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Abstract Background A short cervix in mid-trimester pregnancy is a risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth. However, there is currently a lack of predictive models and classification systems for predicting spontaneous preterm birth in these patients, especially those without additional risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth. Methods A retrospective observational cohort study of low-risk singleton pregnant women with a short cervix (≤ 25 mm) measured by transvaginal ultrasonography between 22 and 24 weeks was conducted. A multivariate logistic regression model for spontaneous preterm birth 146, respectively. The predicted probabilities of spontaneous preterm birth

Abstract We aimed to investigate the preventive effect of vitamin D2 on COVID-19 and the improvement of symptoms after COVID-19 infection. The study recruited 228 health care workers who tested negative PCR or antigen for COVID-19. Subjects were randomly allocated to vitamin D2 or non-intervention at a ratio 1:1. Subjects recorded PCR or antigen tests and the symptoms of COVID-19 twice a week during the follow-up visit. The concentration of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), C-reaction protein (CRP), complement component C1q and inflammatory cytokines were measured. The rates of COVID-19 infection were 50.5% in the vitamin D2 group and 52.4% in the non-intervention group (P = 0.785). There was no difference in the COVID-19 symptoms between the two groups. The mean 25(OH)D level significantly increased from 14.1 to 31.1 ng/mL after administration (P 30 ng/mL) and deficient groups (

Abstract The analysis of genomic variations in offspring after implantation has been infrequently studied. In this study, we aim to investigate the extent of de novo mutations in humans from developing fetus to birth. Using high-depth whole-genome sequencing, 443 parent-offspring trios were studied to compare the results of de novo mutations (DNMs) between different groups. The focus was on fetuses and newborns, with DNA samples obtained from the families’ blood and the aspirated embryonic tissues subjected to deep sequencing. It was observed that the average number of total DNMs in the newborns group was 56.26 (54.17–58.35), which appeared to be lower than that the multifetal reduction group, which was 76.05 (69.70–82.40) (F = 2.42, P = 0.12). However, after adjusting for parental age and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), significant differences were found between the two groups. The analysis was further divided into single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertion/deletion of a small number of bases (indels), and it was discovered that the average number of de novo SNVs associated with the multifetal reduction group and the newborn group was 49.89 (45.59–54.20) and 51.09 (49.22–52.96), respectively. No significant differences were noted between the groups (F = 1.01, P = 0.32). However, a significant difference was observed for de novo indels, with a higher average number found in the multifetal reduction group compared to the newborn group (F = 194.17, P

Abstract Anion-intercalation lithium metal batteries (AILMBs) are appealing due to their low cost and fast intercalation/de-intercalation kinetics of graphite cathodes. However, the safety and cycliability of existing AILMBs are constrained by the scarcity of compatible electrolytes. Herein, we showcase that a difluoroester can be applied as electrolyte solvent to realize high-performance AILMBs, which not only endows high oxidation resistance, but also efficiently tunes the solvation shell to enable highly reversible and kinetically fast cathode reaction beyond the trifluoro counterpart. The difluoroester-based electrolyte demonstrates nonflammability, high ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability, along with excellent electrode compatibility. The Li| |graphite AILMBs reach a high durability of 10000 cycles with only a 0.00128% capacity loss per cycle under fast-cycling of 1 A g−1, and retain ~63% of room-temperature capacity when discharging at −65 °C, meanwhile supply stable power output under deformation and overcharge conditions. The electrolyte design paves a promising path toward fast-rate, low-temperature, durable, and safe AILMBs.

Abstract Background Cerebral ischemic disease is a common cerebrovascular disease, especially ischemic stroke. Exercise has protective functions on brain tissues following cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury (CIRI), but its preventive effects and mechanisms in CIRI remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of exercise preconditioning on CIRI. Methods The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) operation was prepared to establish CIRI rats. All rats were randomized into the MCAO, exercise (exercise preconditioning plus MCAO operation), vector (exercise preconditioning, MCAO operation plus intraventricular injection of empty vector), and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 1 overexpression (OE‐TIMP1, exercise preconditioning, MCAO operation plus intraventricular injection of OE‐TIMP1) groups. Results The results indicated that exercise preconditioning suppressed approximately 66.67% of neurological deficit scores and 73.79% of TIMP1 mRNA expression in MCAO rats, which were partially offset by OE‐TIMP1. The protective effects of exercise against neuron death status and cerebral infarction size in MCAO rats were reversed by OE‐TIMP1. It also confirmed that exercise weakened apoptosis and oxidative stress damage, with notable increases of B‐cell lymphoma‐2, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase production, and evident decreases of BCL2‐associated X, caspase 3, and malondialdehyde in MCAO rats, while these effects were partially reversed by OE‐TIMP1. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of exercise on the protein levels of TIMP1, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 in MCAO rats were partially reversed by OE‐TIMP1. Conclusion Altogether, exercise preconditioning had protective effects on CIRI by restraining TIMP1, which provided new therapeutic strategies for preventing CIRI.

Abstract Introduction Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) often leads to deleterious complications after stroke patients receive reperfusion therapy. Exercise preconditioning (EP) has been reported to facilitate brain function recovery. We aim to explore the specific mechanism of EP in CIRI. Methods Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomized into Sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and EP groups (n = 11). The rats in the EP group received adaptive training for 3 days (10 m/min, 20 min/day, with a 0° incline) and formal training for 3 weeks (6 days/week, 25 m/min, 30 min/day, with a 0° incline). Then, rats underwent MCAO surgery to establish CIRI models. After 48 h, neurological deficits and cerebral infarction of the rats were measured. Neuronal death and apoptosis in the cerebral cortices were detected. Furthermore, RNA sequencing was conducted to investigate the specific mechanism of EP on CIRI, and qPCR and Western blotting were further applied to confirm RNA sequencing results. Results EP improved neurological deficit scores and reduced cerebral infarction in MCAO rats. Additionally, pre‐ischemic exercise also alleviated neuronal death and apoptosis of the cerebral cortices in MCAO rats. Importantly, 17 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through RNA sequencing, and these DEGs were mainly enriched in the HIF‐1 pathway, cellular senescence, proteoglycans in cancer, and so on. qPCR and Western blotting further confirmed that EP could suppress TIMP1, SOCS3, ANGPTL4, CDO1, and SERPINE1 expressions in MCAO rats. Conclusion EP can improve CIRI in vivo, the mechanism may relate to TIMP1 expression and HIF‐1 pathway, which provided novel targets for CIRI treatment.

