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Background The risk of disease transmission from nonstandard risk donors (NSRDs) is low, and outcomes are similar or better relative to transplants performed with standard criteria donors. However, NSRDs have posed new ethical challenges to the informed consent (IC) process. Based on the shared decision-making model, coinciding with the 3 main timings of the IC process ([1] pretransplant assessments and waiting list registration, [2] time on the waiting list, and [3] time of the organ offer), we put forward a model (3-T Model) to summarize the knowledge on IC for NSRDs and to deliver conceptual and practical support to transplant providers on this emergent issue. Methods We searched PubMed and analyzed data from our area to provide evidence and ethical arguments to promote standardization of the timing of patient information, degree of patient participation, and disclosure of donor risk factors throughout the 3 stages of the time continuum leading to the potential acceptance of NSRDs. Results Each of the 3 timings carries special ethical significance and entails well-defined duties for transplant providers relative to patient involvement and information of the benefits and risks associated with NSRDs. Based on our framework, experience, and interpretation of the literature, we put forward a list of recommendations to combine standardization (ie, timing, content, and degree of patient participation) and individualization of IC. Conclusions The 3-T Model may enable the prevention of physicians' arbitrariness and the promotion of patient-centered care. Future studies will assess the effectiveness of the 3-T Model in transplant clinical practice.

This Chapter aims at investigating the Italian path to climate change. Climate change in Italy is unfortunately not (yet) a big concern in civil society. The Italian State policy was until now characterized by low sensitivity to climate change. The position of social society is very fragmentary. Italy, as a Member State of the EU, has implemented all the obligations that derive from the Paris Agreement. Italy’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2014 (419 million tons) have fallen by 20% since 1990 and by 28% since 2005 levels. Although emissions rose by about 3% in 2015, Italy seems on track for reaching its 2020 target (−18% since 2005), as set by the National Energy Strategy (2013) following the 20-20-20 EU package targets. Nonetheless, it would be very difficult for an Italian citizen to bring a case against the Italian government for allegedly not complying with its international climate change obligations. Italy’s Constitution does not include a provision giving its citizens a right to a healthy environment. Therefore,—unfortunately—the possibility for individuals to act on such a provision is not possible. As a matter of fact, there are no cases in Italy of climate change litigation, although in Carvalho and Others v Parliament and Council (Case T-330/18) (2018/C 285/51), one of the parties was Italian, a sign that times are changing.

The complex evolution of the international regulation has led to the development of alternative policy architectures for addressing the threat of global climate change, and to very heterogeneous results in the various regions. This chapter examines in detail how legal transplants work in the environmental field, why they are continuously increasing, and analyses their specific characteristics. In particular legal transplants of environmental protection models have been strongly influenced by the globalized perception of the environmental phenomenon, and by that of its protection. In the last decades, we are witnessing the development of a body of rules, which tends towards a progressive approaching in the development of common operational choices in addressing environmental problems. This certainly derives from the fact that the environmental problem, in addition to having affected all legal systems in an almost contemporary way, is suitable to involve by its very nature multiple countries at the same time. Nonetheless, although climate change protection is a global issue, the implementation of climate change regulations remains a local issue, giving rise to different protection regimes that render comparative law analysis a suitable tool to investigate on the differences existing in the various legal systems.

Pozzo Barbara. 2. L’Italie. In: Revue Juridique de l'Environnement, n°2, 2015. pp. 252-256.

In the Dutch case, a physician, at the occasion of a surgery, had removed a contraceptive implant and, without advising his patient, had not replaced it. In the first case before the BVerfG, a failed sterilization procedure was carried out by a medical doctor, who had been family planning counselor to the husband of plaintiff, and was followed by a pregnancy; again, the doctor had neglected to inform his patient of the failure. In both these cases, the 'resulting' child turned out to be 'normal' and healthy. This was different in the second German case. The parents of a disabled daughter, fearing a genetic predisposition, had chosen to undergo a medical examination in a specialized institution in order to find out whether indeed such a condition existed and could lead to the re-occurrence of the same disabilities should they have another child. They were assured, in a written document, that a genetically transmissible defect was very unlikely, and that therefore no reason existed to avoid a subsequent pregnancy. Nonetheless, the second daughter of the couple was born with the same disabilities as their first child. The Hoge Raad and the Erster Senat accept a claim for damages, the Zweiter Senat rejects it.

The different treatment of victims, in relation to limitation of civil actions for damages, depending on whether the fault causing the damage constitutes a criminal offence or not (Art 26 Preliminary Title of the Code of Criminal procedure), has the effect that a party who has suffered damage is in a fundamentally less favourable situation when the damage is caused by a fault constituting a criminal offence as compared to the case where the fault does not constitute a criminal offence. In those cases where the damage only becomes apparent after a long period of time, this leads to a serious limitation of the rights of the victim, out of all proportion with the interests which the legislator of 1878 and 1961 sought to protect, namely the right of the tortfeasor to put his past behind him, legal certainty and the public interest in avoiding a new disturbance of social peace and order where it has been restored in the meantime. These preoccupations justify specific periods of limitation for penal actions, according to the gravity of the offence. They do not, however, justify the position where the limitation period for a civil action for damages caused by these facts is five years — even taking into account the amendments which have been effected by legislation and case law — when compensation for damage caused by fault, which does not constitute a criminal offence, can be claimed for a period of thirty years. There is thus no reasonable proportionality between the measure and its effects on the victims of criminal offences.

