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Arthropod systematics & phylogeny 81, 475 - 498 (2023). doi:10.3897/asp.81.e101441, A new family of Diptera Acalyptratae, Christelenkidae Roháček fam. nov., is established for Christelenka multiplex Roháček gen. et sp. nov., an unusual extinct taxon described from a unique male specimen preserved in Baltic amber (Mid-late Eocene, ca 48–34 Ma). Apart from detailed examination by light microscopy and photography, the holotype of the new species has also been studied by means of X-ray synchrotron microtomography with the aim of obtaining additional morphological data for consideration of its relationships. Because of a very peculiar combination of morphological characters, the new family is tentatively considered a separate lineage of Acalyptratae having no apparent sister-group relationship with any of the known families. Its probable relationships to some families of Opomyzoidea and Ephydroidea are discussed., Published by Museum, Dresden

Gryllobencain n. gen. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BF978806-B42C-489E-BAE2-306DAC00B8B5 TYPE SPECIES. — Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. sp. DERIVATIO NOMINIS. — ‘Gryllo’forcricket;‘ben’isHebrewfor‘sonof’and provides connection to the next part of the name;‘cain’ for the biblical figure. According to some legends,the children of Cain became the vampires.The name hence means ‘vampire cricket’ in reference to the prominent sickleshaped proximal parts of the maxilla,distantly reminding of vampire teeth. DIAGNOSIS. — As for the species. REMARK The current version of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature demands that a newly described species is assigned to a genus. Due to the uncertainty of relationship and the apparent unique combination of characters of the new fossils we cannot assign them to any known genus. We therefore must erect a new one. While it is in principle possible to avoid creating this factually unnecessary additional category and we generally support the idea to not erect a new genus in such a case, we here provide a classical approach for the convenience of readers used to this approach. We still want to point out that the uncertainty concerning relationship could much better be expressed with the combination of the next higher group (in this case ‘ Ensifera patrickmuelleri ’, see for this approach discussion in Haug & Haug 2016 and references therein; Wagner et al. 2019).

Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n. sp. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 80C207C0-1B2E-44F9-90F8-A53E9229461B HOLOTYPE. ��� PED 0147. PARATYPE. ��� PED 0178. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL. ��� BUB 3072, 3073, from the collection of Patrick M��ller. DERIVATIO NOMINIS. ��� In honour of Patrick M��ller and his effort for research, especially on Myanmar amber. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Specimen with prominent maxillae [maxillulae]; medio-proximal part prominent sickle-shaped; palp prominent with long and strong setae; foreleg and mid leg [thorax appendages 1 and 2] with many long and strong setae mostly medially, on femur and tibia. Tibia additionally with strong disto-median spur-like spine. Cerci prominent with numerous very long and strong setae. DESCRIPTION General Body organised into head and trunk, the latter subdivided into thorax and abdomen (Figs 1A, B; 4A, C; 5A, C; 6A, C), presumably with 20 segments, ocular segment plus 19 post-ocular segments. Head Ocular segment and post-ocular segments1-5forming distinct capsule (head capsule) (Figs1A; 4A; 5A; 6A).Head capsule oval in dorsal(or ventral) view; about 1.6�� wider than long. Surface of head capsule dorsallywithprominentY-shapedmoultingsuture(epicranialsuture) (Fig. 5A). Lateral edges of head capsule rounded with few setae. Ocular segment recognisable by prominent compound eyes laterally projecting from the head capsule; additionally, three ocelli present [median eyes] (Fig. 5B). Compound eyes with numerous facets; difficult to count, at least 40 rows of facets (Fig. 7A, B). Ocelli arranged in a triangle; central ocellus dorsal to lateral ones. Appendage derivative of ocular segment (clypeo-labrum complex) [hypostome-labrum complex] well developed (Fig. 7D). Clypeus [hypostome] rectangular, about 2�� wider than long. Labrum lobe-like, about as large as clypeus, anterior edge gently rounded. Post-ocular segment 1 recognisable by its appendage, antenna [antennula]. Antenna arising from head capsule antero-dorsally; lateral to the clypeus; very long, longer than main body, with numerous elements (antennomeres), more than 40 (Figs 1A, B; 5A, C); some elements are longer and possess a distinct constriction (indication of future subdivision?); length of elements strongly varying; proximal elements with few, but prominent setae. More distal elements with numerous, but shorter setae. Post-ocular segment 2 (intercalary segment) not recognisable externally. Post-ocular segment 3 recognisable by its appendage, mandible (Fig. 7 A-D). Mandibles prominent, curved, bearing teeth on inner surface. Post-ocular segment 4 recognisable by its appendage, maxilla [maxillula] (Fig. 7 A-F). Proximal part of maxilla (cardo) [basipod?] medially drawn out; cardo distally carrying palp [endopod]. Drawn out part (cardo? stipes? both?) prominent, sickle-shaped; laterally with at least three setae. Palp with five elements (Figs 1C; 6D; 7F). Element 1 (most