Abstract Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is gradually becoming a huge threat to public health. With complex working characteristics, female nurses had been found with high risk of NAFLD. To develop and validate a prediction model to predict the prevalence of NAFLD based on demographic characteristics, work situation, daily lifestyle and laboratory tests in female nurses. Methods This study was a part of the Chinese Nurse Cohort Study (The National Nurse Health Study, NNHS), and data were extracted from the first-year follow data collected from 1st June to 1st September 2021 by questionnaires and physical examination records in a comprehensive tertiary hospital. The questionnaires included demographic characteristics, work situation and daily lifestyle. Logistic regression and a nomogram were used to develop and validate the prediction model. Results A total of 824 female nurses were included in this study. Living situation, smoking history, monthly night shift, daily sleep time, ALT/AST, FBG, TG, HDL-C, UA, BMI, TBil and Ca were independent risk factors for NAFLD occurance. A prediction model for predicting the prevalence of NAFLD among female nurses was developed and verified in this study. Conclusion Living situation, smoking history, monthly night shift, daily sleep time, ALT/AST, FBG, TG, UA, BMI and Ca were independent predictors, while HDL-C and Tbil were independent protective indicators of NAFLD occurance. The prediction model and nomogram could be applied to predict the prevalence of NAFLD among female nurses, which could be used in health improvement. Trial registration This study was a part of the Chinese Nurse Cohort Study (The National Nurse Health Study, NNHS), which was a ambispective cohort study contained past data and registered at Clinicaltrials.gov ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04572347 ) and the China Cohort Consortium ( http://chinacohort.bjmu.edu.cn/project/102/ ).

Abstract Nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes promise ultrahigh energy density but is plagued by the mechanical failure of the secondary particle upon (de)lithiation. Existing approaches for alleviating the structural degradation could retard pulverization, yet fail to tune the stress distribution and root out the formation of cracks. Herein, we report a unique strategy to uniformize the stress distribution in secondary particle via Kirkendall effect to stabilize the core region during electrochemical cycling. Exotic metal/metalloid oxides (such as Al2O3 or SiO2) is introduced as the heterogeneous nucleation seeds for the preferential growth of the precursor. The calcination treatment afterwards generates a dopant-rich interior structure with central Kirkendall void, due to the different diffusivity between the exotic element and nickel atom. The resulting cathode material exhibits superior structural and electrochemical reversibility, thus contributing to a high specific energy density (based on cathode) of 660 Wh kg−1 after 500 cycles with a retention rate of 86%. This study suggests that uniformizing stress distribution represents a promising pathway to tackle the structural instability facing nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes.

Abstract All-solid-state lithium batteries have attracted widespread attention for next-generation energy storage, potentially providing enhanced safety and cycling stability. The performance of such batteries relies on solid electrolyte materials; hence many structures/phases are being investigated with increasing compositional complexity. Among the various solid electrolytes, lithium halides show promising ionic conductivity and cathode compatibility, however, there are no effective guidelines when moving toward complex compositions that go beyond ab-initio modeling. Here, we show that ionic potential, the ratio of charge number and ion radius, can effectively capture the key interactions within halide materials, making it possible to guide the design of the representative crystal structures. This is demonstrated by the preparation of a family of complex layered halides that combine an enhanced conductivity with a favorable isometric morphology, induced by the high configurational entropy. This work provides insights into the characteristics of complex halide phases and presents a methodology for designing solid materials.

Digital transformation has become an inevitable choice for enterprises to survive and compete. This article aims to investigate mechanisms and impacts of peer effects in digital transformation within supply chain networks. Using a sample of listed companies in China from 2011 to 2020, the findings suggest the existence of peer effects in the digital transformation of enterprises within supply chain networks. These effects become more significant as the perception of uncertainty and environmental uncertainty increase. Further analysis reveals that the greater the disparity in discourse power and the degree of digital transformation among peer enterprises within the supply chain, the stronger the peer effects. The study also examines various scenarios in which enterprises operate, finding that greater supply chain stability significantly enhances the peer effects of digital transformation. Heterogeneity tests indicate that peer effects in digital transformation are more evident when peer enterprises within the supply chain are located in different regions, operate in different industries, are non-state-owned, have directorial connections and common institutional ownership, and possess fluctuating executive teams. Additionally, the study discusses the spillover effects of digitalization among peer enterprises on the focal company. This research provides a micro-level exploration of the peer effects of digital transformation from a supply chain perspective, offering theoretical references and practical insights for enterprises seeking to achieve digital transformation.

Objectives Spleen is involved in multiple diseases, the role of the spleen and spleen-derived factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still not clarified.

Abstract Low temperatures severely impair the performance of lithium-ion batteries, which demand powerful electrolytes with wide liquidity ranges, facilitated ion diffusion, and lower desolvation energy. The keys lie in establishing mild interactions between Li+ and solvent molecules internally, which are hard to achieve in commercial ethylene-carbonate based electrolytes. Herein, we tailor the solvation structure with low-ε solvent-dominated coordination, and unlock ethylene-carbonate via electronegativity regulation of carbonyl oxygen. The modified electrolyte exhibits high ion conductivity (1.46 mS·cm−1) at −90 °C, and remains liquid at −110 °C. Consequently, 4.5 V graphite-based pouch cells achieve ~98% capacity over 200 cycles at −10 °C without lithium dendrite. These cells also retain ~60% of their room-temperature discharge capacity at −70 °C, and miraculously retain discharge functionality even at ~−100 °C after being fully charged at 25 °C. This strategy of disrupting solvation dominance of ethylene-carbonate through molecular charge engineering, opens new avenues for advanced electrolyte design.

High-voltage initial anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs) promise the maximized energy densities of rechargeable lithium batteries. However, the reversibility of the high-voltage cathode and lithium metal anode is unsatisfactory in sustaining their long lifespan. In this research, a concentrated electrolyte comprising dual salts of LiTFSI and LiDFOB dissolved in mixing solvents of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) with a LiNO3 additive was formulated to address this challenge. FEC and LiNO3 regulate the anion-rich solvation structure and help form a LiF, Li3N-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with a high lithium plating/stripping Coulombic efficiency of 98.3%. LiDFOB preferentially decomposes to effectively suppress the side reaction at the high-voltage operation of the Li-rich Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 cathode. Moreover, the large irreversible capacity during the initial charge/discharge cycle of the cathode provides supplementary lithium sources for cycle life extension. Owing to these merits, the as-fabricated AFLMBs can operate stably for 80 cycles even at an ultrahigh voltage of 4.6 V. This study sheds new insights on the formulation of advanced electrolytes for highly reversible high-voltage cathodes and lithium metal anodes and could facilitate the practical application of AFLMBs.

Xylanase plays a key role in degrading plant cell wall during pathogenic fungi infection. Here, we identified a xylanase gene, VmXyl2 from the transcriptome of Valsa mali and examined its function. VmXyl2 has highly elevated transcript levels during the infection process of V. mali, with 15.02-fold increase. Deletion mutants of the gene were generated to investigate the necessity of VmXyl2 in the development and pathogenicity of V. mali. The VmXyl2 deletion mutant considerably reduced the virulence of V. mali in apple leaves and in twigs, accompanied by 41.22% decrease in xylanase activity. In addition, we found that VmXyl2 induces plant cell necrosis regardless of its xylanase activity, whereas promoting the infection of V. mali in apple tissues. The cell death-inducing activity of VmXyl2 dependent on BRI1-associated kinase-1 (BAK1) but not Suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1). Furthermore, VmXyl2 interacts with Mp2 in vivo, a receptor-like kinase with leucine-rich repeat. The results offer valuable insights into the roles of VmXyl2 in the pathogenicity of V. mali during its infection of apple trees.

