 3 subgroups, according adhesive systems used: Subgroup 1-Adper Single Bond Plus/3M ESPE (SB) total-etch adhesive; Subgroup 2-Adper Scotchbond SE/3M ESPE (AS) selfetching adhesive; Subgroup 3-Clearfil SE Bond/Kuraray (CS) selfetching adhesive. Blocks of composite (Filtek Z250-3M ESPE) 4 mm high were built up and specimens were stored in deionized water for 24 hours at 37°C. Serial mesiodistal and buccolingual cuts were made and stick-like specimens were obtained, with transversal section of 1.0 mm(2). The samples were submitted to microtensile test at 1 mm/min and load of 10 kg in a universal testing machine. Data (MPa) were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p < 0.05)., Results and Conclusion: Surface treatment with Diamond or CVD tips associated with Clearfil SE Bond adhesive produced significantly lower bond strength values compared to other groups. Surface treatment with Er: YAG laser associated with Single Bond Plus or Clearfil SE Bond adhesives and surface treatment with CVD tip associated with Adper Scotchbond SE adhesive produced significantly lower bond strength values compared to surface treatment with diamond or CVD tips associated with Single Bond Plus or Adper Scotchbond SE adhesives., Clinical Significance: Interactions between laser and the CVD tip technologies and the different adhesive systems can produce a satisfactory bonding strength result, so that these associations may be beneficial and enhance the clinical outcomes.

Aim: This study evaluates bond strength between dentin and composite using adhesives with different solvents to dry and wet dentin., Materials and Methods: Ninety bovine incisors were used; the vestibular surfaces were worn by the exposure of an area with a diameter of 4 mm of dentin. The specimens were divided into 6 groups, according to the type of adhesive used and hydratation stals: Group SB-wet: Single Bond 2 in wet dentin, Group SBdry: Single Bond 2 in dry dentin, Group SL-wet: Solobond M in wet dentin, Group SL-dry: Solobond M in dentin dry. Group XPwet: XP Bond in wet dentin, Group XP-dry: XP Bond in dentin dry. They were cut to obtain specimens in the shape of stick with 1 × 1 mm and subjected to microtensile test in universal testing machine with a cross speed of 1mm/min. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests (5%)., Results: ANOVA showed significant differences for surface treatment and interaction, but no difference was found for adhesive factor. The Tukey's test showed that the samples with wet dentin shown higher values of bond strength., Conclusion: The adhesive did not influence in the bond strength. The groups with wet dentin showed higher values of bond strength than groups with dry dentin.

Objectives: To determine whether chewing side preference (CSP) is correlated to lateralities (handedness, footedness, eyedness and earedness) in primary, mixed and permanent dentitions., Design: Three-hundred subjects were divided into 3 groups: Group 1--100 children 3-5 years old, primary dentition; Group 2--100 children 6-12 years old, mixed dentition; Group 3--100 subjects 18-47 years old, permanent dentition. CSP was determined using a method developed by Mc Donnell et al. Subjects were given a piece of gum and the position of the chewing gum was recorded 7 times as right or left. Subjects were classified as 'observed preferred chewing side' (OPCS) when they performed 5/7, 6/7 or 7/7 strokes on the same side. OPCS corresponded to the CSP. Laterality tests were performed for handedness, footedness, eyedness and earedness tasks. The Chi-square (χ(2)) and phi correlation (r) tests were used to investigate significant correlations between CSP and sidedness., Results: There was a significant correlation between chewing and earedness (p=0.00), although there was weak positive correlation (r=0.30) for primary dentition. There were significant correlations between chewing and handedness (p=0.02; r=0.25) and chewing and footedness (p=0.02; r=0.26), however, there were weak positive correlations for mixed dentition; there were significant correlations between chewing and handedness (p=0.02; r=0.26); chewing and footedness (p=0.00; r=0.33) and chewing and earedness (p=0.01; r=0.29); however, there were weak positive correlations for permanent dentition., Conclusion: It may be concluded that CSP can be significantly correlated with: earedness for primary dentition; handedness and footedness for mixed dentition; handedness, footedness and earedness for permanent dentition, but these are weak positive relationships. Future work on larger samples of left- and right-sided individuals is required to validate the findings., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the enamel microhardness treated with three in-office bleaching agents, containing 35% hydrogen peroxide with different acidity., Materials and Methods: Bovine incisors were divided into three groups that received the following bleaching agents: Whiteness HP, Total Bleach and Opalescence Xtra. Three gel applications/10-min each, totaling 30-min of bleaching treatment, were made on the teeth and activated with a blue LED (1000 mW/470 nm) combined to a LASER (120 mW/795 nm) device (Easy Bleach-Clean Line). Vickers hardness (VH) was evaluated at baseline and after the bleaching procedure. The values of Hardness loss [HNL] (% reduction) were calculated. The two-sample t-test was used for comparison of the HNL of the three bleaching products (5% level of significance)., Results: The Opalescence Xtra, which had the lowest pH value (pH = 4.30), showed a significant increase of HNL when compared with Total Bleach bleaching agent, which had the highest pH value (pH = 6.62)., Conclusions: The 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents resulted in a reduction in surface enamel microhardness and bleaching with the most acid agent resulted in a significant enamel hardness loss compared to the less acid agent (4.30 vs 6.62). Strategies proposed to reduce the enamel loss after bleaching treatment may include the use of daily fluoride therapy, mouth rinsing (fluoride, milk and sodium bicarbonate solution), fluoride/bicarbonate dentifrices without abrasives, do not toothbrush immediately after bleaching, fluorides and calcium add to bleaching agents.

