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To achieve the ambitious but necessary climate targets set by the Paris Agreement, the IPCC model pathways for limiting global warming to 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial levels make apparent the need for safeguarding and enhancing the natural global carbon sink – including via carbon dioxide removal (CDR). A range of ocean-based CDR approaches, also termed “negative emissions technologies” (NETs), has been proposed to make use of the ocean’s potential to take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in water, biomass, and sediments. The governance framework in place to regulate CDR in the ocean, at this time, is limited to the direct and articulate regulation of ocean fertilization. Meanwhile, other NETs such as ocean alkalinity enhancement and artificial upwelling emerge, but a comprehensive and foresight-oriented regulation for the testing or even deploying at larger scale is missing. Specifically, there is large uncertainty on unintended (positive and negative) effects of these technologies on the condition of the ocean, in addition to enhanced carbon uptake and storage, and how these may impede on or support other global sustainability goals. The deployment of NETs in the ocean poses additional governance complexities relating to unknowns, uncertainties, and transboundary issues. In a study that is part of the EU H2020-project OceanNETs, we explore to what extent the current global governance framework directly or indirectly regulates emerging ocean-based NETs and reflect on the particularities and requirements for their comprehensive governance. The analysis considers the gaps, challenges, needs, and opportunities for comprehensive governance of ocean-based NETs.

Area-Based Management Tools (ABMTs) are spatial instruments for conservation and managing different forms of ocean use. A multitude of ABMTs exists in marine areas within and beyond national jurisdiction, ranging from tools for the regulation of specific human activities (e.g. fisheries, shipping, or mining) to cross-sectoral tools (e.g. such as marine protected areas, MPAs, and marine spatial planning, MSP). By applying expert elicitation and reviewing scientific and grey literature we evaluate the contribution of ABMTs to sustainable development goals (SDGs) as set out under the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including for SDG 14 that directly addresses the conservation and sustainable use of oceans, seas, and marine resources. We find that fisheries-related and conservation-related ABMTs, and MSP offer the greatest potential contributions to SDG 14 and to SDGs in general. Moreover, there is high complementarity and synergy among different ABMTs for most SDG 14 targets and other SDGs, with the exception of SDG target 14.6 Prohibit fisheries subsidies and SDG 7 Affordable and clean energy. We find that some ABMTs contribute directly to goal attainment, while others contribute in more nuanced or even unexpected ways. Furthermore, context-specific factors that relate to political and legal factors, enforceability, transparency, governance structure, and inclusivity are crucial for unlocking the full potential of ABMTs of attaining multiple SDGs, as shown through examples. The major challenge to face in the next decade is ensuring durable and equitable outcomes from ABMT implementation by coordinating ABMT initiatives established by different organisations and responsible authorities. It is also critical that outcomes are monitored and evaluated across environmental, social, economic, governance, and health dimensions, with indicators addressing management effectiveness and not only ABMT area coverage., This research was conducted in the framework of COST action on “Ocean Governance for Sustainability - challenges, options and the role of science”, CA15217, within the Working Group 2 “Area Based Management” activities. We would like to thank COST for the funding that made the cooperation amongst the authors, and thus this article, possible. EG partially acknowledges also funding from PORTODIMARE “geoPORtal of TOols & Data for sustaInable Management of coAstal and maRine Environment” (2018–2020), Adriatic-Ionian Programme INTERREG V–B Transnational 2014–2020, grant no. 205, and funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 893614-4, reflecting only the author's view ; AQ partially acknowledges the Project SIMAtlantic (grant no. EASME/EMFF/2018/1.2.1.5); MLF partially acknowledges the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), with a Do*Mar programme PhD grant (PD/BD/113485/2015); MM partially acknowledges FCT, with a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/138422/2018). AQ, FA, MLF, LS, MM, CP partially acknowledge the financial support to FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020), through national funds. CFS partially acknowledges funding from FCT research contract 2020.03704.CEECIND, research grant PTDC/CTA-AMB/30226/2017, and MARE strategic project UID/MAR/04292/2019. NV partially acknowledges also funding from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, grants no. CNCS-UEFISCDI PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2016-2491, PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2019-1444, and the project T4BS (grant no. EASME/EMFF/2019/863621). The work of CP was supported by FCT research contract 2020.02510.CEECIND. The work of BN and SU was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through its Research for Sustainable Development program (FONA), and the Federal State of Brandenburg.

With Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14, the conservation and sustainable use of the ocean and its resources was put on a central place in the global sustainability agenda. But the complexity of ocean issues and the transboundary character of the human-ocean system challenge the implementation of the ocean goal. A fragmented ocean governance system is confronted with requirements such as cross-sectoral and cross-boundary cooperation. More coherent implementation strategies, transparent review systems and support for regional approaches together with investments in ocean research and ocean literacy are needed to achieve SDG 14 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Mit dem Ziel 14 der Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung (SDGs) wurden erstmals der Schutz und die nachhaltige Nutzung der Ozeane als zentrales Thema in der globalen Nachhaltigkeitsagenda verankert. Diese große Chance für den Meeresschutz trifft jedoch auf komplexe Herausforderungen in der Umsetzung.

A common pledge and review system is needed

Author(s): Neumann, B; Mikoleit, A; Bowman, JS; Ducklow, HW; Muller, F | Abstract: The Southern Ocean and coastal Antarctica provide a variety of ecosystem services with benefits for humankind that are of regional and global importance. Despite being nearly uninhabited, increasing exploitation of natural resources, a growing human presence, and environmental change threaten the sustained provisioning of these services. Ecosystem service assessments have proven as a suitable tool to understand the relevance of ecosystems for human well-being and guide decision-making, but the fluid and transboundary nature of marine ecosystems poses challenges to analyzing ecosystem services in regions with large marine sections. New methods to objectively assess the supply of ecosystem services for such realms are needed, and this need is exemplified by the Antarctic Peninsula region which encompasses rich marine, coastal, and terrestrial ecosystems but faces growing impacts and needs for taking action. In this study we applied the matrix method, an expert-based approach that employs a tabular matrix of ecosystem services and service providing units (SPUs) to elicit expert knowledge and rate the actual supply of key ecosystems services from the Antarctic Peninsula region. Further, we tested the applicability of this method on conventional definitions of SPUs and on objectively defined physico-chemical seascape units for a subset of the study region. Our results show high variations in the estimated supply of ecosystem services for the Antarctic Peninsula region, both with respect to the applied data models and in terms of the assessed services. While cultural and regulating services received highest supply estimates, provisioning services were regarded less relevant for the study region. Further, experts' supply estimates were much lower for the tested physico-chemical seascape units than for bathymetrically regionalized marine areas. The results suggest that a more explicit elaboration of linkages between ecosystem functions and processes and of the actual supply of ecosystem services is required in order to tap the full potential of such seascape data models in the context of qualitative, expert-based ecosystem service assessments.

Climate change is impacting marine ecosystems and their goods and services in diverse ways, which can directly hinder our ability to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), set out under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Through expert elicitation and a literature review, we find that most climate change effects have a wide variety of negative consequences across marine ecosystem services, though most studies have highlighted impacts from warming and consequences of marine species. Climate change is expected to negatively influence marine ecosystem services through global stressors—such as ocean warming and acidification—but also by amplifying local and regional stressors such as freshwater runoff and pollution load. Experts indicated that all SDGs would be overwhelmingly negatively affected by these climate impacts on marine ecosystem services, with eliminating hunger being among the most directly negatively affected SDG. Despite these challenges, the SDGs aiming to transform our consumption and production practices and develop clean energy systems are found to be least affected by marine climate impacts. These findings represent a strategic point of entry for countries to achieve sustainable development, given that these two goals are relatively robust to climate impacts and that they are important pre‐requisite for other SDGs. Our results suggest that climate change impacts on marine ecosystems are set to make the SDGs a moving target travelling away from us. Effective and urgent action towards sustainable development, including mitigating and adapting to climate impacts on marine systems are important to achieve the SDGs, but the longer this action stalls the more distant these goals will become.