Microneedles (MNs) prepared from polymeric materials are painless and minimally invasive, safe and efficient, but they hindered by low mechanical strength and single diverse drug release pattern. Due to the distinctive mechanical strength and dimensions of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), the integration of nano-technology with microneedles can effectively improve penetration and delivery efficiency through the stratum corneum. We herein designed a simple paroxetine (PAX)-loaded PLGA nanoparticles-integrated dissolving microneedles system (PAX-NPs-DMNs), aiming to improve the bioavailability of PAX through the synergistic permeation-enhancing effect of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) and NPs. PAX-NPs-DMNs had a complete tips molding rate (Neff) of (94.06 ± 2.16) %, a 15×15 quadrangular-conical microneedle array and an overall fracture force of 301.10 N, which were improved nearly 0.50 times compared with the blank microneedles (HA-DMNs) and PAX microneedles (PAX-DMNs). PAX-NPs-DMNs could extend the release duration of PAX from 1 h to 24 h and the cumulative permeability per unit area (Qn) was 47.66 times and 7.37 times higher than the PAX and the PAX-DMNs groups. PAX-NPs-DMNs could be rapidly dissolved within 10 min without hindering skin healing or causing adverse reactions. This study confirmed that PAX-NPs-DMNs can effectively improve the bioavailability of PAX and the mechanical strength of DMNs, which can easily penetrate the skin to provide sustained and painless delivery without causing adverse effects, thus offering a more convenient and effective method for central nervous diseases.

Understanding the behavior of lithium-ion battery electrolytes during thermal runaway is essential for designing safer batteries. However, current reports on electrolyte decomposition behaviors often focus on reactions with electrode materials. Herein we use quantum chemical calculations to develop a model for the thermal decomposition mechanism of electrolytes under both electrolyte and ambient atmosphere conditions. The thermal stability is found to be associated with the dielectric constants of electrolyte constituents. Within the electrolyte, the solvation effects between molecules increase electrolyte stability, making thermal decomposition a more difficult process. Furthermore, Li+ is observed to facilitate electrolyte thermal decomposition, as the energy required for the thermal decomposition reactions of molecules decreases when they are bonded with Li+. It is hoped that this study will offer a theoretical basis for understanding the complex reactions occurring during thermal runaway events.

Abstract Direct band gap GeSn alloys have recently emerged as promising lasing source materials for monolithic integration on Si substrate. In this work, optically pumped mid-infrared GeSn lasers were studied with the observation of dual-wavelength lasing at 2187 nm and 2460 nm. Two simultaneous lasing regions include a GeSn buffer layer (bulk) and a SiGeSn/GeSn multiple quantum well structure that were grown seamlessly using a chemical vapor deposition reactor. The onset of dual lasing occurs at 420 kW/cm2. The wider bandgap SiGeSn partitioning barrier enables the independent operation of two gain regions. While the better performance device in terms of lower threshold may be obtained by using two MQW regions design, the preliminary results and discussions in this work paves a way towards all-group-IV dual wavelength lasers monolithically integrated on Si substrate.

The attainment of carbon neutrality requires the development of aqueous energy conversion and storage devices. However, these devices exhibit limited performance due to the permeability–selectivity trade-off of permselective membranes as core components. Herein, we report the application of a synergistic approach utilizing two-dimensional nanoribbons-entangled nanosheets to rationally balance the permeability and selectivity in permselective membranes. The nanoribbons and nanosheets can be self-assembled into a nanofluidic membrane with a distinctive “island-bridge” configuration, where the nanosheets serve as isolated islands offering adequate ionic selectivity owing to their high surface charge density, meanwhile bridge-like nanoribbons with low surface charge density but high aspect ratio remarkably enhance the membrane’s permeability and water stability, as verified by molecular simulations and experimental investigations. Using this approach, we developed a high-performance graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet/GO nanoribbon (GONR) nanofluidic membrane and achieved an ultrahigh power density of 18.1 W m–2 in a natural seawater|river water osmotic power generator, along with a high Coulombic efficiency and an extended lifespan in zinc metal batteries. The validity of our island-bridge structural design is also demonstrated for other nanosheet/nanoribbon composite membranes, providing a promising path for developing reliable aqueous energy conversion and storage devices.

Abstract The lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is a potentially valuable resource and a significant environmental pollutant. Unfortunately, most of the LiPF6 in a spent LIB is difficult to extract because the electrolyte is strongly adsorbed by the cathode, anode, and separator. Storing extracted electrolyte is also challenging because it contains LiPF6, which promotes the decomposition of the solvent. Here we show that electrolytes in spent LIBs can be collected by a less polar solvent dimethyl carbonate (DMC) wash, and LiPF6 can be concentrated by simple aqueous extraction by lowering ethylene carbonate (EC) content in the recycled electrolyte. Due to the similar dielectric constant of EC and water, reducing the content of EC in LIB electrolytes, or even eliminating it, facilitates the separation of water and electrolyte, thus enabling the lithium salts in the electrolyte to be separated from the organic solvent. The lithium salt extracting efficiency achieved in this way can be as high as 99.8%, and fluorine and phosphorus of LiPF6 can be fixed in the form of stable metal fluoride and phosphate by hydrothermal method. The same strategy can be used in industrial waste electrolyte recycling by diluting the waste with DMC and extracting the resulting solution with water. This work thus reveals a new route for waste electrolyte treatment and will also support the development of advanced EC‐free electrolytes for high‐performance, safe, and easily recyclable LIBs.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been commercialized in 2023 and are expected to capture a substantial market share in the future. However, the material systems in SIBs are very similar to those in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which necessitate consideration of recycling in terms of safety issues, environmental concerns, and economic values. In this study, we present the first evaluations of the disassembly of spent commercialized SIBs and the leaching and regeneration of their cathode material (NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2). We find that pretreatment of SIBs recycling offers advantages, particularly in separating the cathode and removing impurities from the material surface. The primary challenge in recycling is that failed cathode materials are difficult to dissolve in traditional inorganic acids, with an extraction rate of only 57.4% even when a reducing agent is added. Fortunately, there is a possibility for the failed NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 regeneration. By replenishing sodium and repairing the structure through thermal treatment, the capacity can be restored to 109.4 mAh g−1, with potential practical applications. Economic analysis indicates that the recycling of spent SIBs through cathode material regeneration results in a profit of $3.76 kg−1 battery, even surpassing the $2.64 kg−1 battery profit from LIB recycling. We hope that this research will provide a foundation for SIB recycling.

