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Background: Different methods for the extraction of trypsin inhibitors in beans (Phaseolus spp.) were investigated. Two randomised complete laboratory experiments were performed, one on the seeds and one on the pods. In the first, the seeds of common bean variety KIS Marcelijan, breeding line Ref_316 × 498 and runner bean variety Bonela were examined. In the second, the fresh pods of five common beans (three breeding lines, two varieties) were analysed. Four extraction methods were used, including ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) for 15 and 30 min and shaking-assisted extraction for 60 and 180 min. Results: The results showed a significant increase in trypsin inhibitor activity-related traits in UAE compared to shaking extraction, with the 15 min ultrasonic process showing better efficacy than the one with 30 min duration. In the seed experiment, the breeding line Ref_316 × 498 showed the highest Trypsin Units Inhibited (TUI) and TUI/mg sample after a 15 min UAE. In the pod experiment, the breeding line 228_4aa_ca also showed the highest TUI and TUI/mg sample after a 15 min extraction with UAE. These results underline the potential of UAE to maximise trypsin inhibitor content. In addition, remarkable correlations between TUI, TUI/mg sample and the percentage of trypsin inhibition (%TIn) were observed in both experiments. Conclusions: These results provide valuable insights into the relationship between bean genetic resources, extraction methods and trypsin inhibitor content in bean pods and seeds and serve as a basis for refining extraction protocols. The study encourages further research on the practical implications of investigated protocols for breeding programmes and agricultural practices.How to cite: Tavakoli Hasanaklou H, Pipan B, Meglič V, et al. Trypsin inhibitors in seeds and pods of Phaseolus vulgaris/coccineus: A comparative study of shaking and ultrasonic extraction methods. Electron J Biotechnol 2024;71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2024.05.003.

Field production of common beans benefit from root microbial associations, although they are generally considered to be weaker nitrogen fixers than other legumes. Therefore, the number of nodules on the roots of 64 accessions of the European common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the relationship between the number of nodules per accession and other plant characteristics (growth type, earliness, seed yield, and total nitrogen content in seeds) were studied. The results indicated that growth type and earliness influenced the number of nodules per accession (the contributions of principal component analysis were 34.9% for Dim1 and 29.8% for Dim2). The average number of nodules per accession with indeterminate growth type was almost five times higher (20.1) than for accessions with determinate growth type (4.4). Common bean accessions with regular growth cycle length had the highest number of nodules (21.9). In contrast, nodulation efficiency, measured as seed yield per plant and total nitrogen content in seeds, were not correlated with the number of nodules per accession (correlation analysis, r

Agriculture faces great challenges to overcome global warming and improve system sustainability, requiring access to novel genetic diversity. So far, wild populations and local landraces remain poorly explored. This is notably the case for the two diploid species, Brassica oleracea L. (CC, 2n=2x=18) and B. rapa L. (AA, 2n=2x=20). In order to explore the genetic diversity in both species, we have collected populations in their centre of origin, the Mediterranean basin, on a large contrasting climatic and soil gradient from northern Europe to southern sub-Saharan regions. In these areas, we also collected 14 populations belonging to five B. oleracea closely related species. Our objective was to ensure the absence of species misidentification at the seedling stage among the populations collected and to describe thereafter their origins. We combined flow cytometry, sequencing of a species-specific chloroplast genomic region, as well as cytogenetic analyses in case of unexpected results for taxonomic verification. Out of the 112 B. oleracea and 154 B. rapa populations collected, 103 and 146, respectively, presented a good germination rate and eighteen populations were misidentified. The most frequent mistake was the confusion of these diploid species with B. napus. Additionally for B. rapa, two autotetraploid populations were observed. Habitats of the collected and confirmed wild populations and landraces are described in this study. The unique plant material described here will serve to investigate the genomic regions involved in adaptation to climate and microbiota within the framework of the H2020 Prima project ‘BrasExplor’.