The most recent 2017 United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals progress report highlighted the need to accelerate the pace of progress in order for the Sustainable Development Goals to be fully achieved. Responding to these concerns, the present commentary proposes four distinct, but interrelated approaches to accelerate the Zero Hunger Goal in transboundary climate change hotspots, regions which suffer from multiple stressors and vulnerabilities, and in which prevalence of food insecurity and malnutrition often remains disproportionately high. These conceptual, programmatic and policy approaches are discussed drawing from a newly developed conceptual framework and referring to specific examples from climate change hotspots around the world.

Pursuing integrated research and decision-making to advance action on the sustainable development goals (SDGs) fundamentally depends on understanding interactions between the SDGs, both negative ones (“trade-offs”) and positive ones (“co-benefits”). This quest, triggered by the 2030 Agenda, has however pointed to a gap in current research and policy analysis regarding how to think systematically about interactions across the SDGs. This paper synthesizes experiences and insights from the application of a new conceptual framework for mapping and assessing SDG interactions using a defined typology and characterization approach. Drawing on results from a major international research study applied to the SDGs on health, energy and the ocean, it analyses how interactions depend on key factors such as geographical context, resource endowments, time horizon and governance. The paper discusses the future potential, barriers and opportunities for applying the approach in scientific research, in policy making and in bridging the two through a global SDG Interactions Knowledge Platform as a key mechanism for assembling, systematizing and aggregating knowledge on interactions.

The ocean regulates the global climate, provides humans with natural resources such as food, materials, important substances, and energy, and is essential for international trade and recreational and cultural activities. Together with human development and economic growth, free access to, and availability of, ocean resources and services have exerted strong pressure on marine systems, ranging from overfishing, increasing resource extraction, and alteration of coastal zones to various types of thoughtless pollution. Both economic theory and many case studies suggest that there is no “tragedy of the commons” but a “tragedy of open access”. With high likeliness, structures of open access are non-sustainable. International cooperation and effective governance are required to protect the marine environment and promote the sustainable use of marine resources in such a way that due account can be taken of the environmental values of current generations and the needs of future generations. For this purpose, developing and agreeing on one Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) specifically for the Ocean and Coasts could prove to be an essential element. The new SDGs will build upon the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and replace them by 2015. Ensuring environmental sustainability in a general sense is one of the eight MDGs but the ocean is not explicitly addressed. Furthermore, the creation of a comprehensive underlying set of ocean sustainability targets and effective indicators developed within a global Future Ocean Spatial Planning (FOSP) process would help in assessing the current status of marine systems, diagnosing ongoing trends, and providing information for inclusive, forward-looking, and sustainable ocean governance

The impacts of climate change on people’s livelihoods have been widely documented.1 It is expected that climate and environmental change will hamper poverty reduction, or even exacerbate poverty in some or all of its dimensions. Changes in the biophysical environment, such as droughts, flooding, water quantity and quality, and degrading ecosystems, are expected to affect opportunities for people to generate income. These changes, combined with a deficiency in coping strategies and innovation to adapt to particular climate change threats, are in turn likely to lead to increased economic and social vulnerability of households and communities, especially amongst the poorest.

The ocean regulates the global climate, provides humans with natural resources such as food, materials, important substances, and energy, and is essential for international trade and recreational and cultural activities. Together with human development and economic growth, free access to, and availability of, ocean resources and services have exerted strong pressure on marine systems, ranging from overfishing, increasing resource extraction, and alteration of coastal zones to various types of thoughtless pollution. International cooperation and effective governance are required to protect the marine environment and promote the sustainable use of marine resources in such a way that due account can be taken of the environmental values of current generations and the needs of future generations. The high seas deserve particular attention since they suffer from a number of regulatory shortcomings due to the basic structures set out under international law. Against this backdrop, developing and agreeing on a focussed Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) specifically for the Ocean and Coasts could prove to be an essential element to provide guidance and a framework for regional implementation agreements.

Sea-level rise is progressively changing coastlines. The legal implications for the seaward boundaries between neighbouring coastal states are neither straightforward nor foreseeable.

Spatial modelling of environmental indicators has been well established in landscape ecology and in nature conservation on regional and national scales over the recent past. Yet, using spatial information as a basis for the coordination of environmental measures on a trans-national European level reveals several shortcomings and hindrances, ranging from data quality issues and methodological aspects to discussions on how to define ecological indicators across Europe. This paper analyzes the potential of spatial modelling for the development and implementation of agri-environmental measures as part of rural development policies, discussing critical aspects of spatial environmental modelling as well as chances, trends and demands.