Ductile cast iron pipes (DCIPs) are widely utilized in water and gas supply due to their exceptional mechanical and material properties. Quality control during production is paramount for optimal performance, with surface defect detection being of utmost importance. Currently, production sites primarily rely on manual visual inspection, which presents several challenges, including high labor intensity, low efficiency, and subjectivity in defect judgment. 2D detection algorithms based on single images struggle to effectively detect small defects such as pores, pinholes, and scratches, resulting in high missed detection rates and vulnerability to interference from oil and water stains. To address these issues, this paper proposes a symmetrical twin-light photometric stereo (TLPS) detection algorithm based on photometric stereo theory, and image correction algorithm for mitigating the effects of ambient light. A visual inspection prototype system was designed and successfully implemented at a production site. The system comprises eight visual inspection units, each equipped with a high-speed line scan camera and two bar light sources for image acquisition of moving DCIP. Under the Lambertian model and parallel light source assumption, the gradient expression in the texture direction of the DCIP surface is derived based on light source symmetry. Production experiment results demonstrate that the gradient map obtained through the proposed TLPS effectively enhances defect contrast and accurately detects and locates micro defects such as pores, pinholes, and scratches on cast pipe surfaces. This verifies the effectiveness of the TLPS algorithm, addresses the shortcomings of traditional 2D detection algorithms, and lays the foundation for subsequent online detection of DCIP surface defects.

AbstractBackground Decreased dietary protein intake (DPI) may lead to protein-energy malnutrition and may be associated with increased mortality risk. We hypothesized that longitudinal changes in dietary protein intake have independent associations with survival in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.Methods 668 stable PD patients were selected in the study from January 2006 to January 2018 and were followed up until December 2019. Their three-day dietary records were collected at the baseline (the sixth month after PD) and thereafter every 3 months for two and a half years. The latent class mixed models (LCMM) were used to identify subgroups of PD patients with similar longitudinal trajectories of DPI. The relation between DPI (baseline and longitudinal data) and survival was examined using Cox model to estimate death hazard ratios. Meanwhile, different formulae were used to assess nitrogen balance.Results The results showed that baseline DPI ≤ 0.60g/kg/day was associated with the worst outcome in PD patients. Patients with DPI 0.80–0.99g/kg/day and DPI ≥ 1.0g/kg/day both presented positive nitrogen balance; patients with DPI 0.61–0.79g/kg/day presented obviously negative nitrogen balance. Longitudinal association between time-dependent DPI and survival was found in PD patients. The consistently low DPI' (0.61–0.79g/kg/d) group was correlated with increased death risk as compared with the 'consistently median DPI' group (0.80–0.99g/kg/d, HR = 1.59, p = 0.008), whereas there was no difference in survival between 'consistently median DPI' group and 'high-level DPI' group (≥1.0 g/kg/d, p > 0.05).Conclusion Our study revealed that DPI ≥ 0.8 g/kg/day was beneficial to the long-term outcome for the PD population.

Summary: Purpose: Ankle pump exercises (APE) have been widely used in clinical practice. However, best practices for APE have not been established. Recognize the most effective frequency of APE for improving lower extremity hemodynamics and establish recommendations in clinical practice. Methods: Therefore, a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed according to PRISMA-NMA. Six English databases (Pubmed, Medline, CINAHL, Embase, the Cochrane library and ProQuest) and four Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and Sinomed) were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies investigating the effects of different frequencies of APE on lower limb hemodynamics published before July 2022 were included. The reference list was also searched. Seven studies (one RCTs and six quasi-experimental studies) were included in the systematic review and five studies (one RCTs and four quasi-experimental studies) were included in the NMA. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane and Joanna Briggs Institute tools. The NMA was performed using the R software (version 4.2.1) and OpenBUGS (version 3.2.3). Results: The results of the NMA showed that a frequency of every 3–4 s the most effective in improving lower extremity hemodynamics (P =.85), followed by every 1–2 s (P = .81), every 5–6 s (P=.32) and less than every 10 s (P =.02). Subgroup analysis failed to find a difference between healthy participants and those with unilateral total hip arthroplasty or fracture (MD = −0.23, 95% CI-5.92 to 4.61). Conclusions: Consequencely, for adult patients, with or without lower extremity disease, a frequency of every 3–4 s can be recommended as the optimal frequency of APE in clinical care practice. Registered number on PROSPERO: CRD42022349365. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=349365.

Abstract Aqueous Zn-ion batteries have attracted increasing research interest; however, the development of these batteries has been hindered by several challenges, including dendrite growth, Zn corrosion, cathode material degradation, limited temperature adaptability and electrochemical stability window, which are associated with water activity and the solvation structure of electrolytes. Here we report that water activity is suppressed by increasing the electron density of the water protons through interactions with highly polar dimethylacetamide and trimethyl phosphate molecules. Meanwhile, the Zn corrosion in the hybrid electrolyte is mitigated, and the electrochemical stability window and the operating temperature of the electrolyte are extended. The dimethylacetamide alters the surface energy of Zn, guiding the (002) plane dominated deposition of Zn. Molecular dynamics simulation evidences Zn2+ ions are solvated with fewer water molecules, resulting in lower lattice strain in the NaV3O8·1.5H2O cathode during the insertion of hydrated Zn2+ ions, boosting the lifespan of Zn|| NaV3O8·1.5H2O cell to 3000 cycles.

There are abundant wind resources in cold regions. Therefore, it is essential to systematically study some icing situation of wind turbines blades (especially the blade tip area) to reduce the loss of wind turbines blades caused by faults, which has important significance to the development and utilization of superior wind power resources in alpine regions in the future. An S8025 airfoil blade was used as this research object to research this influence of different loads on this typical vibration performance of a wind turbines with blade tip icing. The results display that the tip area of these wind turbines will be covered with ice because of the small chord length. Blade tip icing results in an increase in blade mass, blade stiffness, blade torsional stiffness, and other parameters, and the low-order vibration frequencies decreases while the high-order vibration frequencies increases. The centrifugal force load significantly affects the vibration performance of a wind turbines with blade tip icing. The results can be used as a reference to improve the deicing of wind turbines blade tips.

Objective: To investigate the factors influencing preterm birth in patients after ultrasound-indicated cerclage with different cervical lengths (CL), and explore the optimal cut-off value of CL. Materials and methods: The retrospective study included 87 pregnant women with a history of preterm birth and second-trimester loss that received ultrasound-indicated cerclage in our hospital between January 2004 and April 2021. Groups were divided by CL at the demarcation point of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 cm respectively. The pregnancy outcomes were compared. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the independent influence factors. Receiver–operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed and the area under the curve (AUC) was used to compare the prediction capability of the associated factors. Results: Significant difference was found in terms of patients delivered at ≥32 weeks of gestation (19 [55.9%]vs. 41 [77.4%], p 5 mg/L (OR = 8.097, p 5 mg/L was found to be a significant independent risk factor for different gestational age at delivery. Conclusions: A CL of 1.5 cm was the optimal cut-off value that could help women who underwent serial CL surveillance choose ultrasound-indicated cerclage at an appropriate time. High BMI, more history of preterm birth and second-trimester loss and abnormal CRP could be used as combined predictors to recognize the risk of preterm birth (

