Search

The main goal of the undertaken research was to present how texts devoted to literary events function in contemporary media discourse. The article analyzes the reaction of the French-speaking media to the literary event of the Francophone world – presenting a Senegalese writer with the most prestigious literary award in France. The authors review the major media publishing in French in which the figure of the laureate Mohamed Mbougar Sarr was celebrated, the content of the awarded novel as well as the opinions of critics and journalists. The online versions of, among others, Le Monde, Le Courrier International, Le Soleil, LaPresse.ca, Le Soir, L’Observateur Paalga and audiovisual media such as RFI, TV5 Monde, France 24, TSR were analyzed. The choice of the aforementioned media was motivated by the desire to investigate the issue in journalistic texts, diverse in terms of themes, content, and style. The authors also try to explain the phenomenon of hatred towards the laureate expressed by some Senegalese Facebook and Twitter users.

Oxidative stress, caused by reactive oxygen species, is known to cause oxidation of biomolecules, leading to cell damage and oxidation of important enzymes, resulting in an unstable pathophysiological state. The antioxidant capacity of leaves, stems, and roots of Cordyla pinnata was determined by measuring the inhibition of the absorbance of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals by spectrophotometry. The polyphenol contents were determined with the same technique. The mineral contents were evaluated by atomic absorption spectrometry. The strongest inhibition of the DPPH radical after that of the control antioxidant (IC50 = 0.014 mg/mL) was obtained with the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf hydroethanolic extract (IC50 = 0.201 mg/mL). For ABTS, the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem extract was more active (IC50 = 0.884×10-3 mg/mL) than the other extracts and ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0.915×10-3 mg/mL). The polyphenol content of the leaves, stems and roots extracts is between 66.33 and 142.67; 55.33 and 69.33; 67.67 and 116.00 EAT/g of dry extract, respectively. The contents of Fe, Na, Zn, K, Mg, and Ca are 0.0005, 0.0006, 0.0020, 0.0897, 0.0247, and 0.0273% for leaves, respectively. They are 0.0001, 0.0010, 0.0015, 0.0557, 0.0131, and 0.1357% for the stems, respectively. The mineral contents of the roots in the same order are 0.0002, 0.0013, 0.0013, 0.0140, 0.0096, and 0.0267%. Strong inhibition of free radicals and the chemical composition of various plant materials would justify the use of C. pinnata in the management of certain pathologies and nutritional deficiencies.

Résumé : Contrairement à Lessing (2006) qui a admis des rebords entre poésie et peinture, Baudelaire (1845 et environs) s’intéressant à la question bien après, se refuse toute frontière entre ces deux arts. Considérant la « peinture comme une poésie muette », il inaugure une nouvelle ère qui donne sens à l’adage d’Horace, « ut pictura poésis ». Il aime bien décrire et faire parler le Tableau de Delacroix. « Sur le Tasse en prison » de ce dernier en est un bel exemple. Dans le sonnet qui nous servira de support, « l’Idéal », il rompt avec toute perspective descriptive pour engager le texte dans une aventure qui milite pour le triomphe de l’esthétique classique au détriment d’un art contemporain qui ne peut offrir au poète « ce qu’il faut à ce cœur… ». Dans cette réflexion, nous nous rendrons compte que la connexion entre les Arts sera un moyen louable pour renouveler le Désir et représenter la quiétude d’une âme souvent inquiétée par un Besoin jamais satisfait. Mots-clés : Peinture ; poésie ; représentation ; imagination ; critique