Purpose: To evaluate the cohesive strength between composite and different light-curing characterizing materials (LCCM), which were prepared using the intrinsic technique., Materials and Methods: One hundred composite specimens were made by using a prefabricated Teflon device, and a layer of LCCM was applied at the interface. The specimens were divided into 5 groups (n = 20): group 1 (control), no LCCM was used; group 2: application of White Kolor Plus Pigment (Kerr) LCCM; group 3: White Tetric Color Pigment (Ivoclar/Vivadent) LCCM; group 4: Brown Kolor Plus Pigment (Kerr) LCCM; group 5: Black Tetric Color Pigment (Ivoclar/Vivadent) LCCM. All materials were used according to the manufacturers' instructions. Specimens were submitted to a tensile test in a universal testing machine (EMIC DL-200MF) to evaluate the cohesive strength at the composite interface. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 5%)., Results: ANOVA showed a p-value = 0.0001, indicating that there were significant differences among the groups. The mean values in MPa (± standard deviation) obtained for the groups were: G1: 28.5 (± 2.74)a; G2: 23.5 (± 2.47)b; G3: 20.3 (± 2.49)b; G4: 10.5 (± 2.40)c; G5: 9.66 (± 3.06)c. The groups with the same letters presented no significant differences. The control group presented statistically significantly higher cohesive strengths when compared to the other groups. The groups in which Brown Kolor Plus Pigment and Black Tetric Color Pigment LCCM were used showed significantly lower cohesive strengths when compared to the groups in which White Kolor Plus Pigment and White Tetric Color Pigment LCMM were used., Conclusion: The use of LCCM produced with the intrinsic technique reduced the cohesive strength of composite.

Aim: This study evaluated the prevalence of the chewing side preference (CSP) in the deciduous, mixed and permanent dentitions., Materials and Methods: Three-hundred subjects were divided in three groups (n = 100): Group 1 - children with deciduous dentition; group 2-children with mixed dentition; group 3 - subjects with permanent dentition. The CSP was determined using a direct method (visual observation) developed by McDonnell et al. (2004). Descriptive statistic was used to observe the prevalence of CSP. The Pearson's Chi-square was used to investigate signicant associations between gender, presence of CSP and preferred side (right/left)., Results and Conclusion: Eighty-seven percent of group 1 had a CSP. Eighty-two percent of group 2 had a CSP. Seventy-six percent of group 3 had a CSP. There was no statistically significant association between presence of CSP and gender in all groups. There was no statistically significant association between preferred side (right/left) and gender in all groups., Clinical Significance: There is a higher prevalence of subjects in deciduous, mixed and permanent dentition that presented chewing side preference. The early diagnosis of the presence of chewing side preference can prevent the unilateral chewing pattern with prophylactic therapy applied to the first teeth (deciduous).

