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Background: In hemophilia and von Willebrand disease, the degree of alteration of laboratory assays correlates with bleeding manifestations. Few studies have assessed the predictive value for bleeding of laboratory assays in patients with inherited platelet function disorders (IPFDs)., Objectives: To assess whether there is an association between platelet function assay results and bleeding history, as evaluated by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) bleeding assessment tool (BAT)., Methods: Centers participating in the international ISTH-BAT validation study were asked to provide results of the diagnostic assays employed for the patients they enrolled, and the association with the individual patients' bleeding score (BS) was assessed., Results: Sixty-eight patients with 14 different IPFDs were included. Maximal amplitude of platelet aggregation was significantly lower in patients with a pathologic BS and correlated inversely with the BS, a finding largely driven by the subgroup of patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia and CalDAG-GEFI deficiency; after their exclusion, TRAP-induced aggregation remained significantly lower in patients with a pathologic BS. Bleeding time was significantly more prolonged in patients with a high BS than in those with a normal BS (27.1 ± 6.2 minutes vs 15.1 ± 10.6 minutes; P  < .01). Reduced α-granule content was significantly more common among patients with a pathologic BS than among those with a normal BS (80% vs 20%; P  < .05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed a significant discriminative ability of all the aforementioned tests for pathologic BS ( P  < .001), also after exclusion of patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia and CalDAG-GEFI deficiency., Conclusion: This study shows that altered platelet laboratory assay results are associated with an abnormal ISTH-BAT BS in IPFD., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Introduction:  Coronavirus disease is a clinical challenge for patients with autoimmune conditions. Patients affected by immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) are particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Protecting these patients with vaccination is therefore mandatory, although concerns may exist on a possible increased thrombotic risk or risk of disease relapse after vaccine exposure. So far, there is no information on serological response and hemostatic activation in iTTP patients after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination., Materials and Methods:  In this study, in April 2021, we enrolled iTTP patients in clinical remission and on regular outpatient follow-up to receive the first and second dose BNT162b2 vaccine as a part of a prospective trial aimed at monitoring for 6 months after vaccination the occurrence of subclinical laboratory signs of clotting activation, as well as overt thrombotic complications or disease relapse. The seroconversion response was monitored in parallel. The results were compared with those of control non-iTTP subjects., Results:  A moderate decrease of ADAMTS-13 activity was recorded at 3 and 6 months in five patients with normal values at baseline, while an ADAMTS-13 relapse occurred at 6 months in one patient. Abnormalities in the endothelium activation biomarkers postvaccination were observed in iTTP patients compared with controls. The immunological response to vaccine was overall positive. No clinical iTTP relapses or thrombotic events manifested in the 6 month-follow-up after vaccination., Conclusion:  The results of this study are in favor of efficacy and safety of mRNA vaccines in patients with iTTP, and highlight the importance of long-term monitoring of iTTP patients., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

(1) Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a frequent complication in ambulatory lung cancer patients during chemotherapy and is associated with increased mortality. (2) Methods: We analyzed 568 newly diagnosed metastatic lung cancer patients prospectively enrolled in the HYPERCAN study. Blood samples collected before chemotherapy were tested for thrombin generation (TG) and a panel of hemostatic biomarkers. The Khorana risk score (KRS), new-Vienna CATS, PROTECHT, and CONKO risk assessment models (RAMs) were applied. (3) Results: Within 6 months, the cumulative incidences of VTE and mortality were 12% and 29%, respectively. Patients with VTE showed significantly increased levels of D-dimer, FVIII, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, and TG. D-dimer and ECOG performance status were identified as independent risk factors for VTE and mortality by multivariable analysis and utilized to generate a risk score that provided a cumulative incidence of VTE of 6% vs. 25%, death of 19% vs. 55%, and in the low- vs. high-risk group, respectively ( p < 0.001). While all published RAMs significantly stratified patients for risk of death, only the CATS and CONKO were able to stratify patients for VTE. (4) Conclusions: A new prediction model was generated to stratify lung cancer patients for VTE and mortality risk, where other published RAMs failed.

Immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a life-threatening immune-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy. Daily therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and the optimized use of rituximab have strikingly improved the outcome of this disease, however the rate of disease recurrence remains high. Specific predictors of relapse in patients in remission can be relevant for an optimal patient management. In this study, we aimed to identify predictive variables of disease relapse in a multicenter cohort of 74 out of 153 iTTP patients. They were tested at different time points during remission for the levels of ADAMTS-13 activity and autoantibody, and did not receive pre-emptive treatment for ADAMTS-13 activity deficiency during remission. The results showed that the association of ADAMTS13 activity ≤20% with a high anti-ADAMTS-13 titer at remission, and the time to response to first line treatment ≥13 days, were independent predictive factors of disease relapse. In addition, the use of rituximab in patients with exacerbation or refractoriness to TPE was significantly associated with reduced relapse rate. By Cox regression analysis, patients with ADAMTS-13 activity ≤20% plus anti-ADAMTS13 antibody titer ≥15 U/mL at remission had an increased risk of relapse (HR 1.98, CI 95% 1.087-3.614; P < .02). These findings may help to outline more personalized therapeutic strategies in order to provide faster and sustained responses to first-line iTTP treatment and prevent relapses in these patients., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic, can cause potentially life-threating side effects such as agranulocytosis. Our case presents a picture of severe anemia without any depression of the white cells or platelet lines. A 36-year-old man with treatment-resistant schizophrenia was admitted to the Psychiatric Unit for therapy assessment. After admission, he was gradually switched to clozapine treatment, 400 mg/d. General laboratory test results were normal, with a hemoglobin (Hb) level of 15.2 g/dL. The Hb level gradually decreased to 7.1 g/dL 10 weeks after switching to clozapine, when the patient underwent blood transfusion and clozapine therapy was stopped. No evidence of bleeding was noted. The reticulocyte count was less than 60.000/µL. Other anemia causes were excluded. Bone marrow aspiration performed at 10 weeks revealed red cell hypocellularity, while myelopoietic and megakaryocytic cell lines were normal. All these findings confirmed the diagnosis of pure red cell aplasia. The Hb level gradually increased to 13.3 g/dL 4 weeks after clozapine discontinuation, and the patient was discharged with olanzapine 5 mg/d. Clozapine has been reported to cause hematological abnormalities. In our patient, the diagnosis of pure red cell aplasia was made on the basis of severe and selective anemia, reticulocytopenia, and erythroid aplasia. The pathogenesis of hematologic abnormalities due to clozapine treatment is not known. Suggested mechanisms include a direct toxic effect of clozapine, or its metabolite, on the erythroid precursor cells, or formation of a drug-antibody complex. These aspects call for further and deeper research and reports of clinical observations.

