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Expanding human populations combined with the challenges of climate change, have resulted in higher degrees of human risk exposure to natural disasters like volcanoes. Such increased volcanic risk is especially pronounced along tectonic plate margins like subduction zones (or "arcs"), where explosive volcanism is more common. The aforementioned social and economic pressures will necessitate a move towards "greener" economies, invariably leading to increased competition for natural mineral resources. While much progress has been made in the past 40 years understanding what processes shape ore development and volcanism in subduction zones, it is only in recent years that the enormous amounts of data produced can be synthesized to develop data-rich models to elucidate a more refined understanding of subduction zone magmatism and igneous geochemistry. Here, I present a data-driven approach to both global and regional scale magmatic processes in subduction zones using a combination of global datasets, novel computational methods, and microanalytical petrology. Beginning with a global perspective, I identify key metamorphic processes that are controlling geochemical patterns in subduction zone magmas, using careful compilations and statistical analyses of large datasets. These investigations address longstanding questions in igneous petrology, such as: which specific mineral reactions are driving fluid mobile element enrichment in arc magmas and how does this vary from arc to arc? A later chapter asks: what petrological processes favor the enrichment of copper and the optimization of ore-forming potential in a magma? These global insights are complemented by a detailed petrological study of Mount Slamet volcano, Java, Indonesia, infused with computational advances in machine-learning. Java has 45 active volcanoes, which showcase a variety of hazardous behaviors, and the island hosts one of the largest and most productive porphyry copper deposits in the world. To understand Java's volcanism, I combine my data-driven petrological methods with microanalytical techniques applied to whole rock powders, individual crystals, and melt inclusions (small pockets of magma trapped inside a crystal). At Slamet volcano, I show the transcrustal complexity of polygenetic-monogenetic volcanic systems, and highlight the role of scoria cones in probing deeply-stored magmas. Together, these three threads comprise a holistic picture of the physical and chemical processes shaping magmatism in subduction zones.

Chinese hamster ovary cells are widely used in the production of biopharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies. Since their first use for this application in the 1980s much engineering of manufacturing processes and the CHO cell itself has been undertaken, leading to increased cell productivity, product specificity and overall product titres and yields. Much CHO cell engineering has thus far focused on increasing transcription and translation levels, with the engineering of protein folding and modification also being targeted. Whilst this has increased the protein production capacity of the CHO cell it has also had the effect of increasing pressure on the CHO biosynthetic and secretory pathways. The secretory pathway of the CHO cell is not adapted to high levels of secretion as is seen in plasma cells, the main function of which is to produce and secret high levels of antibodies. As such an increase in secretory load upon the CHO cell has introduced bottlenecks that limit the amount of recombinant product that can be transported out of the cell. Engineering strategies to ease these bottlenecks have so far focused on expression of single genes or two genes in combination. Two engineering strategies were utilised to engineer the CHO cell secretory pathway and enhance CHO cell productivity. Firstly a literature- and 'omics-driven approach was used to select genes with which to engineer the CHO secretory pathway. Engineering of the secretory and biosynthetic pathways, using single genes and multiple genes in combination, showed that this approach can increase CHO productivity levels through enhancing specific productivity and overall titre. Secondly, directed evolution was used as a method to bring about myriad fine global changes within the CHO biosynthetic and secretory pathways. From these results we hypothesise that a more holistic, global approach to biosynthetic and secretory pathway engineering proves more successful in increasing CHO cell productivity when compared to more directed techniques.

This Thesis is concerned with the quality of surface waters in rural catchments across northern England and the mitigation of Diffuse Water Pollution from Agriculture (DWPA). Runoff Attenuation Features (RAFs) are a range of soft--‐engineered DWPA transport management options, which target hydrological flow pathways for the purpose of slowing, storing and filtering water. This study demonstrates the potential of RAFs to significantly reduce losses of suspended sediment (SS), phosphorus (P) and nitrate (NO3) in agricultural runoff. To implement RAFs effectively it is vital to understand how, where and when to best target mitigation efforts. This relies on knowledge of the sediment and nutrient regime and hydrological functioning of a catchment. In response to this a stratified, synchronous grab sampling programme was implemented over two consecutive years in the upper Eden catchment (334 km2), Cumbria, covering thirteen sub--‐catchments of multiple scales. No relationship was found between sedimentutrient yield and catchment area but it was recognised that certain lowland sub--‐catchments deliver a disproportionate amount of the pollutant load, particularly SS and P, due to increased agricultural activity, and that there were large variations in flux affected by season and hydrological conditions. One particular sub--‐catchment dominated by improved grassland, Blind Beck (9 km2), exhibited both higher nutrient and SS concentrations per unit runoff and higher yields compared with any other sub--‐catchment. The Blind Beck sub--‐catchment was selected in which to implement a more detailed investigation of SS and nutrient delivery, which included event sampling. High flows (accounting for 10% of flow duration) contributed 84% of the annual SS load, 76% of the total P and 68% of the soluble reactive P, but just 32% of the NO3 load. This highlights the acute nature of the SS and P diffuse pollution problem and demonstrates the need to target storm events for effective mitigation. A number of RAFs were constructed in two established research catchments in Northumberland with a similar mixed land use to the Eden: Belford (15 ha) and Netherton (80 ha). Synchronous inlet and outlet water samples were collected during storm events. Results demonstrate that relatively small RAFs, principally sediment traps, constructed in farm ditches (<1 km2 catchment area) can reduce mean SS, TP, SRP and NO3 loads during storm events by 30--‐49%, 23--‐37%, 12--‐27% and 8--‐14%, respectively. The potential of RAFs designed to reduce DWPA in key locations and at certain scales will be proposed based on the findings of the PhD study.