Buckwheat is a highly nutritional pseudocereal with antioxidant potential. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of 21 varieties of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) and 14 varieties of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) using microsatellite markers. By analyzing 21 SSR markers, an average of 11.6 alleles per locus were amplified and an average PIC value of 0.711 was determined. We determined the heterozygous status of the individuals and variability in the set using the SSR analysis on the basis of expected heterozygosity (He, 0.477), observed heterozygosity (Ho, 0.675), Shannon’s index (I, 0.820), and fixation indices (FST, FIS, FIT). Based on the SSR analyses, the lower level of expected heterozygosity in the analyzed set of Tartary buckwheat genotypes was observed compared to common buckwheat. With the help of a hierarchical cluster analysis using the UPGMA algorithm, Structure analysis, and PCoA analysis for the SSR markers, we divided the buckwheat varieties in the dendrogram into two main clusters according to the species. The AMOVA analysis showed that genetic variability between the individuals prevails in the analyzed set. The SSR technique proved to be a suitable tool for the determination of intra- and inter-varietal genetic variability and for analysis of diversity.

The common bean is an important legume valued for its protein-rich seeds and its ability to fix nitrogen, making it a key element of crop rotation. In conventional agriculture, the emphasis is on uniformity and genetic purity to optimize crop performance and maximize yields. This is due to both the legal obligations to register varieties and the challenges of implementing breeding programs to create genetically diverse varieties. This paper focuses on the factors that influence the occurrence of heterogeneous common bean populations. The main factors contributing to this diversity have been described, including local adaptations, variable weather conditions, different pollinator species, and intricate interactions between genes controlling seed coat colour. We also discuss the benefits of intercropping common beans for organic farming systems, highlighting the improvement in resistance to diseases, and adverse environmental conditions. This paper contributes to a better understanding of common bean seed heterogeneity and the legal obligation to use heterogeneous populations.

French beans are tender, immature, edible pods that are harvested early in the plant’s growth cycle and are usually eaten cooked. The growth habits of French beans were studied for the first time in a Citizen Science experiment, and 19 pod samples were collected for further nutritional analysis. Various macronutrients (e.g., protein, ash, fat, carbohydrates, amino acids) and multi-element profiles were determined. A survey of their growing habits revealed that beans are usually planted once or twice a year in May and June at a length of 5–10 m, with a predominance of dwarf beans cultivation over climbing varieties, and pest resistance and stringless pods are the most important characteristics when deciding on a bean. Homogenised freeze-dried pod samples contained 16.1–23.1% protein, 4.5–8.2% ash, 0.1–1.1% fat, and 62.0–70.6% carbohydrates and had a caloric value of 337–363 kcal/100 g. Of the 17 free amino acids identified, 8 were essential (histidine, threonine, methionine, valine, lysine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine) and 9 were non-essential (cysteine, aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, arginine, alanine, proline, tyrosine); meanwhile, of the 12 elements, 5 were macroelements and 7 were microelements. The predominant free amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and serine. In the multiple comparisons (Box and Whisker plot), the parameters caloric value and iron showed the strongest response. A very strong positive significant Pearson correlation (≥0.95) was found for five pairs of variables within the free amino acids. Comparison of the nutrient data obtained in the pods showed near-perfect or high complementarity (85.2–103.4%) with the food composition databases for half of the parameters, suggesting that the home-grown French beans from the Citizen Science experiment are a highly nutritious vegetable.