Aliphatic glucosinolates are an abundant group of plant secondary metabolites in Brassica vegetables, with some of their degradation products demonstrating significant anti-cancer effects. The transcription factors MYB28 and MYB29 play key roles in the transcriptional regulation of aliphatic glucosinolates biosynthesis, but little is known about whether BoMYB28 and BoMYB29 are also modulated by upstream regulators or how, nor their gene regulatory networks. In this study, we first explored the hierarchical transcriptional regulatory networks of MYB28 and MYB29 in a model plant, then systemically screened the regulators of the three BoMYB28 homologs in cabbage using a yeast one-hybrid. Furthermore, we selected a novel RNA binding protein, BoRHON1, to functionally validate its roles in modulating aliphatic glucosinolates biosynthesis. Importantly, BoRHON1 induced the accumulation of all detectable aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates, and the net photosynthetic rates of BoRHON1 overexpression lines were significantly increased. Interestingly, the growth and biomass of these overexpression lines of BoRHON1 remained the same as those of the control plants. BoRHON1 was shown to be a novel, potent, positive regulator of glucosinolates biosynthesis, as well as a novel regulator of normal plant growth and development, while significantly increasing plants’ defense costs.

Induction-heating graphitization furnaces are widely used to produce high-purity graphite products due to their high heating rate, high-limit temperatures, safety, cleanliness, and precise control. However, the existing induction-heating systems based on copper coils have limited energy efficiency. This paper proposes a new induction-heating graphitization furnace based on graphene coils. Due to the excellent high-temperature resistance of the macroscopic graphene material, the coil can be placed closer to the graphite heater, which improves the electromagnetic efficiency; the coil itself does not need to pass cooling water, which reduces the heat loss of the furnace and ultimately results in a higher energy efficiency of the induction furnace. In this paper, a numerical model of the induction-heating process is established and verified, the temperature-field and electromagnetic-field distributions of the heating process are analyzed by using the model, and the energy balance calculations are performed for the original furnace and the new furnace. Through a comparison, it was found that the new furnace possesses an electromagnetic efficiency of 84.87% and a thermal efficiency of 20.82%, and it can reduce the energy consumption by 33.34%, compared with the original furnace. In addition, the influence of the coil parameters on the performance of the induction furnace is discussed. By changing the coil conductivity, the induction furnace can achieve an energy efficiency of 17.76%–18.11%. This study provides new ideas for the application of macroscopic graphene materials in high-temperature induction heating.

ObjectivesTo investigate the occurrence rate of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the early phase after performing intermittent catheterization (IC) and to explore the possible factors associated with UTIs after performing IC among people with spinal cord injury (SCI).SettingAn inpatient rehabilitation department of a teaching hospital in China.DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsA retrospective chart review was carried out for traumatic and non-traumatic SCI patients after performing IC during their inpatient stay. Demographic information, comorbidity of diabetes, urine analysis results before IC, method of IC (sterile or clean), use of bladder irrigation, cessation of IC and its reasons, and UTI events were collected.ResultsA total of 183 adult individuals were included, of which 60 (32.8%) of them were women. The median age was 49.0 years. The median time post-injury was 2 months. The overall occurrence rate of UTI after performing IC was 1.31 (95% confidence intervals: 0.96–1.77) events per 100 days. Sixty-nine (37.7%) patients discontinued IC during hospitalization, and UTIs were the leading reason for cessation (50.7%). Female sex, use of antibiotics for infections other than UTI, and use of bladder irrigation were found to be associated with a lower occurrence rate of UTI in the early phase after performing IC, with an odds ratio of 0.38 (p = 0.019), 0.20 (p = 0.022), and 0.24 (p

State-of-the-art electrolytes limit the cycle life of halide-ion batteries. Here, the authors report a fluorinated low-polar gel polymer electrolyte capable of improving the stability of the electrolyte and electrode interphases to boost battery performance.

Electrolytes, function as an ion conducting membrane between battery electrodes, are essential for rechargeable batteries. Here, the authors report high-entropy liquid electrolytes and reveal substantial impact of the increasing entropy on lithium-ion solvation structures for highly reversible lithium batteries.

As an emerging new type of battery chemistry, the anion shuttle battery (ASB), based on the shuttling and storage of anions, is considered a sustainable alternative to gigawatt-scale energy storage due to the associated resource abundance, low cost, high safety, and high energy density. Although significant progress has been achieved, practical applications of ASBs are still hindered by tough challenges, such as short lifetime, limited reversible capacity, and low Coulombic efficiency. Therefore, it is very necessary to design and explore new electrolyte systems with high electrochemical/chemical stability, sufficient compatibility towards electrodes, and excellent kinetics/reversibility for anion electrochemical reactions. Here, we review the recent achievements and main challenges in developing electrolytes for ASBs, which include solid, non-aqueous, and aqueous electrolytes. We mainly focus on the unique properties and basic principles of designing these electrolytes, and their various performance parameters. Perspectives on design strategies for ASB electrolytes are also presented, which could facilitate the development of advanced ASBs for grid-scale energy storage.

Abstract Owing to the conductance-adjustable performance, the emerging two-terminal memristors are promising candidates for artificial synapses and brain-spired neuromorphic computing. Although memristors based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have displayed outstanding performance, such as thermal stability and high energy efficiency, reports on memristors based on MoS2 as the functional layer to simulate synaptic behavior are limited. Herein, a homologous Mo2C/MoS2-based memristor is prepared by partially sulfuring two-dimensional Mo2C crystal. The memristor shows good stability, excellent retention (~104 s) and endurance (>100 cycles), and a high ON/OFF ratio (>103). Moreover, for comprehensively mimicking biological synapses, the essential synaptic functions of the device are systematically analyzed, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), short-term plasticity (STP), long-term plasticity (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), and the transitions from STP to LTP. Notably, this artificial synapse could keep a high-level stable memory for a long time (60 s) after repeated stimulation. These results prove that our device is highly desirable for biological synapses, which show great potential for application in future high-density storage and neuromorphic computing systems.

Research has been conducted on reservoir-induced earthquakes in China since the Xinfengjiang reservoir-induced earthquakes in the 1960s. Regulations now require the risk of reservoir-induced earthquakes to be evaluated in the pre-research stage of all hydropower projects. Although nearly 40 cases of reservoir-induced earthquakes have been reported in China, analyses comparing the changes in seismic activity following reservoir impoundment with predictions are rare. In this study, we compared seismic activities observed in the reservoir area before and after the impoundment of the Xiluodu hydropower station in terms of the spatial distribution, frequency, and focal depths of the earthquakes, and clarified the correlation between their frequency/timing and reservoir level after impoundment. We then concluded that the seismic events in the head region were karst-type earthquakes, while those in the second segment of the reservoir were tectonic earthquakes. The spatial distribution of the earthquake epicenters and the seismic intensities validated some of the results for the reservoir-induced seismic risk assessment for the Xiluodu hydropower station, indicating that the proposed earthquake triggers and predictive models are reasonable. This study can provide a valuable reference for investigating the mechanism (s) of reservoir-induced earthquakes, revising reservoir-induced earthquake hazard assessment codes, and predicting the hazard zones of reservoir-induced seismicity under similar conditions.