A proximate analysis and the assessment of mineral content of a dried snail called “Yet” (Cymbium sp) were conducted in this study. “Yet” is an important condiment in Senegalese culinary practice and is used to increase the taste of various dishes. The proximate analysis includes the determination of pH, fat, moisture and protein contents using the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The mineral contents were determined using the AOAC method based on atomic absorption spectrophotometry and includes levels of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg). The results of the proximate analysis revealed an acidic condiment with a pH value of 5.25, a moisture level of around 36.76% and fat and protein contents of 4.84 and 37.3%, respectively. Potassium was the most predominant mineral with a concentration of 666.42 mg/100 g.The other minerals includes Zn, Ca, Fe, Mg and Cu with levels of 0.77, 7.80, 0.30, 25.83 and 1.05 mg/100 g respectively. Even though the acidic pH is beneficial for the conservation of “Yet”, the high value of K might lead to health problems such as kidney failure, adrenal insufficiency and insulin deficiency. Consequently, the findings of this study, could be useful to sanitary authorities and nutritionists in the evaluation and recommendation of healthy diets to the population.

Methods proposed by pharmacopeias to check the quality of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets are multi steps methods which involve extraction and present issues with repeatability. An alternative method is proposed with a sensitive, reliable, simple and rapid UV-VISIBLE spectrophotometry method developed for the determination without extraction of chlorpheniramine maleate in tablets. The method was validated using the accuracy profile approach with an accuracy ranging from 99.70 to 100.46%. Analysis was done using 0.25 mol/L sulfuric acid, distilled water, and raw material in a room at 23 °C for 25 to 30 minutes. Chlorpheniramine maleate concentration varied from 0.018 to 0.03 mg/mL. The method was found to be specific with the appearance of the corresponding maxima at 265 nm and a correlation coefficient (R2 ) of 0.9993. Limits of detection and quantification were respectively 1.39 × 10-4and 2.26 × 10-3 mg/mL. The tolerance limits for the different concentration levels (75, 100 and 125%) were respectively: 88.37; 92.74 and91.62% for lower limits and 111.03; 108.17 and 108.02% for upper limits. It was observed that the tolerance limits were within the limits of acceptability set at 20%. Consequently, the method was declared valid and reliable for routine analysis of chlorpheniramine maleate in tablets containing chlorphenamine as active principle.Keywords : Chlorpheniramine maleate, tablets, accuracy profile, assay method without extraction, validation

Senegal is affected by a relatively high prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders, which compromises its social and economic development. To address this situation, the Universal Salt Iodization strategy was adopted by the Senegalese Government. The monitoring of salt iodine status is crucial to the success of such a program. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the iodine concentration of table salt from Senegalese households. A total of 1575 samples collected in urban and rural areas were analyzed using the iodometric method. The powdered salt samples showed higher mean iodine content (18.99 ppm) and lower percentage of non-compliance (58.4%) than the other salt types (p = 0.02). Most of the samples collected from urban area were found with iodine content between 15 and 39.9 ppm, whereas, in rural areas, the situation was significantly different (p = 0.01). Iodine levels of most samples were lower than 5 ppm in the rural producing area or varied between 5 to 14.9 ppm in the rural non-producing area. A percentage of 37.3% of adequately iodized salt samples was obtained at a national scale with a significant disparity between urban and rural areas. Therefore, improvements in quality control procedures in tandem with the iodization process are necessary and an information, education and communication strategy should be adopted.

Cucurbits are largely grown in tropical and subtropical areas for nutritional and medicinal purposes. In Senegal, two species, watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo), are cultivated and their use include consumption of flesh or the whole fruit. In general, people don’t give importance to seeds which can have nutritional properties of great interest. Hence, the relevance of this study whose objective is to assess the nutritional and therapeutic properties of seeds. For that purpose, the seeds of watermelon and pumpkin were air-dried, manually shelled, ground, and subjected to assays including physicochemical determination, characterization of oils, phytochemical screening and antioxidant analysis. Proteins (28.46 - 32.85 %), fat (36.3 - 39.7 %) and carbohydrates (23.6 - 13.9 %) were the main chemical components found in watermelon and pumpkin seeds. Micro-elements such as potassium, magnesium, phosphorous, calcium, and iron were also found with potassium showing the highest levels as 1026.07 and 635.00 mg/100 g for watermelon and pumpkin, respectively. Magnesium and phosphorous were the following minerals in terms of level content. The unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) were predominant in seed oils with the linoleic acid most representative as 73.01 and 35.90% for watermelon and pumpkin, respectively. From the saturated fatty acids (SFAs), the palmitic acid was the most important. Phytochemical components in seeds include the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins in the ethanolic extracts of pumpkin and watermelon seeds. Regarding to the radical scavenging activity, relatively close values have been obtained for fractions from the ethanolic watermelon extract, the aqueous fraction showing the highest antioxidant activity (26.82%). For pumpkin, the highest values were registered for ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions as 36.17 and 35.36%, respectively. Therefore, seeds from watermelons and pumpkin cultivated in Senegal exhibited interesting nutritional and antioxidant properties which argue in favor of their use to overcome malnutrition issues.