Characterisation of genetic diversity is critical to adequately exploit the potential of germplasm collections and identify important traits for breeding programs and sustainable crop improvement. Here, we characterised the phenotypic and genetic diversity of a global collection of the two cultivated buckwheat species Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum (190 and 51 accessions, respectively) using 37 agro-morphological traits and 24 SSR markers. A wide range of variation was observed in both species for most of the traits analysed. The two species differed significantly in most traits, with traits related to seeds and flowering contributing most to differentiation. The accessions of each species were divided into three major phenoclusters with no clear geographic clustering. At the molecular level, the polymorphic SSR markers were highly informative, with an average polymorphic information content (PIC) of over 0.65 in both species. Genetic diversity, as determined by Nei’s expected heterozygosity (He), was high (He = 0.77 and He = 0.66, respectively) and differed significantly between species (p = 0.03) but was homogeneously distributed between regions, confirming the lack of genetic structure as determined by clustering approaches. The weak genetic structure revealed by the phenotypic and SSR data and the low fixation indices in both species suggested frequent seed exchange and extensive cultivation and selection. In addition, 93 and 140 significant (p < 0.05) marker-trait associations (MTAs) were identified in both species using a general linear model and a mixed linear model, most of which explained >20% of the phenotypic variation in associated traits. Core collections of 23 and 13 phenotypically and genetically diverse accessions, respectively, were developed for F. esculentum and F. tataricum. Overall, the data analysed provided deep insights into the agro-morphological and genetic diversity and genetic relationships among F. esculentum and F. tataricum accessions and pointed to future directions for genomics-based breeding programs and germplasm management.

The current study involves two analytical research techniques, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy, used to determine the elemental composition of different legumes usually produced and consumed in Slovenia. Results indicate that data obtained using these methods are in agreement with certified reference materials. In total, nineteen elements were determined from twenty legume samples. An intercomparison between four macro- (P, S, K, Ca) and three microelements (Fe, Zn, Mo) measured using ICP-MS and EDXRF methods showed a strong correlation. The EDXRF was found to be a cheaper, simpler and more environmentally friendly method for determination of elements P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mo, Sr, Rb, Ti and Br in legumes, while for the identification and determination of Na, Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Co and Cu content ICP‐MS was the method of choice due to its excellent sensitivity and accuracy. Using principal component analysis (PCA), the samples of the studied legumes were classified into four groups according to their elemental composition.

The aim of this study was to examine and describe genetic structure on autochthonous maize germplasm (flint types) from different localities in Kosovo using Hbr markers. The genetic characterization of 6-8 individual seedlings per each of 20 landraces was conducted by Hbr display calculated per selective base, the most efficient genetic diversity estimator to distinguish between landraces was primer combination Hbr-Int5-F/MseI+T. The strongest genetic relatedness (r = 55.57) had landrace ACC4 having orange colored seeds, showing the highest genetic uniformity when compared to other accessions. Clustering analysis using the Bayesian approach generated two genetic clusters for observed landraces. As a measure of population structure influenced by genetic drift and migration, Fst values for each genetic cluster were obtained. Higher Fst (0.4027) was calculated within the first genetic group comparing to the second one (0.2001), reflecting a higher levels of out-crossing and conservation between landraces from the first genetic cluster. A similar distribution of genetic linkages was observed from dendrogram, constructed using Dice coefficient and neighbour-joining (NJ) algorithm with minor deviations for landraces ACC6 and ACC28. Genotypes of ACCmk landrace reveal the highest genetic distinction compared to other genotypes, reflecting the highest number of bands (241) and the highest number of private bands (10) as the number of bands unique to a single population, respectively.

(Pseudo)cereal grains have been the basis of human nutrition for thousands of years. The various types of cereals are usually harvested by grain harvesters and must be technologically processed in different ways before consumption. In addition to genotype and growing conditions, the compositional characteristics of the (pseudo)cereal grains are highly dependent on the processes used. In the present study, the effects of hulling, cleaning and brushing/polishing wheat, spelt, oat, barley, common and Tartary buckwheat grains and their fractions on physical parameters (thousand kernel weight, kernel width, fractional yield) and nutritional characteristics (protein, fat, β-glucan, macro- and microelements) were investigated. Grain samples contained 22.7–148.5 mg/g protein, 4.5–69.6 mg/g fat and 0.5–54.4 mg/g β-glucan. The content of macro- (K, Mg, P, S, Ca) and microelements (Mn, Fe, Zn, Na, Cu, Cr, Mo) varied considerably among the studied (pseudo)cereals and their grain fractions. Analysis of variance showed that species and fractions significantly influenced most of the analyzed characteristics. However, the composition of the edible fractions was not significantly dependent on the brushing/polishing process.