Background: Yeast's presence, especially Candida's species, in the intestinal tract is now considered as part of the normal microbial human flora; however, fungal colonization of the colon may induce to fungal infections, becoming a risk not only in immunocompromised patients but also in normalcompetent subjects. The purpose of this epidemiological study was to evaluate the real incidence of yeasts into the fecal samples both from healthy outpatients and from inpatients, except those from wards concerning immunosuppressive and pediatrics pathologies., Methods: Between September 2014 and October 2015, 685 stool's samples (383 from inpatients and 302 from outpatients) were subjected to culture test on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and yeasts collected were identified by a semi-automated system Vitek2 (bioMérieux)., Results: Percentage of isolation was of 64% (N.=437) in the total fecal samples examined (59% in outpatients and 67% in inpatients) and the most frequently isolated was Candida albicans (63% N.=275) in both populations (60% in outpatients and 65% in inpatients)., Conclusions: These data testify the constant presence in the human gut of a fungal community that, according to us, could be defined as intestinal "mycobiota". This study wishes to be a contribution to discover the relationship established between human and yeasts and to evaluate the colonizing or pathogenetic role performed by these microorganisms.

Background and Objectives: The effect of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors has never been tested in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and severe renal insufficiency., Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: In this academic, prospective, randomized, open label, blinded end point, parallel group trial (ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT01223755), 41 adults with ADPKD, CKD stage 3b or 4, and proteinuria ≤0.5 g/24 h were randomized between September of 2010 and March of 2012 to sirolimus (3 mg/d; serum target levels of 5-10 ng/ml) added on to conventional therapy (n=21) or conventional treatment alone (n=20). Primary outcome was GFR (iohexol plasma clearance) change at 1 and 3 years versus baseline., Results: At the 1-year preplanned interim analysis, GFR fell from 26.7±5.8 to 21.3±6.3 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (P<0.001) and from 29.6±5.6 to 24.9±6.2 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (P<0.001) in the sirolimus and conventional treatment groups, respectively. Albuminuria (73.8±81.8 versus 154.9±152.9 μg/min; P=0.02) and proteinuria (0.3±0.2 versus 06±0.4 g/24 h; P<0.01) increased with sirolimus. Seven patients on sirolimus versus one control had de novo proteinuria (P=0.04), ten versus three patients doubled proteinuria (P=0.02), 18 versus 11 patients had peripheral edema (P=0.04), and 14 versus six patients had upper respiratory tract infections (P=0.03). Three patients on sirolimus had angioedema, 14 patients had aphthous stomatitis, and seven patients had acne (P<0.01 for both versus controls). Two patients progressed to ESRD, and two patients withdrew because of worsening of proteinuria. These events were not observed in controls. Thus, the independent data and safety monitoring board recommend early trial termination for safety reasons. At 1 year, total kidney volume (assessed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging) increased by 9.0% from 2857.7±1447.3 to 3094.6±1519.5 ml on sirolimus and 4.3% from 3123.4±1695.3 to 3222.6±1651.4 ml on conventional therapy (P=0.12). On follow-up, 37% and 7% of serum sirolimus levels fell below or exceeded the therapeutic range, respectively., Conclusions: Finding that sirolimus was unsafe and ineffective in patients with ADPKD and renal insufficiency suggests that mTOR inhibitor therapy may be contraindicated in this context., (Copyright © 2016 by the American Society of Nephrology.)

Chronic "neurogenic" hypernatremia is the consequence of defective thirst mechanism either alone or in combination with impaired osmoregulation of ADH release. Both the specific receptors and the structures involved in hormonal secretion are localised in the hypothalamic area. "Neurogenic" hypernatremia can be secondary to a hypothalamic lesion of different type (neoplastic, vascular, malformative) or rarely it can be idiopathic. We present three cases: two females 4 and 5 months old, affected by cerebral malformations involving midline structures of the brain (III ventricule, corpus callosum etc.) and a male 4 years old with a idiopathic form. We discuss the relationship between the origin of the cerebral malformations and the ontogeny of the structures involved in the control of the osmolarity. Moreover we have observed that the hypernatremia in associated with hyperlipemia: the pathogenetic hypothesis explaining this abnormality are discussed.