Pesticides are extensively used by farmers in the Niayes zone of Dakar regardless of good agricultural practices as evidenced by many authors. Some of them were either not registered or banned for ...

Autor analizuje, poprzez system kształcenia cudzoziemców w Polsce zagadnienie związane z kształceniem obywateli Senegalu w Polsce na przestrzeni ostatnich dekad XX w. oraz w pierwszych dekadach XXI w. Poza dostępnymi materiałami źródłowymi, publikacjami książkowymi oraz aktami prawnymi, autor wykorzystał również ankiety przeprowadzone wśród Senegalczyków-absolwentów polskich uczelni. W tekście przedstawiono historię oraz ewolucję systemu kształcenia cudzoziemców w Polsce od pierwszej połowie lat 50. do dzisiejszej Narodowej Agencji Wymiany Akademickiej (NAWA) oraz status prawny obcokrajowych studentów. Przedstawiono także relacje pomiędzy Polską a Senegalem. Liczba studentów senegalskich na uczelniach w Polsce, zarówno w przeszłości, jak i obecnie była i jest mała, jeśli nie znikoma. Autor uważa, że warto dołożyć wszelkich starań, aby to zmienić, ponieważ w dalszej perspektywie przyniesie to obopólne korzyści.

The major challenges in controlling the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in Guinea were contact tracing, referral of suspected cases, secure burial and mistrust in the context of a weak health system. Community involvement and uptake of key interventions were very low, contributing to the spread of the epidemic. A community engagement project, using community based organisations (CBOs) and community leaders, was implemented in four affected health districts in rural Guinea. This paper reports on the contribution of the CBOs and community leaders in controlling the EVD outbreak. Base-, mid- and end - line assessments were conducted using a mixed methods approach. In total, 422 CBOs members, 50 community leaders and 40 village birth attendants were engaged in social mobilisation, awareness raising, reaching 154,310 people and leading to the end of reluctance and mistrust. Thus, 95 suspected cases were referred to health facilities, contact tracing and secure burial increased from 88.0% to 96.6% and from 67% to 95.4%, respectively, and institutional deliveries increased from 637 to 806. Involvement of CBOs and community leaders against the EVD outbreak is an effective resource that should also be considered to better respond to possible large-scale epidemic threats in a fragile health system context.

Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) provide point-of-care medical diagnosis without sophisticated laboratory equipment, making them especially useful for community health workers (CHWs). Because the procedure for completing a malaria RDT is error-prone, CHWs are often asked to carry completed RDTs back to their supervisors. Doing so makes RDTs susceptible to deterioration and introduces inefficiencies in the CHWs' workflow. In this work, we propose a smartphone-based RDT capture app, RDTScan, that facilitates the collection of high-quality RDT images to support CHWs in the field. RDTScan does not require an external adapter to control the image capture environment, but instead provides real-time guidance using image processing to obtain the best image possible. During our evaluation study, we found that RDTScan had 98.1% sensitivity and 99.7% specificity against visual inspection of the RDTs. RDTScan helped CHWs capture high-quality RDT images within 18 seconds while enabling a better RDT workflow.