The usefulness of genetic identification of varieties for seed quality analyses becomes important, when we suspect the presence of another variety, species or even genus, based on morphological seed traits in the purity analysis and germination test, With genetic analyses, the doubt about the authenticity of the naked oats (Avena nuda L.) variety 'Kamil' was successfully solved. There were atypical seeds with chaff among the samples of this variety, so it was not possible to confirm with certainty, whether these were seeds of the same species/variety or impurities of common oats (Avena sativa L.). Based on the seed phenotype of the 'Kamil' variety (two independent samples 284 and 285), four sub-samples were prepared (284AN, 284AS, 285AN, 285AS); AN label was the sub-sample with naked seeds and AS label was the sub-sample with chaffed seeds. In addition, another variety ('Noni') and four accessions of common oats (ACC378, ACC379, ACC380, ACC381) from the Slovene Plant Gene Bank were included as common oat standards. A total of 36 plant samples of Avena sp. were included in the genetic differentiation. Using a set of six highly informative SSR markers and the results of diversity parameters at individual loci and paired genetic comparisons, we were able to confirm that the analysed sub-samples belonged to the same variety, i.e. 'Kamil'. In addition, despite the morphological similarity, the chaffed seeds of naked oats variety ‘Kamil’ were sufficiently (genetically) different from the analysed variety and/or accessions of common oats.

Barley, oats, or spelt consumed as minimally processed whole grains provide several health benefits, especially when grown under organic field management conditions. Therefore, the effects of organic and conventional farming on the compositional traits (protein, fibre, fat, and ash) of barley, oat, and spelt grains and groats were compared using three winter barley varieties (‘Anemone’, ‘BC Favorit’, and ‘Sandra’), two spring oat varieties (‘Max’ and ‘Noni’), and three spelt varieties (‘Ebners Rotkorn’, ‘Murska bela’, and ‘Ostro’). Groats were produced from harvested grains by a combination of threshing, winnowing, and brushing/polishing. Multitrait analysis showed significant differences between species, field management practices, and fractions, with clear compositional differences between organic and conventional spelt. Barley and oat groats had a higher thousand kernel weight (TKW) and β-glucan, but lower crude fibre, fat, and ash contents than the grains. The composition of the grains of the different species differed significantly for more traits (TKW, fibre, fat, ash, and β-glucan) than that of the groats (TKW and fat), while field management only affected the fibre content of the groats and the TKW, ash, and β-glucan contents of the grains. The TKW, protein, and fat contents of the different species differed significantly under both conventional and organic growing conditions, while the TKW and fibre contents of grains and groats differed under both systems. The caloric value of the final products of barley, oats, and spelt groats ranged from 334–358 kcal/100 g. This information will be useful for not only the processing industry, but also for breeders and farmers, and last, but not least, for consumers.

Pulses are edible seeds of plants belonging to the legume family, which are of great importance for human and animal nutrition. In this study, several nutrients, antinutrients and bioactive compounds were quantified in the seeds of ten pulses, i.e., common and runner beans, field peas, lupins (white, blue and yellow), faba beans, lentils (brown and red) and chickpeas. Homogenised, air-dried seed samples were analysed for various parameters: protein (18.0–43.1%), fat (0.6–18.5%) and phytic acid content (507–2566 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)), phenolic profile (27 phenolic compounds in total) and multi-mineral composition. The analysed phenolic compounds mainly belong to phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids) and/or flavonoids (flavones, flavonols and flavanols). Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 719 μg/g DW in chickpeas to 5012 μg/g DW in common beans. A total of ten elements belonging to macro- (Mg, P, S, K and Ca) and micro-minerals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn and Mo) were determined. Using cluster analysis, pulses were divided into three groups according to the parameters studied: 1. common and runner bean; 2. field pea, white and blue lupin, faba bean, red and brown lentil and chickpea; and 3. yellow lupin. The most varying phytochemicals in terms of their content in the analysed pulses were phytic acid, quinic acid, catechin and TPC. A perfect positive significant Pearson correlation (1.00) was observed for six pairs of variables within the group of phenolic compounds.