Objective: Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that lncRNA Taurine-upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) plays an important role in regulation of cell morphology, migration, proliferation and apoptosis. Our aim was to evaluate the oncogenic role of TUG1 in type I Endometrial Carcinoma (EC) and explore the precise mechanism of TUG1 involved in tumor progression. Materials and methods: The GSE17025 data set was used to analyze the correlation of TUG1 expression with type I EC patients’ prognosis. Furthermore, TUG1 expression profiles were measured by qRT-PCR from carcinoma tissues and adjacent nonneoplastic tissues (NNT) of 105 type I EC patients. The regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) related molecules, p-AKT and AKT by TUG1 knockdown was investigated using Western blot analysis; meanwhile, the oncogenic roles of TUG1 were evaluated using cell viability and transwell migration/invasion assay in Hec-1-A and Ishikawa cell lines. Results: Firstly, we observed a significant association between higher TUG1 expression and lower survival rate in type I EC patients using the GSE17025 data set. A significant elevation of TUG1 levels was confirmed in type I EC tissues compared with NNT in the 105 type I EC patients, and high expression of TUG1 was associated with lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI) and lymph node metastasis (LNM). Subsequently, TUG1 knockdown could remarkably inhibit the Hec-1-A and Ishikawa cell invasion and migration in the functional experiment. Furthermore, our results showed that the protein levels of E-cadherin increased and N-cadherin decreased significantly, while β-catenin and Vimentin were not significantly altered upon TUG1 silencing in both Hec-1-A and Ishikawa cells. Finally, we found the p-AKT and AKT protein levels, and the rate of p-AKT/t-AKT has a tendency to be down-regulate in Hec-1-A cells, while the AKT pathway was not change significantly in Ishikawa cells after TUG1 knockdown. Conclusion: Collectively, our data reveal that TUG1 might be regarded as an oncogenic molecule that promotes type I EC cells metastasis leading to tumor progression, at least partially, by regulating E–N cadherin switch and the AKT pathway.

BackgroundThe association between inflammatory biomarkers and individual delirium symptoms remains controversial in observational studies. We investigated the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and the risk of developing delirium.MethodsA bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed. Genetic instruments associated with peripheral tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor alpha (sIL-6Rα), and soluble gp130 were identified in three different large summary genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted in the European population. Summary-level statistics for delirium not induced by alcohol and other psychoactive substances were obtained from the FinnGen consortium (2,612 cases and 325,306 controls). The estimated causal effects were performed using instruments' variants at the genome-wide significant level (P < 5e-8 and P < 5e-6), applying a linkage disequilibrium clumping approach with a threshold of r2 < 0.001 for each of the exposures. Reverse causation was also performed. The inverse-variance weighted method (IVW), MR-Egger method, weighted median method, MR-Egger regression, and MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum were used for MR analyses.ResultsAt the genome-wide significant level (P < 5e-8, r2 < 0.001), genetically predicted sIL-6Rα was significantly associated with a decreased risk of delirium with less than three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in all three GWAS data sources (ORWaldratio = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.79–0.96, PWaldratio = 0.0016; ORIVW = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79–0.97, PIVW = 0.008; ORIVW = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80–0.96, PIVW = 0.004). The causal relationship between sIL-6Rα and delirium became non-significant when a more liberal threshold of P of < 5e-6 was applied (all PIVW > 0.05). At the two genome-wide significance levels (P < 5e-8 and P < 5e-6), we found no evidence for the causal effects of peripheral TNF-α, CRP, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and soluble gp130 on delirium (all P > 0.05). The MR-Egger intercept and MR-PRESSO results indicated that no SNP had possible pleiotropy (all P > 0.05). Regarding the reverse, no evidence for an effect of delirium on these inflammatory biomarkers could be found (all P > 0.05).ConclusionThe results of this MR analysis did not support that peripheral TNF-α, CRP, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, sIL-6Rα, soluble gp130, and IL-8 were causally associated with delirium. More research is needed to explore the role of inflammatory factors in the pathogenesis of delirium.

Abstract Recycling lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is fundamental for resource recovery, reducing energy consumption, decreasing emissions, and minimizing environmental risks. The inherited properties of materials and design are not commonly attributed to the complexity of recycling LIBs and their effects on the recycling process. The state‐of‐the‐art battery recycling methodology consequently suffers from poor recycling efficiency and high consumption from issues with the cathode and the binder material. As a feasibility study, high‐energy‐density cathode material LiFeMnPO4 with a water‐soluble polyacrylic acid (PAA) binder is extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature under oxidant‐free conditions. The cathode is wholly leached with high purity and is suitable for reuse. The cathode is easily separated from its constituent materials and reduces material and energy consumption during recycling by 20% and 7%, respectively. This strategy is utilized to fabricate recyclable‐oriented LiFeMnPO4/graphite LIBs with a PAA binder and carbon paper current collector. Finally, the limitation of the solubility of the binder is discussed in terms of recycling. This research hopefully provides guidance for recycling‐oriented design for the circular economy of the LIB industry.

Abstract It is challenging to efficiently and economically recycle many lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of the low valuation of commodity metals and materials, such as LiFePO4. There are millions of tons of spent LIBs where the barrier to recycling is economical, and to make recycling more feasible, it is required that the value of the processed recycled material exceeds the value of raw commodity materials. The presented research illustrates improved profitability and economics for recycling spent LIBs by utilizing the surplus energy in lithiated graphite to drive the preparation of organolithiums to add value to the recycled lithium materials. This study methodology demonstrates that the surplus energy of lithiated graphite obtained from spent LIBs can be utilized to prepare high‐value organolithiums, thereby significantly improving the economic profitability of LIB recycling. Organolithiums (R–O–Li and R–Li) were prepared using alkyl alcohol (R–OH) and alkyl bromide (R–Br) as substrates, where R includes varying hindered alkyl hydrocarbons. The organolithiums extracted from per kilogram of recycled LIBs can increase the economic value between $29.5 and $226.5 kg−1 cell. The value of the organolithiums is at least 5.4 times the total theoretical value of spent materials, improving the profitability of recycling LIBs over traditional pyrometallurgical ($0.86 kg−1 cell), hydrometallurgical ($1.00 kg−1 cell), and physical direct recycling methods ($5.40 kg−1 cell).