proximal one) short, as long as wide (diameter). Element 2 sub-similar to element 1. Element 3 elongate, at least 4.5�� longer than wide (diameter); with at least two strong spine-like setae and numerous smaller setae of varying sizes. Element 4 shorter than preceding element, elongate, at least 2.8�� longer than wide (diameter); with at least two strong spine-like setae and numerous smaller setae of varying sizes. Element 5 (most distal one) elongate, about 4�� longer than wide (diameter); with at least six strong spine-like setae and numerous smaller setae of varying sizes. Post-ocular segment 5 recognisable by its appendage, labium [maxilla] (Fig. 7E, F); only distal parts, palp [endopod], apparent. Palp mostly concealed, with numerous setae. Thorax [anterior trunk] Post-ocular segments 6-8 differentiated from posterior ones, forming a distinct unit, thorax (Fig. 5A). Tergite of postocular segment 6 (tergite of thorax segment 1; pronotum) about 0.55�� narrower than head; about 1.6�� wider than long; rectangular-shaped in dorsal view; with six smaller setae medio-anteriorly. Post-ocular segment 6 (thorax segment 1; prothorax) ventrally with a pair of prominent appendages (foreleg) [thoracopod 1] (Figs1D; 2A; 4B, D; 5D); basically cylindrical, composed of five elements. Element 1 (coxa) [basipod?] about as long (proximal-distal axis) as wide (diameter); with at least three smaller, thin setae posteriorly. Element 2 (trochanter) [endopod element 1?] slightly longer than wide, slightly longer than coxa; with more than nine small, thin setae medially. Element 3 (femur) [endopod element 2?] very elongate; about 10�� longer than coxa, similar width at proximal part, tapering towards distally to about 0.48�� of maximum width; with more than ten small, thin setae proximo-medially and disto-laterally; also with more than ten strong spine-like setae arranged in two rows (Fig. 4D), the majority of which is located proximally, with one exception disto-laterally. Element 4 (tibia) [endopod element 3?] elongate, about 0.75�� the length of the femur; about as wide as the femur, though slightly less proximally; covered with smaller setae, more distally than proximally; with three strong spine-like setae disto-medially of varying size and one strong spine-like seta laterally, more towards proximal than distal; with one very strong spine very medio-distally. Element 5 (tarsus) [endopod element 4?] slightly shorter than preceding element, more than 0.8�� of the length and about half of the width; with numerous smaller, thin setae throughout its surface; distally with a pair of claws, possible attachment structure between claws not apparent; tarsus subdivided into three sub-elements (tarsomeres) which are of mostly similar length (0.3�� of total length) and similar width, most proximal element has three stronger spine-like setae distally. Post-ocular segment 7 (thorax segment 2; mesothorax) about half as long as prothorax and about as wide as the latter, but slightly tapering posteriorly; trapezoid-shaped; with one small seta on each side respectively (antero-laterally), close to the coxa. Ventrally with a pair of prominent appendages (mid leg) [thoracopod 2] (Fig. 2B); basically cylindrical, composed of five elements; as a whole slightly longer than foreleg [thoracopod 1]. Element 1 (coxa) [basipod?] about as long (proximal-distal axis) as wide (diameter); with two smaller setae medially. Element 2 (trochanter) [endopod element 1?] slightly longer than wide, but as wide as the coxa; with one small, thin seta and two stronger, spine-like setae medio-distally. Element 3 (femur) [endopod element 2?] very elongate; about 10�� longer than coxa, almost similar width at proximal part, then widening to 1.5�� width at about 30 % of total femur length, then tapering towards distally to about 0.67�� of maximum width; with more than ten small, thin setae laterally throughout its surface; also with more than ten strong spine-like setae with varying sizes, the majority of which located medially, with one exception laterally. Element 4 (tibia) [endopod element 3?] elongate, slightly shorter than femur; about as wide as femur, though slightly less so proximally; covered with smaller setae, more distally than proximally; with two strong spine-like setae and more than five smaller spine-like setae disto-medially; also with one strong spine-like seta laterally, more towards proximal than distal, and one very strong spine very medio-distally. Element 5 (tarsus) [endopod element 4?] slightly shorter than tibia, more than 0.8�� of the length and about half of the width; with numerous smaller, thin setae throughout; distally with a pair of claws, possible attachment structure between claws not apparent; tarsus subdivided into three sub-elements which are of mostly similar length (0.3�� of total length) and similar width. Post-ocular segment 8 (thorax segment 3; metathorax) about 1.4�� longer than preceding segment and about as wide as that as well; rectangular shaped. Ventrally with a pair of prominent appendages (hind leg) [thoracopod 3] (Figs 2C; 3); basically cylindrical, composed of supposedly five elements; slightly longer than mid leg [thoracopod 2]. Element 1 (coxa) [basipod?] not differentiable from next element, i.e. element 2 (trochanter) [endopod element 1?]