Abstract Background Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume for direct human consumption around the world, as it represents a valuable source of components with nutritional and health benefits. Results We conducted a study to define and explain the genetic relatedness and diversification level of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm from Portugal to Ukraine, along a western-to-eastern line of southern European countries, including Poland. This was based on the P. vulgaris genetic structure, and was designed to better describe its distribution and domestication pathways in Europe. Using the multi-crop passport descriptors that include geographic origin and different phaseolin types (corresponding to the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools), 782 accessions were obtained from nine gene banks and 12 geographic origins. We selected 33 genome/ gene-related/ gene-pool-related nuclear simple sequence repeat markers that covered the genetic diversity across the P. vulgaris genome. The overall polymorphic information content was 0.800. Without specifying geographic origin, global structure cluster analysis generated 10 genetic clusters. Among the PvSHP1 markers, the most informative for gene pool assignment of the European P. vulgaris germplasm was PvSHP1-B. Results of AMOVA show that 89% of the molecular variability is shared within the 782 accessions, with 4% molecular variability among the different geographic origins along this western-to-eastern line of southern Europe (including Poland). Conclusions This study shows that the diversification line of the European P. vulgaris germplasm followed from the western areas of southern Europe (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Slovenia) to the more eastern areas of southern Europe. This progression defines three geographically separated subgroups, as the northern (Poland, Ukraine, Romania), southern (Albania, Bulgaria), and central (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Hungary) areas of eastern Europe.

Understanding the genetic background of drought tolerance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) can aid its resilience improvement. However, drought response studies in large seeded genotypes of Andean origin are insufficient. Here, a novel Andean intra-gene pool genetic linkage map was created for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of drought-responsive traits in a recombinant inbred line population from a cross of two cultivars differing in their response to drought. Single environment and QTL × environment analysis revealed 49 QTLs for physiology, phenology, and yield-associated traits under control and/or drought conditions. Notable QTLs for days to flowering (Df1.1 and Df 1.2) were co-localized with a putative QTL for days to pods (Dp1.1) on linkage group 1, suggesting pleiotropy for genes controlling them. QTLs with stable effects for number of seeds per pod (Sp2.1) in both seasons and putative water potential QTLs (Wp1.1, Wp5.1) were detected. Detected QTLs were validated by projection on common bean consensus linkage map. Drought response-associated QTLs identified in the novel Andean recombinant inbred line (RIL) population confirmed the potential of Andean germplasm in improving drought tolerance in common bean. Yield-associated QTLs Syp1.1, Syp1.2, and Sp2.1 in particular could be useful for marker-assisted selection for higher yield of Andean common beans.