Coastal zones are exposed to a range of coastal hazards including sea-level rise with its related effects. At the same time, they are more densely populated than the hinterland and exhibit higher rates of population growth and urbanisation. As this trend is expected to continue into the future, we investigate how coastal populations will be affected by such impacts at global and regional scales by the years 2030 and 2060. Starting from baseline population estimates for the year 2000, we assess future population change in the low-elevation coastal zone and trends in exposure to 100-year coastal floods based on four different sea-level and socio-economic scenarios. Our method accounts for differential growth of coastal areas against the land-locked hinterland and for trends of urbanisation and expansive urban growth, as currently observed, but does not explicitly consider possible displacement or out-migration due to factors such as sea-level rise. We combine spatially explicit estimates of the baseline population with demographic data in order to derive scenario-driven projections of coastal population development. Our scenarios show that the number of people living in the low-elevation coastal zone, as well as the number of people exposed to flooding from 1-in-100 year storm surge events, is highest in Asia. China, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Viet Nam are estimated to have the highest total coastal population exposure in the baseline year and this ranking is expected to remain largely unchanged in the future. However, Africa is expected to experience the highest rates of population growth and urbanisation in the coastal zone, particularly in Egypt and sub-Saharan countries in Western and Eastern Africa. The results highlight countries and regions with a high degree of exposure to coastal flooding and help identifying regions where policies and adaptive planning for building resilient coastal communities are not only desirable but essential. Furthermore, we identify needs for further research and scope for improvement in this kind of scenario-based exposure analysis.

This paper brings together different theoretical perspectives to propose an evaluation framework for policies which have the explicit aim to foster communities' involvement in the management of their natural environment in the context of sustainable rural development, such as the EU LEADER programme, Australia's Caring for Our Country, and UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. Previous policy evaluations have over-simplified the complex social-ecological systems on which these policies are intended to act, have lacked specification of the policy level they address and were predicated on the assumption that policies can be designed to produce predictable outcomes. Based on a concept of ‘complex realities’ we developed a framework to guide the evaluation of policy effectiveness in social-ecological systems. This comprehensive framework provides the conceptual and theoretical context in which individual evaluation exercises for policy review and future programme design can be embedded. It goes beyond existing frameworks by allowing the identification of factors that explain how and why a policy tool was effective. It provides a structure within which datasets from different sources, relevant stakeholders and relationships can be identified and analysed in a multi-level and multi-scale context. However, we emphasise that policy makers and evaluators' mindsets would have to change to accept uncertainty and the validity of various stakeholders' perceptions and evaluations.

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Im Rahmen einer Interpretation sozialer Ängste als Handlungsregulationsproblem wird die Relevanz von Ressourcen in der Psychotherapie herausgearbeitet. Fragestellung: Kann das Therapieangebot für Patienten mit sozialen Ängsten durch Fokussierung der Ressourcen der Person verbessert werden? Methode: In einer randomisierten kontrollierten Interventionsstudie für 83 Patienten mit sozialen Ängsten wird ein kombiniert kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutisch/ressourcen-orientiertes Vorgehen (KROT) mit einem fokal kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Angebot (KVT) verglichen. Ergebnisse: Bei insgesamt im Vergleich zu anderen Therapiestudien befriedigenden Ergebnissen profitiert die KROT-Gruppe sowohl auf der Ebene der sozialphobischen Symptomatik wie auch der psychischen Belastung stärker. Dies schlägt sich in höheren Effektstärken nieder (für die sozialphobische Symptomatik: KVT = .86, KROT = 1.39; psychische Belastung insgesamt: KVT = .84, KROT = 1.18). Schlussfolgerungen: Der Therapieerfolg bei sozialer Phobie kann durch die Kombination kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischer Ansätze mit ressourcenorientierten Elementen verbessert werden

The borderline between molecular recognition element (MRE) tools that are biological in nature and synthetic (organic) receptor molecules is no longer well definable; these two classes of recognition elements are merging. This is especially true for enzyme models, polymers imprinted by biomolecules, ionophores (which mimic the function of channels), and (synthetic) oligonucleotides. In this paper, we introduce three new examples of modified recognition elements for biosensing: (i) bienzyme conjugates for quantification of inhibitors of choline esterase; (ii) recognition of l-adenosine by high-affinity oligonucleotides (aptamers); (iii) catalyzed conversion of alkanes by hydroperoxides in the presence of porphyrin complexes.