Recommended supplementation of salt with iodine and requirements for controlling iodised salt result in the necessary validation of the titrimetric method used for the quantification of this micron...

Introduction Successful and long-term positive impact of antiretroviral treatment requires high rates of adherence (> 90%). In Senegal, there is a lack of data regarding adherence to antiretroviral treatment and only a few studies have looked at the determinants. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and determinants contributing to antiretroviral (ARV) adherence among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected outpatients receiving care at four public hospitals in Dakar, Senegal. Methods A cross-sectional based study was carried out among HIV-positive ART adults in Dakar, Senegal. Patients were systematically sampled during either their clinical visits or visit to collect ARV drugs from six public hospitals and data collected with a questionnaire. The study outcome was adherence to antiretroviral treatment assessed by a multiple approach method which combined three self-reported adherence tools: self-reporting, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ). Data were entered with an Excel spreadsheet and transferred to STATA for descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis. All the statistical tests were done at the threshold level of 0.05. Results A total of 150 HIV-positive patients on first line ART regimen at six public health facilities were enrolled into the study. The mean age of patients was 43.1 years with a sex ratio of 0.3. Most of the patients were prescribed Tenofovir-based regimen. Of these patients, 26.67% were found to be highly adherent. After adjusting for health-related variables, demographic and socio-economic variables, better adherence was associated with participating actively within an association of persons living with HIV (AoR=2.89; 95% CI: 1.04 - 7.99; p value 0.041) while being widowed patient was associated with lower adherence (AoR=0.17; 95% CI: 0.03 - 0.94; p value 0.043). Conclusion Our study findings imply that adherence should be routinely assessed during medical visits. Ongoing strategies to improve adherence such as out-of-clinic group-based models or psychological support should be directed toward outpatients' clinics to assist in improving adherence and long term virologic suppression in Senegal.

In Senegal, social-economic changes have likely affected dietary habits. As in many parts of the world, Senegalese children consume significant amounts of food between main meals (snacking) with a wide consumption of soft drinks and chips products which can have negative effects on children sanitary health. This study aims at investigating some dietary habits of Senegalese school-age children and the nutritional composition of some snacking products to alleviate nutrition and health issues caused by food quality. A survey was carried out in schools in some districts of Dakar and allowed to identify the most consumed soft drinks and chips from which samples were taken and subjected to physicochemical analysis. Snacking was a common habit in Senegalese school-age children with 68% declaring regular consumption of chips and 88% that of sweetened drinks. The main component in soft drinks after water was carbohydrates with contents ranging between 6.50 ± 0.27 and 13.75 ± 0.01% and energy values varying between 26.00 ± 1.09 and 54.99 ± 0.04 kcal/100g. Some minerals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and calcium were also present with levels comprised between 4.35 ± 0.15 mg/100g to 167.41 ± 9.50 mg/100g. The ranges were: Mg (8.26 ± 0.23-12.11 ± 0.84), Na (4.35 ± 0.15-8.18 ± 0.10), K (4.50 ± 0.35-8.18 ± 0.52) and Ca (120.51 ± 10.90-167.41 ± 9.50). The macronutrients in chips were proteins (5.95 ± 0.10 - 10.70 ± 0.05%), fat (19.86 ± 0.65 - 35.94 ± 0.01%), carbohydrates (47.43 ± 0.44 - 64.65 ± 0.78%) and dietary fiber (1.55 ± 0.10 - 2.13 ± 0.23%). Sodium and potassium were also present with levels of 580.04 ± 23.98 to 692.97 ± 40.78 mg/100g for sodium and 159.84 ± 6.86 to 318.57 ± 1.09 mg/100g for potassium. The results of this study can help orient the strategies to put into effect in order to inform children and their parents on the best diets to adopt for a healthy and quality life.