ABSTRACT Protein phosphatase complex Nem1/Spo7 plays crucial roles in the regulation of various biological processes in eukaryotes. However, its biological functions in phytopathogenic fungi are not well understood. In this study, genome-wide transcriptional profiling analysis revealed that Nem1 was significantly upregulated during the infection process of Botryosphaeria dothidea, and we identified and characterized the phosphatase complex Nem1/Spo7 and its substrate Pah1 (a phosphatidic acid phosphatase) in B. dothidea. Nem1/Spo7 physically interacted with and dephosphorylated Pah1 to promote triacylglycerol (TAG) and subsequent lipid droplet (LD) synthesis. Moreover, the Nem1/Spo7-dependently dephosphorylated Pah1 functioned as a transcriptional repressor of the key nuclear membrane biosynthesis genes to regulate nuclear membrane morphology. In addition, phenotypic analyses showed that the phosphatase cascade Nem1/Spo7-Pah1 was involved in regulating mycelial growth, asexual development, stress responses, and virulence of B. dothidea. IMPORTANCE Botryosphaeria canker and fruit rot caused by the fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea is one of the most destructive diseases of apple worldwide. Our data indicated that the phosphatase cascade Nem1/Spo7-Pah1 plays important roles in the regulation of fungal growth, development, lipid homeostasis, environmental stress responses, and virulence in B. dothidea. The findings will contribute to the in-depth and comprehensive understanding of Nem1/Spo7-Pah1 in fungi and the development of target-based fungicides for disease management.

Triamcinolone acetonide (TA), a medium-potency synthetic glucocorticoid, is primarily employed to treat posterior ocular diseases using vitreous injection. This study aimed to design novel ocular nanoformulation drug delivery systems using PLGA carriers to overcome the ocular drug delivery barrier and facilitate effective delivery into the ocular tissues after topical administration. The surface of the PLGA nanodelivery system was made hydrophilic (2-HP-β-CD) through an emulsified solvent volatilization method, followed by system characterization. The mechanism of cellular uptake across the corneal epithelial cell barrier used rhodamine B (Rh-B) to prepare fluorescent probes for delivery systems. The triamcinolone acetonide (TA)-loaded nanodelivery system was validated by in vitro release behavior, isolated corneal permeability, and in vivo atrial hydrodynamics. The results indicated that the fluorescent probes, viz., the Rh-B-(2-HP-β-CD)/PLGA NPs and the drug-loaded TA-(2-HP-β-CD)/PLGA NPs, were within 200 nm in size. Moreover, the system was homogeneous and stable. The in vitro transport mechanism across the epithelial barrier showed that the uptake of nanoparticles was time-dependent and that NPs were actively transported across the epithelial barrier. The in vitro release behavior of the TA-loaded nanodelivery systems revealed that (2-HP-β-CD)/PLGA nanoparticles could prolong the drug release time to up to three times longer than the suspensions. The isolated corneal permeability demonstrated that TA-(2-HP-β-CD)/PLGA NPs could extend the precorneal retention time and boost corneal permeability. Thus, they increased the cumulative release per unit area 7.99-fold at 8 h compared to the suspension. The pharmacokinetics within the aqueous humor showed that (2-HP-β-CD)/PLGA nanoparticles could elevate the bioavailability of the drug, and its Cmax was 51.91 times higher than that of the triamcinolone acetonide aqueous solution. Therefore, (2-HP-β-CD)/PLGA NPs can potentially elevate transmembrane uptake, promote corneal permeability, and improve the bioavailability of drugs inside the aqueous humor. This study provides a foundation for future research on transocular barrier nanoformulations for non-invasive drug delivery.

Abstract Through tailoring interfacial chemistry, electrolyte engineering is a facile yet effective strategy for high-performance lithium (Li) metal batteries, where the solvation structure is critical for interfacial chemistry. Herein, the effect of electrostatic interaction on regulating an anion-rich solvation is firstly proposed. The moderate electrostatic interaction between anion and solvent promotes anion to enter the solvation sheath, inducing stable solid electrolyte interphase with fast Li+ transport kinetics on the anode. This as-designed electrolyte exhibits excellent compatibility with Li metal anode (a Li deposition/stripping Coulombic efficiency of 99.3%) and high-voltage LiCoO2 cathode. Consequently, the 50 μm-thin Li||high-loading LiCoO2 cells achieve significantly improved cycling performance under stringent conditions of high voltage over 4.5 V, lean electrolyte, and wide temperature range (− 20 to 60 °C). This work inspires a groundbreaking strategy to manipulate the solvation structure through regulating the interactions of solvent and anion for high-performance Li metal batteries.

Abstract The energy density of commercial lithium (Li) ion batteries with graphite anode is reaching the limit. It is believed that directly utilizing Li metal as anode without a host could enhance the battery’s energy density to the maximum extent. However, the poor reversibility and infinite volume change of Li metal hinder the realistic implementation of Li metal in battery community. Herein, a commercially viable hybrid Li-ion/metal battery is realized by a coordinated strategy of symbiotic anode and prelithiated cathode. To be specific, a scalable template-removal method is developed to fabricate the porous graphite layer (PGL), which acts as a symbiotic host for Li ion intercalation and subsequent Li metal deposition due to the enhanced lithiophilicity and sufficient ion-conducting pathways. A continuous dissolution-deintercalation mechanism during delithiation process further ensures the elimination of dead Li. As a result, when the excess plating Li reaches 30%, the PGL could deliver an ultrahigh average Coulombic efficiency of 99.5% for 180 cycles with a capacity of 2.48 mAh cm−2 in traditional carbonate electrolyte. Meanwhile, an air-stable recrystallized lithium oxalate with high specific capacity (514.3 mAh g−1) and moderate operating potential (4.7–5.0 V) is introduced as a sacrificial cathode to compensate the initial loss and provide Li source for subsequent cycles. Based on the prelithiated cathode and initial Li-free symbiotic anode, under a practical-level 3 mAh capacity, the assembled hybrid Li-ion/metal full cell with a P/N ratio (capacity ratio of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 to graphite) of 1.3 exhibits significantly improved capacity retention after 300 cycles, indicating its great potential for high-energy-density Li batteries.

Abstract NASCION‐type lithium (Li) conductors provide a great chance to break the challenges of solid‐state lithium batteries (SSLBs) emphasizing superior safety and high energy density. Nonetheless, their practical employment has been hampered by the poor interfacial compatibility. Herein, we successfully block interfacial side reactions by in situ constructing a LiF‐enrich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer between Li metal and LAGP (Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3) through dropping trace fluoroacetonitrile‐based all‐fluorinated electrolyte. Noted that the formed high Young's modulus but fast‐kinetics LiF‐rich SEI layer successfully suppresses growth of Li dendrite, further tailoring the superior interfacial chemistry. Consequently, such robust SEI upgrades critical current density of LAGP to a record‐high value of >1.5 mA cm−2. Furthermore, a hybride full cells assembled with the commercial‐level cathode deliver prominently cycling lifespan (>250 cycles) and outstanding rate performance. The present SEI engineering strategy enables a huge leap toward the industrialized deployments of SSLBs.