Purpose: To evaluate the bond strength of indirect restorations to dentin using self-adhesive cements with and without the application of adhesive systems., Material and Methods: Seventy-two bovine incisors were used, in which the buccal surfaces were ground down to expose an area of dentin measuring a minimum of 4 x 4 mm. The indirect resin composite Resilab was used to make 72 blocks, which were cemented onto the dentin surface of the teeth and divided into 4 groups (n = 18): group 1: self-adhesive resin cement BiFix SE, applied according to manufacturer's recommendations; group 2: self-adhesive resin cement RelyX Unicem, used according to manufacturer's recommendations; group 3: etch-and-rinse Solobond M adhesive system + BiFix SE; group 4: etch-and-rinse Single Bond 2 adhesive system + RelyX Unicem. The specimens were sectioned into sticks and subjected to microtensile testing in a universal testing machine (EMIC DL- 200 MF). Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 5%)., Results: The mean values (± standard deviation) obtained for the groups were: group 1: 15.28 (± 8.17)a, group 2: 14.60 (± 5.21)a, group 3: 39.20 (± 9.98)c, group 4: 27.59 (± 6.57)b. Different letters indicate significant differences (ANOVA; p = 0.0000)., Conclusion: The application of adhesive systems before self-adhesive cements significantly increased the bond strength to dentin. In group 2, RelyX Unicem associated with the adhesive system Single Bond 2 showed significantly lower mean tensile bond strengths than group 3 (BiFix SE associated with the etch-and-rinse Solobond M adhesive system).

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the color change of hybrid light-emitting diode (LED) and low-intensity infrared diode laser devices for activating dental bleaching and to verify the occurrence of a color regression with time., Material and Methods: A total of 180 specimens obtained from human premolars were immersed in a coffee solution for 15 days for darkening and then divided into eight experimental groups (n = 20 in each) as follows: G1, bleaching without light; G2, bleaching with halogen light; G3, bleaching with a blue LED (1000 mW/470 nm) and a laser device (120 mW/795 nm) simultaneously; G4, bleaching with an LED emitting blue light (1000 mW/470 nm); G5, bleaching with a blue LED (800 mW/470 nm) and a laser device (500 mW/830 nm) simultaneously; G6, bleaching with a blue LED device (800 mW); G7, bleaching with a green LED (600 mW/530 nm) and a laser device (120 mW/795 nm) simultaneously; and G8, bleaching with a green LED (600 mW). Three measurements were performed (at baseline and 14 days and 12 months after bleaching) using a Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer. The data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and a Tukey test., Results: All groups showed significantly higher ΔE values than Group G1, with the exception of Group G8. Variations in the ΔE values at 14 days were significant when compared with those obtained at baseline and after 12 months., Conclusions: Light activation of the bleaching gel provided faster and more intense bleaching than use of the bleaching gel without light activation. Combinations of low-intensity diode lasers are ineffective as a bleaching gel activator. Color regression was observed after 12 months of storage.

Objectives: This study aimed to measure pH changes during 14 days intracoronal bleaching with hydrogen peroxide/sodium perborate and carbamide peroxide/sodium perborate., Materials and Methods: Twenty patients presenting endodontically treated central maxillary incisors with color alterations were divided in two groups (n = 10): Group CP + SP: 37% carbamide peroxide + sodium perborate paste; Group HP + SP: 30% hydrogen peroxide + sodium perborate paste. The pH values were measured using a digital microprocessor at different times: Baseline, 2, 7 and 14 days. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05)., Results: ANOVA showed p < 0.00 which indicated significant difference between the groups. The mean values (± sd) and the results of the Tukey´s test were: HP + SP/14 days-7.98 (±0.58)a; HP + SP/7 days-8.59 (±0.18)b; HP + SP/2 days- 8.83 (±0.32)bc; HP + SP/Baseline-8.83 (±0.01)bc; CP + SP/ Baseline-8.89 (±0.01)bc; CP + SP/14 days-9.11 (±0.58)cd; CP + SP/7 days-9.54 (±0.16)de; CP + SP/2 days-9.66 (±0.08) de. The group HP + SP resulted in significantly lower pH values compared with group CP + SP., Conclusion: It can be concluded that both associations showed alkaline pH values; however, there was significant reduction in the pH values of the 30% hydrogen peroxide associated with sodium perborate after 14 days., Clinical Significance: The association of hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide with sodium perborate paste presented alkaline characteristics during the 14-day evaluated period. Thus, regarding pH changes, both associations can be considered safe as intracoronal bleaching agents.

This study compared the color fidelity of different composite resins with their registration in the Vita Classical Shade Guide. Using a prefabricated Teflon mold, 120 specimens were divided into four groups (n = 30), according to the resin tested. Three subgroups (n = 10) were prepared for each resin group; these subgroups tested enamel shade, dentin shade, and enamel and dentin shade. Three measurements were performed to verify whether the tooth shade matched that of the Vita Classical Shade Guide. The color was evaluated and the shade variations were calculated. The data were submitted to a three-way ANOVA test (time, color match, and composite type), followed by Tukey's test. It was concluded that all composite resins showed color differences in relation to the Vita Classical Shade Guide.