This study aimed at validating an analytical method, using the accuracy profile approach, for the assay of chlorphenamine maleate by capillary electrophoresis. The validation was done using concentrations ranging between 75% and 125% of the target concentration of 600 mg/ml. Validation standards were prepared separately in triplicate for each series. Studied validation criteria were selectivity, linearity, trueness, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), accuracy and limits of detection and quantification. The method was selective, with recoveries ranging between 99.55% and 99.84%. The relative standard deviations of repeatability and intermediate precision were

A new simple, sensitive, precise, economic and “green” spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of quinine both as a bulk drug and in tablet formulations was developed and validated using water as solvent. At a predetermined excitation wavelength (330 nm) and emission wavelength (380 nm), it was proved linear in the concentration range of 50-500 ng/mL, exhibited good correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.999) and excellent mean recovery (97.5-103%). The results of the recovery studies showed that the method was not affected by the presence of common excipients. The method was applied for the analysis of the drug in the pure, tablet and injectable forms. The method was validated for precision, accuracy and recovery studies. Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification for quinine were found to be 16.6 ng/mL and 19.8 ng/mL respectively. The method has been successfully applied for the analysis of marketed formulations available in Senegal. © 2013 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Spectrofluorometric analysis, validation, quinine, green method.

Les plantes traditionnelles presentent generalement de nombreuses proprietes therapeutiques. L’objectif de la presente etude consistait a evaluer l’activite antioxydante des extraits des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis et de Saba senegalensis par spectrophotometrie moleculaire au moyen des methodes de piegeage des radicaux libres 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyle (DPPH • ) et acide 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonique) (ABTS +• ). Une extraction ethanolique des feuilles de ces deux plantes a ete effectuee au Soxhlet. Les deux extraits secs, redissouts dans de l’eau, ont ete fractionnes en utilisant successivement l’hexane, le dichloromethane et l’acetate d’ethyle. Les proprietes antioxydantes des extraits et celles de leurs differentes fractions ont ete evaluees a differentes concentrations : 5, 10, 25 et 150 μg/ml. Les pourcentages d’inhibition (PI) expriment l’effet antioxydant mesure. Une activite de piegeage des deux radicaux libres a ete associee aux deux extraits et a l’ensemble des fractions. Pour les tests d’inhibition de l’absorbance du radical DPPH • , les PI ont varie de (22,20±0,03)% a (91,30±0,08)%. Avec le radical ABTS +• , les PI ont varie de (54,37±0,02)% a (99,13±0,01)%. Les extraits ethanoliques des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis et de Saba senegalensis et leurs differentes fractions presentent ainsi un pouvoir antioxydant. © 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Plante medicinale, ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid)), DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyle), spectrophotometrie moleculaire English Title: Antioxidant activity of leaves extracts of Aphania senegalensis (Sapindaceae) and Saba senegalensis (Apocynaceae) English Abstract Several therapeutic properties are often associated with traditional plants. The antioxidant properties of Aphania senegalensis and Saba senegalensis leaf extracts were evaluated by molecular spectrophotometry and using two radical scavenging methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and 2,2’-azino bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The leaves of each plant were extracted with ethanol using a Soxhlet extractor apparatus. The two dry ethanolic extracts were dissolved in water then fractionated using successively hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activities of the extracts and their different fractions were determined at various concentrations: 5, 10, 25 and 150 μg/ml. The antioxidant capacity was expressed as percent inhibition (PI). The extracts and their different fractions scavenged DPPH • and ABTS +• free radicals. The DPPH assay showed PI varying from 22.20±0.03% to 91.30±0.08%. With the ABTS +• radical, the PI varied from 54.37±0.02% to 99.13±0.01%. The ethanolic extracts of Aphania senegalensis and Saba senegalensis as well as their fractions showed antioxidant capacities. © 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Medicinal plant, ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid)), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), molecular spectrophotometry

The use of alcohol-based hand rubis an indirect marker of the effective implementation of hand hygiene. Caregivers are in direct contact with patients on a daily basis and use thealcohol-based hand rub during health care. Discomforts of use of this product seem to be reported by some practitioners.