The present paper focuses on the topics of multilingualism and EU harmonisation instruments, applied to the field of environmental protection, especially analysing the Directive 2004/35/EC and its problematic definitions and translations.

Introduction In the work of comparative lawyers, language is essential to the process of acquiring knowledge of foreign law. Information on foreign law is in fact embedded in the language, which is expression of the culture, of the particular set of values, and – finally – of the mentality of lawyers, representing the legal system under analysis. Law and language are cultural phenomena that must be studied taking into account time and context. That is why translation of legal information has always been considered one of the core questions of comparative law. At the same time reflection on legal translation has offered comparative lawyers the occasion to learn more about the multiple relationships between law and language. On the one hand such reflection has developed a specific interest on the history and the development of legal languages, while on the other hand it has focused on the technicalities and the specific problems of legal translation. More recently, comparative lawyers have focused their attention on more specific topics that highlight the various interconnections between law and language, like the policies of multilingualism in the European Union, the use of English as a legal lingua franca, and the related problems of translation.

This paper aims at providing a very general view of the main issues, focusing on two different issues, where Fondazione Lombardia dell’Ambiente has developed special areas of research: the application of the Seveso directives in an enlarged Europe and the Environmental Liability Directive.

This article mainly focuses on modern statutes and drafts concerning civil liability for environmental harm. A first part is dedicated to an historical summary of the circumstances which gave birth to the problems concerning the various criteria for assignment of liability; in a second part the laws and the projects that are most representative and pertinent for this inquiry are examined. The article is at the same time an effort to combine the historical-comparative approach with that elaborated by the economic analysis of law.

Questo studio, muovendosi lungo uno dei percorsi analitici tracciati dal Maestro Antonio Gambaro per lo studio comparato dei fenomeni giuridici, il percorso sul quale s’incontrano la lingua e il diritto , propone un’indagine sulle regole dettate dal legislatore cinese in una materia cruciale per le riforme economiche promosse negli ultimi decenni, ossia le regole che disciplinano i trasferimenti immobiliari. L’attenzione si concentrerà su alcune nozioni che hanno connotato nel segno dell’incertezza le regole stesse, sollevando conseguenti problemi in sede di traduzione del testo cinese in lingua inglese e italiana.

Il conflitto fra chi ha esercitato una prerogativa legittimamente attribuitagli dall'ordinamento e colui al quale detto esercizio abbia provocato un detrimento, è d’abitudine regolato dal principio che vuole irreparabili le conseguenze dannose realizzate da chi è (e ha agito in quanto) titolare di un diritto. La ratio diffusa si ritrova in ciò che il riconoscimento di un diritto in capo a un soggetto perderebbe gran parte del proprio significato se, a un atto di esercizio di quello stesso diritto, potesse seguire il sorgere di un’obbligazione risarcitoria. Qui iure suo utitur neminem laedit, dunque. Salvo che il gesto dannoso non sia stato determinato dall'unico fine di colpire un interesse altrui, perchè – almeno in linea di principio – le fondamenta della conclusione di immunità possono sgretolarsi se il titolare di un diritto ne abusa, facendosi scudo delle prerogative proprie per recare intenzionalmente danno ad altri. Obiettivo di questo saggio è verificare come le regole aquiliane trattino la declamata immunità e quali torsioni esse finicano coll’imporre alla stessa natura dei diritti del cui esercizio si discute.

Sullo sfondo di un diritto e di un linguaggio che si evolvono in una direzione sempre più tecnica e complessa, si trovano sempre più spesso formule verbali che legano il diritto cinese a una dimensione in cui la politica è ancora assai presente. Si pensi alla "società armoniosa" (hexie shihui), formula inserita nell'undicesimo programma quinquennale (2006-2010), in cui torna ad essere esaltato il valore dell'armonia (hexie), uno dei pilastri della cultura giuridica tradizionale est-asiatica: il concetto è stato inserito tra gli scopi della Legge sulla responsabilità extracontrattuale del 2009. Si pensi, ancora, alla "civiltà ecologica" (shengtai wenmin), lanciata nel 2007 dal Presidente Hu Jintao, inserita nell'utimo piano quinquennale (2011-2015), il quale indica una serie di obiettivi ambientali divenuti parte integrante del nuovo concetto di "crescita inclusiva". Tutti i testi normativi sono infarciti di queste formule, che orientano, suggeriscono condotte, impostano tendenze di sistema e il presente studio si propone di analizzare i più significativi per il diritto civile cinese contemporaneo.

La lingua cinese, compresa la lingua del diritto, si basa su un sistema di scrittura composto di unità grafiche le quali hanno un impatto comunicante che è innanzi tutto visivo. Il lessico del diritto cinese, a cavallo tra Otto e Novecento, viene completamente rinnovato attraverso la tecnica della composizione (combinazione di morfemi), introducendo tassonomie, costrutti normativi, concetti e termini dei diritti occidentali. la riscrittura del vocabolario è stata una esperienza estremamente complessa che ha chiamato in causa i problemi classici della traduzione giuridica in un contesto di riforma basato su una forzata imitazione di modelli esterni. Nel contributo vengono analizzati alcuni termini chiave del processo di modernizzazione del diritto cinese, da un punto di vista sia linguistico sia giuridico, consentendo in questo modo una analisi del sistema giuridico cinese contemporaneo, a partire dal dato linguistico.