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Background: Studies have demonstrated that upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (UEMSDs) are highly prevalent among weavers. In Iran, little information is available regarding the prevalence of MSDs and their causal risk factors among hand-woven shoe workers. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of UEMSDs and to identify risk factors associated with UEMSDs symptoms among 586 Iranian hand-woven shoe workers., Methods: The data were collected using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and by direct observation of working postures via the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) technique to determine ergonomic risks., Results: The prevalence of MSDs symptoms was high among the hand-woven shoe workers. The mean RULA grand score of 6.3 indicated that in most cases the workers' postures at their workstations needs to be investigated and changed immediately to prevent musculoskeletal injuries. The highest prevalence rates of MSDs were observed in the shoulders, wrists and arms. The result of multiple logistic regression modeling showed that risk factors associated with UEMSD symptoms were job experience, daily working hours, job satisfaction, working posture, work pressure, and discomfort at workstation, as well as individual factors, such as age, gender, BMI, material status, working conditions, education level, and lack of regular sport/physical activities., Conclusions: The findings of the present study emphasize that any interventional program in this industry has to focus on improving working conditions particularly by designing ergonomics-oriented workstations and hand tools.

Dramatic mental shifts in young patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) can be understood to occur via dissociative processes found in immature schema modes. A schema mode is an organized pattern of thought, affect and behaviour based on a set of core beliefs. These maladaptive modes are not integrated into a united personality structure and can function in a dissociated form. The aim of this study was to empirically assess the relationship between dysfunctional schema modes and dissociation in BPD. Forty-two young patients with BPD confirmed by the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis-II personality disorders (SCID-II) were further assessed by the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ), DSM-IV/ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire (DIP-Q), Schema Mode Inventory (SMI) and Wessex Dissociation Scale (WDS). Pearson correlations assessed associations and stepwise regression explored the extent of these associations. The strongest correlations were found between dissociation and the following modes: Detached Protector, Angry Child, Impulsive Child, Punitive Parent, Demanding Parent, and Vulnerable Child. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that schema modes explained 58% of the variance in dissociation. The schema modes that significantly predicted dissociation were the Detached Protector and Impulsive Child modes. Key therapeutic targets in treating adolescents with BPD include detachment and impulsivity., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)