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of bleaching gel containing 10%, 15% and 20% carbamide peroxide (CP) on the bond strength of dental enamel or dentin and resin composite restorations., Methods: The buccal surfaces of 12 bovine tooth crowns were conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid, and the adhesive resin Single Bond 2 and the resin composite Filtek Z350 were used to perform the restorations. The blocks were sectioned to obtain bar specimens. Each specimen group (enamel-E, dentin-D) was divided into four subgroups (n=15): S-artificial saliva; 10-10% CP bleaching; 15-15% CP bleaching; 20-20% CP bleaching. CP was applied for six hours daily for two weeks. The specimens were submitted to the sigma test in a universal testing machine. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and the Tukey post-hoc test and a correlation analysis (r) was performed., Results: For Group E, the mean value (+/- standard-deviation) was 21.86 (+/- 6.03)a, 18.91 (+/- 8.31)ab, 15.43 (+/- 7.44)b and 10.6 (+/- 4.94)c for ES, E10, E15 and E20, respectively. For Group D, the a values were 34.73 (+/- 4.68)a, 35.12 (+/- 13.43)a, 29.67 (+/- 6.84)ab and 24.56 (+/- 6.54)b for DS, D10, D15 and D20, respectively. A negative correlation between the CP concentration and mean values was observed for both the enamel (r=-0.95) and dentin (r=-0.85) groups., Conclusion: In the current study, the bond strength of the restoration to enamel and the restoration to dentin were influenced by the application of CP and was dependent on the CP concentration in the bleaching gel.

Purpose: This study compared five types of chemical catalyzing agents added to 35% hydrogen peroxide gel, with regard to their capacity of intensifying in-office dental bleaching results., Methods: One-hundred and twenty bovine incisors were used, of which the crowns and roots were cut in the incisor-apical direction, to acquire the dimensions of a human central incisor. The specimens were sectioned in the mesiodistal direction by means of two longitudinal cuts, the lingual halves being discarded. The vestibular halves received prophylaxis with a bicarbonate jet, ultrasound cleaning and acid etching on the dentinal portion. Next, the specimens were stored in receptacles containing a 25% instant coffee solution for two weeks. After the darkening period, initial measurement of the shade obtained was taken with the Easy Shade appliance, which allowed it to be quantified by the CIELab method. The samples were divided into six groups, corresponding to the chemical activator used: a) none (CON); b) ferric chloride (CF); c) ferrous sulphate (SF); d) manganese gluconate (GM); e) manganese chloride (CM); f) mulberry root extract (RA). Each group received three 10-minute applications of the gels containing the respective activating agents. Next, a new shade measurement was made., Results: The Analysis of Variance and Tukey tests (alpha = 5%) showed statistically significant differences for the shade perception values (p = 0.002). Groups GM, CM and RA showed significantly higher means than the control group., Conclusion: The presence of some chemical activators is capable of resulting in a significant increase in tooth shade variation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the apical leakage of roots filled by three different gutta-percha techniques: lateral condensation, Tagger's hybrid and E&Q Master. Forty-two extracted single-rooted teeth were used. The coronal part of each tooth was removed and the root received biomechanical preparation using a 60-K file. The roots were randomly divided into three groups according to the technique of filling the root canal: Group I, lateral condensation; Group II, Tagger's hybrid; Group III, E&Q Master. The roots were submitted to dye leakage test with Rhodamine B for 7 days, using vacuum during the initial 30 min. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally and the leakage was measured in a linear fashion from apex to crown. Statistical analysis indicated that lateral condensation and E&Q Master techniques showed lower leakage than Tagger's technique (P = 0.0016). However, statistically no difference was found between lateral condensation and E&Q Master system techniques.