. Proximal region (coxa + trochanter?) slightly longer than wide. Element 3 (femur) [endopod element 2?] very elongate; about 8�� longer than proximal region, similar width as preceding element, but tapering slightly distally; with four strong spine-like setae laterally. Element 4 (tibia) [endopod element 3?] elongate, but about 0.8�� shorter than femur; about 0.67�� the width of the femur, tapering slightly distally; covered with smaller setae and stronger spine-like setae; no very strong spine very medio-distally, but with one strong spine-like seta on a similar position as on the tibia of fore and mid legs, but shorter than in the latter. Element 5 (tarsus) [endopod element 4?] as long as tibia and slightly less wide than that as well; with numerous smaller, thin setae throughout; distally with a pair of claws, possible attachment structure between claws not apparent; tarsus subdivided into three sub-elements which are of similar width, but with varying length (from proximal to distal: 0.52��, 0.22�� and 0.26�� of total length). Abdomen [posterior trunk] Post-ocular segments 9-19 differentiated from further anterior ones, forming distinct unit (abdomen; not corresponding to abdomen in other crustacean groups) (Figs 1A, B; 5A, C). Only eight distinct units differentiable, first seven probably corresponding to abdominal segments 1 to 7, rectangularshaped. Last unit most likely corresponding to several abdomen segments (8-11?), triangular-shaped. Post-ocular segment 9 (abdomen segment 1) about 1.4�� longer than metathorax; but less wide, about 0.67�� of metathorax width; one spine-like seta postero-laterally on each side. Post-ocular segment 10 (abdomen segment 2) similar to preceding segment, but very slightly shorter and slightly wider posteriorly (widening posteriorly); one spine-like seta postero-laterally on each side. Post-ocular segment 11 (abdomen segment 3) about half as long, but as wide as the preceding segment; one spine-like seta postero-laterally respectively. Post-ocular segment 12 (abdomen segment 4) slightly longer and wider than preceding segment; two spine-like setae postero-laterally respectively, one slightly longer than the other. Post-ocular segment 13 (abdomen segment 5) similar to preceding segment, but slightly longer and very slightly tapering posteriorly; two spine-like setae postero-laterally on each side, one slightly longer than the other. Post-ocular segment 14 (abdomen segment 6) slightly shorter and less wide than preceding segment, tapering slightly posteriorly; one spine-like seta postero-laterally on each side. Post-ocular segment 15 (abdomen segment 7) similar to preceding segment, but less wide and tapering posteriorly; one spine-like seta postero-laterally on each side. Trunk end (post-ocular segments 16-19?; abdomen segments 8-11?) as long as first abdomen segment; anteriorly as wide as preceding segment, but tapering drastically posteriorly. Ventrally with a pair of prominent appendages (cerci) (Figs 1A, B; 3; 5A, C; 6B); basically cylindrical, not subdivided; about 0.8�� the length of the antenna; as wide as the tibia of the hind leg proximally and tapering slightly until about 70 % of its length, then strongly tapering towards tip; bearing numerous spine-like setae of varying sizes, mostly strong and very long (compared to similar structures elsewhere); also with a few smaller, shorter setae throughout. Size of specimens While the specimens are very similar in overall appearance, they differ in size. Though it remains difficult to measure, it appears that the four specimens fall into three size classes (Fig. 8). It seems likely that these represent three successive stages. It remains unclear whether the largest size class corresponds to the adult stage., Published as part of Haug, Joachim T., H��rnig, Marie K., Kiesm��ller, Christine, Pazinato, Paula G., Baranov, Viktor & Haug, Carolin, 2022, A 100 - million-year-old ensiferan with unusual mouthparts and comments on the evolution of raptorial appendages within Polyneoptera, pp. 57-73 in Geodiversitas 44 (4) on pages 60-67, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a4, http://zenodo.org/record/6000901

Trzalci su najraznolikija i često najbrojnija skupina makrozoobentosa u slatkim vodama. Cilj ovog istraživanja je odrediti utjecaj klimatskih promjena na sastav zajednice trzalaca sedrene barijere Kozjak–Milanovac. Istraživanje je provedeno u Nacionalnom parku Plitvička jezera koji se sastoji od 16 oligotrofnih protočnih jezera povezanih sedrenim barijerama. Odrasli trzalci su sakupljani na sedrenoj barijeri Kozjak- Milanovac od 2007. do kraja 2020. godine emergencijskim piramidama. Temperatura vode je mjerena 2 puta dnevno „data logerima“. Podaci o protoku su dobiveni od Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda, a podaci o količini organske tvari od uprave parka. Brzina strujanja vode je mjerena mjesečno tijekom sakupljanja materijala. Tijekom 14 godina sakupljeno je više od 13 000 jedinki koje pripadaju unutar više od 80 taksona. Uočen je porast vrijednosti temperature vode, protoka i brzine strujanja vode te kemijske potrošnje kisika (KPK). Tijekom godina nije došlo do promjene u brojnosti i bogatstvu vrsta trzalaca, ali je došlo do promjena u sastavu zajednice i trofičke strukture. Brojnost aktivnih filtratora i detritivora kao što su Polypedilum scalaenum i Tanytarsus signatus se smanjila dok je brojnost reofilnih pasivnih filtratora poput Rheotanytarsus reissi i R. curtistylus porasla. Iako brojnost i bogatstvo vrsta nisu ukazali na promjenu, sastav zajednice jest, što upućuje na važnost taksonomije u otkrivanju najsuptilnijih odgovora zajednica na promjene u okolišu.