Extraction of high quality DNA is crucial for any molecular genetic analysis. However, it is difficult to be obtained from problematic plant tissue, high in phenolic compounds, such as apple leaves. Despite the variety of commercially available kits for DNA isolation, no study has been done so far evaluating their potential for apple tree. We have tested six different kits and compared their performance on five to ten samples of apple tree (Malus X domestica) leaves. Genomic DNA was extracted following manufacturers’ protocols and amplified by touchdown PCR using 12 different SSR markers. The quality of DNA and PCR products was proven on agarose gel; additionally, DNA concentrations were measured using fluorimeter. Results showed high level of variation for concentrations and DNA purities; the highest yield (more than 512 ng/µL) was obtained with E.Z.N.A. SP Plant DNA Kit (Omega bio-tek), although DNA was not absolutely pure. The highest DNA sample purity was obtained using the DNeasy Plant Pro Kit (Qiagen); however, it resulted in the lowest DNA concentration (13 ng/µL). Despite big differences in DNA yields, all kits performed well for further PCR amplification. We conclude that choosing suitable method for DNA extraction of the particular sample plays a big role for the quality of DNA and its downstream applications. Extraction with DNeasy Plant Pro Kit (Qiagen) was the most efficient, as it resulted in the purest DNA. Despite its relatively low DNA yield, concentrations were still high enough for further PCR amplification. Obtained results indicate the optimal DNA extraction method used for problematic plant species in molecular studies.

The objectives of the present study were firstly to analyse the genetic relatedness among three Slovenian sweet potato varieties; and secondly to assess the effects of different growing media on selected agronomic and nutritional traits of these varieties. Tubers of three varieties (Lučka, Janja, Martina) with different skin/flesh colour were produced in planters under glasshouse conditions in five different growing media (perlite, peat, expanded clay, vermiculite, garden soil) from prior raised seedlings. Genetic analysis was performed using a set of eight single sequence repeats markers. According to Nei’s genetic distance and pairwise population Fst analysis, the most related varieties are Janja and Martina; in contrast, Lučka and Martina show the weakest genetic relationships. The following agronomic traits were evaluated: vine length, thickness of vine-base, number of branches, weight of above ground part, number of leaves plant–1, number of tubers plant–1 and tubers weight plant–1. Between nutritional traits total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant potential (AOP) and ascorbic acid content (AA) were determined in the range: 36.2 to 65.1 mg gallic acid equivalent 100 g–1 fresh weight, 0.18 to 0.56 mg Trolox equivalents g–1 FW and 13.7 to 23.5 mg 100 g–1 FW, respectively. Significant interactions of growing media (factor A) × variety (factor B) were observed for thickness of vine-base, weight of above ground part, AOP, TPC and AA. Overall, results showed variation in varieties response to growing media. Growing media provide a discriminant classification of the sweet potato varieties according to their agronomic and nutritional traits.

Najbolj razširjena oblika vrste Brassica napus L. je oljna ogrščica, njeno seme pa je zaradi svojih fizikalnih lastnosti zelo mobilno in zato nagnjeno k raztrosu. Nenadzorovane izgube semena predstavljajo potencial za pojavljanje samosevnih in podivjanih populacij te vrste znotraj in zunaj pridelovalnih površin, saj se njeno seme ohranja in ostaja viabilno v tleh tudi več let. Dinamika pojavnosti teh rastlin je odvisna od potenciala talne semenske banke in kompleksih interaktivnih lastnosti genotipa semena ter pedoloških in agro-klimatskih dejavnikov. Prisotnost nedefiniranih opraševalnih virov, ki izvirajo iz talne semenske banke, pa v naravi predstavlja potencial za spontane intra- in inter-speciesne oprašitve vrste B. napus, kar vpliva na spremembe v njeni genetski strukturi.