The development of an amperometric biosensor for the determination of phenolic compounds is described, using quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase. The enzyme is integrated into carbon paste and its ability to donate electrons to oxidized phenolic compounds during glucose oxidation is exploited. The sensor response is based on electrochemical oxidation of the phenolic compound followed by its enzymatic regeneration when the bulk solution contains glucose and the electrode is potentiostated at +500 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl/0.1 mol/L KCl). As the result of the catalytic analyte regeneration the electrodes offer very sensitive measurements of redox species like p-aminophenol and hydroquinone and catecholamines such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The sensor performance is characterized for the different substrates. Highest sensitivity is achieved for p-aminophenol which could be determined at sub-nanomolar level.

Oceans regulate our climate, provide us with natural resources such as food, materials, substances, and energy and are essential for international trade, recreational, and cultural activities. Free access to and availability of ocean resources and services, together with human development, have put strong pressures on marine ecosystems, ranging from overfishing and reckless resource extraction to various channels of careless pollution. International cooperation and negotiations are required to protect the marine environment and use marine resources in a way that the needs of future generations will be met. For that purpose, developing and agreeing on a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Oceans and Coasts could be an essential element for sustainable ocean management. The SDGs will build upon the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and replace them by 2015. Even though ensuring environmental sustainability is one of the eight MDG goals, the ocean is not explicitly included. Furthermore, the creation of a comprehensive underlying set of oceanic sustainability indicators would help assessing the current status of marine systems, diagnose on-going trends, and provide information for forward-locking and sustainable ocean governance

Electrocopolymerization of 3-thiopheneacetic acid (1) and 3-methylthiophene (2) under various conditions produces poly((3-methylthiophene-2,5-diyl)-co-[3-(carboxymethyl)thiophene-2,5-diyl] ) (3). By activation of the carboxy groups with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) lactate oxidase (LOD) is covalently bonded to the surface of the electrode. In this way a lactate sensor was formed which is applicable for the determination of lactate in micromolar concentrations.

Coastal hazards have long been present and are evolving due to a variety of different drivers: the long-term threat of climate change, including sea-level rise, adds a new dimension to these problems which is explored here. Globally, sea levels could rise in excess of 1 m this century, but the local rate of relative sea-level rise could be much greater than this because of subsidence or other factors which lower the land surface. This is important as the population of these subsiding areas is significant. Relative sea-level rise will result in inundation, flooding, erosion, wetland loss, saltwater intrusion and impeded drainage. This chapter has investigated the impacts of sea-level rise at a global scale on: (1) Sandy environments; (2) Wetlands and low-lying coasts; (3) Built environments; and (4) Energy and transport systems. Results indicate that without appropriate adaptation, environments could be significantly impacted, and those remote or financially less well off could become increasingly vulnerable. Further research and action is required into integrated impact assessments (including non-climatic drivers of change) to help those at risk and develop appropriate adaptation polices over short, medium and long timescales.

Biosensors employing a biocatalyst on a different level of integration have been developed for monitoring environmental pollution. These probes range from laboratory specimen to commercial detectors applied to analyzers. Recent developments on amperometric enzyme and microbial biosensors are presented here. A monoenzymatic bulk-type carbon electrode is described for biosensing organic hydroperoxides in aqueous solutions; peroxidase is immobilized within the electrode body and the direct electron transfer between electrode and enzyme is measured. Both, reversible and irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase have been quantified by using a kinetically controlled acetylcholine enzyme sequence electrode. The inhibitory effect of pesticides such as butoxycarboxime, dimethoate, and trichlorfon could be quantified within 6 min in μmolar concentrations. Different multi-enzyme electrodes have been developed for the determination of inorganic phosphate. These sensors represent examples of sequentially acting enzymes in combination with enzymatic analyte recycling. Using this type of amplification nanomolar concentrations can be measured.