Chironomids are the most diverse and usually most abundant macroinvertebrates in freshwater ecosystems. Plitvice Lakes National Park is located in the Dinaric Western Balkan Ecoregion of Croatia and it consists of 16 oligotrophic, dimictic and fluvial lakes divided by tufa barriers. The goal of this study is to evaluate effects of climate change on the chironomid composition of tufa barrier Kozjak- Milanovac. The study was conducted in Plitvice Lakes NP due to minimal anthropogenic impact on the system. Adult chironomids were collected monthly from 2007 to 2020 using emergence traps. Traps were pyramid- shaped with a 45x45 cm base and 50 cm height, with 1 mm mesh walls A collection container was placed on top of each trap, filled with a 2 % formaldehyde solution. The larvae were free to enter and exit the base of the trap. Water temperature was recorded 2 times a day with data loggers. Current velocity was measured monthly during collection of the animals. Discharge values were provided by Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service and data on organic material by Plitvice Lakes NP. In 14 years more than 13, 000 adults were collected belonging to more than 80 taxa. In this time span, water temperature, velocity, discharge and amount of organic material increased, while chironomid abundance and number of species did not change significantly. On the other hand, community structure changed. Specifically, decreasing abundance of active filter feeders and detritivores like Polypedilum scalaenum and Tanytarsus signatus and increasing abundance of rheophilic passive filter feeders like Rheotanytarsus reissi and R. curtistylus was observed. Overall abundance of predators decreased but abundance of Rheopelopia maculipennis, a predatory species that is usually found among tubes of Rheotanytarsus genus, increased in these new conditions characterized by increase in frequency and strength of spates. Number of species and abundance did not indicate any change over the years however community structure did, directing us towards high-level taxonomy and its impact on fine resolution of community response.

Trzalci (Chironomidae) su najraznolikija i često najbrojnija skupina makrozoobentosa u slatkim vodama. Cilj ovog istraživanja je odrediti utjecaj klimatskih promjena na sastav zajednice trzalaca sedrene barijere Kozjak–Milanovac. Istraživanje je provedeno u Nacionalnom parku Plitvička jezera koji se sastoji od 16 oligotrofnih protočnih jezera povezanih sedrenim barijerama. Odrasli trzalci su sakupljani na sedrenoj barijeri Kozjak- Milanovac od 2007. do kraja 2020. godine emergencijskim piramidama. Temperatura vode je mjerena 2 puta dnevno „data logerima“. Podaci o protoku su dobiveni od Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda, a podaci o količini organske tvari od uprave parka. Brzina strujanja vode je mjerena mjesečno tijekom sakupljanja materijala. Tijekom 14 godina sakupljeno je više od 13 000 jedinki koje pripadaju unutar više od 80 taksona. Uočen je porast vrijednosti temperature vode, količine organskih tvari, protoka i brzine strujanja vode. Tijekom godina nije došlo do promjene u brojnosti i bogatstvu vrsta trzalaca, ali je došlo do promjena u sastavu zajednice i trofičke strukture. Brojnost aktivnih filtratora i detritivora kao što su Polypedilum scalaenum i Tanytarsus signatus se smanjila dok je brojnost reofilnih pasivnih filtratora poput Rheotanytarsus reissi i R. curtistylus porasla. Iako brojnost i bogatstvo vrsta nisu ukazali na promjenu, sastav zajednice jest, što upućuje na važnost taksonomije u otkrivanju najsuptilnijih odgovora zajednica na promjene u okolišu.