Apple ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is an important disease that leads to severe quality deterioration and yield loss at pre-harvest and postharvest stages. Therefore, it is urgent to develop safe and efficient measures to control this disease. The objective of the present study was to investigate the biocontrol features of Pseudomonas syringae B-1 against B. dothidea and explore its mechanism of action utilizing in vitro and in vivo assays. The results showed that P. syringae B-1 strongly reduced the incidence of apple ring rot and lesion diameter by 41.2 and 90.2%, respectively, in comparison to the control fruit. In addition, the control efficiency of strain B-1 against B. dothidea infection depended on its concentration and the interval time. P. syringae B-1 cells showed higher inhibitory activities than its culture filtrates on the mycelial growth and spore germination of B. dothidea. Moreover, P. syringae B-1 treatment alleviated electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and H2O2 accumulation in B. dothidea-infected apple fruit by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase. We also found that strain B-1 treatment enhanced four defense-related enzyme activities and stimulated the accumulation of three disease-resistant substances including phenolics, lignin, and salicylic acid (SA) in apple fruit. In addition, strain B-1 triggered the upregulated expression of defense-related genes such as PR genes (PR1, PR5, GLU, and CHI) and two genes involved in the biosynthesis of SA (SID2 and PAD4) to promote the resistance potential in apple fruit. Hence, our results suggest that P. syringae B-1 is a promising strategy against B. dothidea, mainly through reducing oxidative damage, activating defense-related enzymes, accumulating disease-resistant substances, and triggering the expression of resistance-correlated genes in apple fruit.

Abstract Background Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and apple bitter rot (ABR) are two devastating foliar and fruit diseases on apples. The different symptoms of GLS and ABR could be related to different transcriptome patterns. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare the transcriptome profiles of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex isolates GC20190701, FL180903, and FL180906, the pathogen of GLS and ABR, and to evaluate the involvement of the genes on pathogenicity. Results A relatively large difference was discovered between the GLS-isolate GC20190701 and ABR-isolates FL180903, FL180906, and quite many differential expression genes associated with pathogenicity were revealed. The DEGs between the GLS- and ABR-isolate were significantly enriched in GO terms of secondary metabolites, however, the categories of degradation of various cell wall components did not. Many genes associated with secondary metabolism were revealed. A total of 17 Cytochrome P450s (CYP), 11 of which were up-regulated while six were down-regulated, and five up-regulated methyltransferase genes were discovered. The genes associated with the secretion of extracellular enzymes and melanin accumulation were up-regulated. Four genes associated with the degradation of the host cell wall, three genes involved in the degradation of cellulose, and one gene involved in the degradation of xylan were revealed and all up-regulated. In addition, genes involved in melanin syntheses, such as tyrosinase and glucosyltransferase, were highly up-regulated. Conclusions The penetration ability, pathogenicity of GLS-isolate was greater than that of ABR-isolate, which might indicate that GLS-isolate originated from ABR-isolates by mutation. These results contributed to highlighting the importance to investigate such DEGs between GLS- and ABR-isolate in depth.

Abstract Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that facilitates material recycling to maintain cellular homeostasis in eukaryotes. Atg2 is a phospholipid transfer protein involved in cellular autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To date, the role of Atg2 in growth, development and pathogenicity of the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea remains unknown. In this study, we identified and characterized an Atg2 ortholog, designated as BcAtg2, in B. cinerea. Deletion of BcATG2 resulted in a block of the autophagic process in B. cinerea. The ΔBcAtg2 mutant failed to produce sclerotia, and showed significant reduction in mycelial growth rate, formation of aerial mycelium and conidiation. In addition, the ΔBcAtg2 mutant lost the ability to form infection structures and cause symptom on host plants. All of these phenotypic changes in ΔBcAtg2 mutant were restored by targeted gene complementation. Moreover, BcAtg2 was demonstrated to physically interact with the phosphoinositide binding protein BcAtg18. Taken together, these results indicate that BcAtg2 plays an important role in vegetative growth, development and pathogenicity in B. cinerea.

Abstract Benefiting from the advantageous features of structural diversity and resource renewability, organic electroactive compounds are considered as attractive cathode materials for aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs). In this review, we discuss the recent developments of organic electrode materials for aqueous ZIBs. Although the proton (H+) storage chemistry in aqueous Zn‐organic batteries has triggered an overwhelming literature surge in recent years, this topic remains controversial. Therefore, our review focuses on this significant issue and summarizes the reported electrochemical mechanisms, including pure Zn2+ intercalation, pure H+ storage, and H+/Zn2+ co‐storage. Moreover, the impact of H+ storage on the electrochemical performance of aqueous ZIBs is discussed systematically. Given the significance of H+ storage, we also highlight the relevant characterization methods employed. Finally, perspectives and directions on further understanding the charge storage mechanisms of organic materials are outlined. We hope that this review will stimulate more attention on the H+ storage chemistry of organic electrode materials to advance our understanding and further its application.

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can be critically involved in skeletal muscle growth and body energy homeostasis. Skeletal muscle growth is a complex process; some muscle-specific microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of muscle thickening and muscle mass. Additionally, the regulatory network between miRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) in the modulation of the role of BCAAs on skeletal muscle growth in fish has not been studied. In this study, common carp was starved for 14 days, followed by a 14-day gavage therapy with BCAAs, to investigate some of the miRNAs and genes that contribute to the regulation of normal growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle in response to short-term BCAA starvation stress. Subsequently, the transcriptome and small RNAome sequencing of carp skeletal muscle were performed. A total of 43,414 known and 1,112 novel genes were identified, in addition to 142 known and 654 novel miRNAs targeting 22,008 and 33,824 targets, respectively. Based on their expression profiles, 2,146 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 84 differentially expressed miRNA (DEMs) were evaluated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways, including the proteasome, phagosome, autophagy in animals, proteasome activator complex, and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, were enriched for these DEGs and DEMs. Our findings revealed the role of atg5, map1lc3c, ctsl, cdc53, psma6, psme2, myl9, and mylk in skeletal muscle growth, protein synthesis, and catabolic metabolism. Furthermore, miR-135c, miR-192, miR-194, and miR-203a may play key roles in maintaining the normal activities of the organism by regulating genes related to muscle growth, protein synthesis, and catabolism. This study on transcriptome and miRNA reveals the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of muscle protein deposition and provides new insights into genetic engineering techniques to improve common carp muscle development.

Abstract Plant metabolism is more complex relative to individual microbes. In single‐celled microbes, transcriptional regulation by single transcription factors (TFs) is sufficient to shift primary metabolism. Corresponding genome‐level transcriptional regulatory maps of metabolism reveal the underlying design principles responsible for these shifts as a model in which master regulators largely coordinate specific metabolic pathways. Plant primary and specialized metabolism occur within innumerable cell types, and their reactions shift depending on internal and external cues. Given the importance of plants and their metabolites in providing humanity with food, fiber, and medicine, we set out to develop a genome‐scale transcriptional regulatory map of Arabidopsis metabolic genes. A comprehensive set of protein–DNA interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana TFs and gene promoters in primary and specialized metabolic pathways were mapped. To demonstrate the utility of this resource, we identified and functionally validated regulators of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The resulting network suggests that plant metabolic design principles are distinct from those of microbes. Instead, metabolism appears to be transcriptionally coordinated via developmental‐ and stress‐conditional processes that can coordinate across primary and specialized metabolism. These data represent the most comprehensive resource of interactions between TFs and metabolic genes in plants.