Purpose: To assess the influence of variations in the application technique of self-etching adhesive systems on the adhesive bond strength to enamel., Materials and Methods: One hundred thirty bovine teeth were used and divided into 13 groups. The teeth were embedded in acrylic resin, ground until a flat enamel area was exposed, and polished with 600-grit abrasive paper. The self-etching adhesive systems One Up Bond F, Clearfil SE Bond, Self & Etch were used, and the conventional adhesive Magic Bond and acid etching were used as the control group. One or two layers of the self-etching systems were actively or passively applied. Composite cylinders were made over the bonding area. The samples were submitted to shear bond testing at a speed of 1 mm/min. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test at a 5% level of significance., Results: Significant variations were observed for the factors type of adhesive (p = 0.001, F = 193,3594, df = 3) and application technique (p = 0.001, F = 29,9119, df = 1). No significant interaction was found between the two factors (p = 0.08). The adhesives Clearfil SE Bond and One Up Bond F presented significantly higher adhesive bond strength means than Self & Etch. The active application of two layers resulted in higher bond strength means than the other techniques., Conclusion: The application technique had a significant influence on adhesive bond strength to enamel.

This study evaluated bond strength to dentin as a result of storage time for conventional adhesive systems (with or without collagen) that had been deproteinized with 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). For this study, 72 human molars were sectioned in a mesiodistal axial plane and embedded in acrylic resin; at that point, the vestibular and lingual surfaces were worn down with abrasive paper. Acid etching was performed for 15 seconds (using 37% phosphoric acid) and the specimens were divided into 12 groups (n = 6), depending on the adhesive system used, the dentin treatment performed, and the length of evaluation (24 hours or six months). A resin composite was inserted over the prepared area with the aid of a metal matrix. Following a mechanical shear test, fractured surfaces were analyzed by stereomicroscope and the data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test. It was concluded that the dentin deproteinization treatment with 10% NaOCl improved the bond strength in five of the six groups. The bond strength after 24 hours was significantly higher than the bond strength measured after six months. Of the three adhesive systems tested in this study, DenTASTIC UNO demonstrated the lowest bond strength.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the quantity of coloring agent on the bleaching efficiency of gels containing 35% H2O2. Sixty human third molars were sectioned mesiodistally, darkened in a coffee solution and sectioned in the occlusal-cervical direction, resulting in mesial (not bleached) and distal halves (bleached). They were distributed into three groups: Whiteness HP, Total Bleach, and Whiteform Perox Red Gel; and subdivided into four sub-groups: no coloring agent, manufacturer's standard, double the standard, and triple the standard. The gels were activated with light-ermitting diode/laser appliances. The images were analyzed with the Adobe Photoshop program (deltaEL*a*b*). The variation was submitted to the ANOVA test (two factors: type of gel and quantity of coloring agent) and Tukey test. Differences were observed for the quantity of coloring agent. The mean (+/-SD) was determined for each quantity of coloring used: no coloring agent -6.85 (+/-2.26)a, manufacturer's standard -794 (+/-2.55)ab, double the standard -8.65 (+/-2.47)b, triple the standard -9.05 (+/-2.72)b. In conclusion, the standard quantity of coloring agent did not provide significantly more intense bleaching than when it was completely absent. The use of double and triple the amount provided greater bleaching than that observed for the gel without coloring agent. No significant differences were observed between the tested gels.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cohesive strength of the composite using different resinous monomers to lubricate instruments used in the Restorative Dental Modeling Insertion Technique (RDMIT)., Materials and Methods: The composite specimens were made by usinga prefabricated Teflon device. Different resinous monomers were used at the interface to lubricate the instruments, for a total of 72 specimens divided into 6 groups: (1) control group, no resinous monomer was used; (2) Composite Wetting Resin; (3) C & B Liquid; (4) Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Adhesive; (5) Adper Single Bond Adhesive; (6) Prime & Bond NT. Specimens were submitted to the circular area tensile test to evaluate the cohesive strength at the composite interfaces. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha = 0.05)., Results: ANOVA showed a value of p < 0.0001, which indicated thatthere were significant differences amongthe groups. The means (SD) for the different groups were: Adper Single Bond Adhesive: 26 (12) a; control group: 28 (3) ab; Prime & Bond NT: 32 (12) ab; Composite Wetting Resin: 36 (9) abc; C&B Liquid: 38 (7) bc; Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Adhesive: 46 (10) c. Groups denoted with the same letters were not significantly different. Only Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Adhesive, used for direct restorations, had a statistically significantly higher bond strength than the control group, Adper Single Bond Adhesive, and Prime & Bond NT. Adper Single Bond with Adhesive showed a statistically significantly lower mean value than C & B Liquid., Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the resinous monomers used for lubricating the instruments in the RDMIT did not alter the mechanical properties of the composite, and therefore did not reduce the cohesive bond strength at the composite interfaces.