Geografska lega, klimatske razmere in zgodovinska pripadnost so glavni dejavniki, ki so botrovali k oblikovanju raznolikega sortimenta sort žlahtne vinske trte na območju današnje Slovenije. Sorte žlahtne vinske trte (Vitis vinifera L.) je mogoče opisati na več nivojih in z različnimi metodami. Ovrednotenje ali celo okarakterizacija lahko poteka na podlagi morfoloških, morfometričnih, biokemijskih in genetskih značilnosti posamezne sorte. V prispevku smo na podlagi analiz karotenoidnih pigmentov ter DNK analiz z uporabo molekulskih markerjev ugotavljali podobnosti in sorodnost med 17-imi akcesijami žlahtne vinske trte. Namen raziskave je bil odkriti morebitno povezavo med karotenoidnimi profili in meritvami barve sort ter ovrednotenje kemotaksonomskega potenciala dobljenih rezultatov za razlikovanje sort žlahtne vinske trte. Dobljene rezultate smo primerjali z rezultati analiz z metodo mikrosatelitov. V raziskavo smo vključili 17 različnih genskih virov belih sort žlahtne vinske trte, ki so posajene v kolekcijskem vinogradu Biotehniške fakultete (BF), ki obenem služi tudi kot genska banka. Rezultati evalvacije obravnavanih genskih virov belih sort žlahtne vinske trte se tako na biokemijskem kot tudi na genetskem nivoju dopolnjujejo, kar pomeni, da so obravnavane akcesije generalno razdelili v tri večje skupine, znotraj katerih prihaja do manjših odstopanj, kar je verjetno posledica lastnosti posameznih genotipov in vpliva okolja.

Oljna ogrščina (Brassica napus L.) se v naravi pojavlja v različnih habitatih, njena prisotnost izven pridelovalnih površin pa omogoča spontan prenos peloda v času cvetenja. V osnovi je navadna ali oljna ogrščina samoprašna rastlinska vrsta, vendar pa zaradi variabilne stopnje tujeprašnosti v naravi prihaja do opraševanj znotraj vrste (posevki, samosevne rastline in podivjane populacije) in med vrstami (spolno kompatibilnimi sorodniki iz družine Brassicaceae). Zbiranje genskih virov rastlin navadne ogrščice iz različnih habitatov na območju celotne Slovenije je potekalo v štiriletnem časovnem obdobju. Sočasno je potekalo tudi zbiranje semen referenčnih genotipov oljne ter krmne ogrščice, ki so se od leta 1984 pridelovale v Sloveniji. Skupno smo v obdobju od 2007 do 2010 zbrali 334 genskih virov ogrščice, od tega 195 vzorcev rastlin podivjanih populacij, 66 vzorcev samosevnih rastlin, 19 vzorcev posevkov oljne ogrščice ter 54 referenčnih genotipov. Podrobne podatke o vsakem vzorcu smo sproti beležili v posebne formularje za terensko vzorčenje. Zbiranje genskih virov iz različnih habitatov v daljšem časovnem obdobju predstavlja začetni korak raziskav, katerih namen je opredeliti dejansko stanje prenosa genov med vsemi pojavnimi oblikami ogrščice ter njihove vplive na genetsko raznolikost sorodnih rastlinskih vrst v slovenskem pridelovalnem prostoru.

Oilseed rape, Brassica napus L., is one of the most important oil plants of the moderate climatic zone and a typical industrial plant. In the past, dynamics of oilseed rape production in Slovenia was reflected in flexible agricultural market situation because of introduction of new crops into rotation and due to financial supports from European Union. In 2010, it was cultivated on 5351ha, accounting for about 1.1% of the total production areas in Slovenia. It is mainly grown in the eastern part of Slovenia (Pomurje, Podravje) and in the Spodnje-Posavska region. From 1984 until 2010, 58 different genotypes of oilseed and fodder rape were grown in Slovenia, of which a total of 28 were registered in the National List of Varieties in each year. Average yield of oilseed rape was ranged between 1.8 and 2.9 t/ha. Under Slovenian fragmented property structure the cross-pollination between B. napus and volunteer or feral populations (within and outside the production area) can occur. In addition to that, the presence of some sexually compatible relatives which have a high affinity to cross-pollination with B. napus are found (B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. nigra, Hirchfeldia incana, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis, Diplotaxis erucoides, D. tenuifolia, D. muralis, S. alba, R. sativus and Rapistrum rugosum). Uncontrolled gene flow between different forms of B. napus or sexually compatible wild relatives in the case of coexistence of different production systems has a direct impact on the varietal purity of seeds and on crop quality.