Biosensors employing the biocatalyst on a different level of integration have been developed for monitoring environmental pollution. These probes range from laboratory specimen to commercial detectors applied to analyzers. This paper presents a selection of recent developments on amperometric enzyme and microbial biosensors. A monoenzymatic bulk type carbon electrode is described for biosensing organic hydroperoxides in aqueous solutions. Here, peroxidase is immobilized within the electrode body and the direct electron transfer between electrode and enzyme is measured. Both, reversible and irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase have been quantified by using a kinetically controlled acetylcholine enzyme sequence electrode. The inhibitory effect of pesticides such as butoxycarboxime, dimethoate, and trichlorfon could be quantified within 6 min in micrometers olar concentrations. Different multi-enzyme electrodes have been developed for the determination of inorganic phosphate. These sensors represent examples of sequentially acting enzymes in combination with enzymatic analyte recycling. Using this type of amplification nanomolar concentrations could be measured. A very fast responding microbial sensor for biological oxygen demand has been developed by immobilizing Trichosporon cutaneum onto an oxygen electrode. With this whole cell sensor waste water can be assayed with a sample frequency of 20 per hour and a working stability of more than 30 days.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

An amperometric biosensor for determination of phenol and chlorophenols using Rhodococcus has been developed. This sensor is more sensitive to phenol and chlorophenols, especially to mono- and dichlorinated phenol, than to benzoate and monochlorobenzoates. The incubation of the sensor with phenol and its chlorinated derivatives enhanced the activity of the microbial sensor for these compounds. A linear relationship between the current range and the concentration of phenol, 2-, 3- and 4-chlorophenol was observed up to 20 μmol/l. The detection limit for all studied substrates was 4 μmol/l. The current difference was reproducible within 5.5% when the test solution contained 40 μmol phenol/l.

Enzyme-membrane electrodes using glucose oxidase in combination with peroxide detection dominate in the field of laboratory analyzers for diluted samples. Using the same indication principle, extremely fast responding glucose sensors have been fabricated by covering thin film metal electrodes with a porous enzyme layer. In the second generation auxiliary enzymes and/or co-reactants are coimmobilized with the analyte converting enzyme in order to improve the analytical quality and to simplify the performance. Following this line oxidizable interferences are suppressed by using a glucose oxidase/peroxidase complex which communicates with the electrode at a low working potential. Furthermore, fluctuations of pH or buffer capacity are ineffective when using a glucose oxidase/peroxidase layer covered fluoride FET in the potentiometric glucose determination. Enzymatic recycling of the analyte and/or accumulation of intermediates increase the sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. Inclusion of NAD bound to PEG in the glucose dehydrogenase layer allows a reagentless glucose measurement.

A biomimetic sensor for aliphatic hydrocarbons is presented. The sensor is based on the combination of a screen printed peroxidase electrode and an iron porphyrin complex iron(III)-meso-tetrakis-(pentafluorophenyl)-β-tetrasulfonatoporphyrin chloride. The biomimetic compound was immobilized in a polyelectrolyte matrix. As the model analyte octane was chosen. Catalytic reaction is described in the homogeneous system and on the sensor surface.

The hydroxy group of 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiophene was protected as methyl ether I and as dimethyl tert-butyl silyl ether 5 before anodic polymerization. The poly[3-(2-methoxyethyl)thiophene] 2 was prepared by electrochemical homopolymerization of 1. Ether cleavage was carried out in the polymer film 2 and the resulting poly[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiophene) (3) was activated with cyanogen bromide to immobilize alcohol dehydrogenase. Silylether 5 did not undergo homopolymerization but copolymerization of 5 with 3-methylthiophene (4) was successful. After cleavage of the protecting group the resulting copolymer 7 was activated by cyanuric chloride, and chymotrypsin was immobilized Electrocopolymerization of thiophene-3-acetic acid (8) and 3-methylthiophene (4) under various conditions produces copolymer 9. By activation of the carboxylic groups with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) lactate oxidase (LOD) was bond to the surface of the electrode to form a lactate sensor.