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The purpose of this study was to investigate the collapse progression in different morphologies of the necrotic-viable interface in osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). A total of 168 patients (202 hips) with Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) stage II ONFH were included. Ending with the collapse of the femoral head, all patients received conservative treatment but without surgical intervention and were followed for three to 91 months. Bilateral hip-joint radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were examined, and the largest layer of necrosis within the coronal section of MRI images was selected together with its anteroposterior radiograph to observe the morphology of the necrotic-viable interface. The morphology was divided into four types: I, type transverse; II, type “V”; III, type zigzag; IV, type closed. The collapse rate and the time to collapse in different morphologies were assessed. A total of 120 hips collapsed in two years or less, 61 were type-I, 51 were type-II, and 8 were type-III. Non-collapse occurred in all 17 hips with type-IV ONFH during long-term follow-up. In 202 hips with ARCO stage-II ONFH, the collapse rate in type-I ONFH was significantly higher than that of type-II and type-III ONFH (P

With the rapid development of digital publishing, Chinese traditional publishing industry has experienced profound changes in recent years. The development of digital publishing has not only led to the changes in the content carrier, form of expression, mode of transmission and methods of reading, but also extended the scope of the digital publishing to nearly all digital content industries. The paper firstly analyzed the current scale and competition of Chinese e-book market, and then discussed the three big bottlenecks in developing e-book market in China. Based on these analyses, it proposed that strengthening copyright protection and regulating related standards are the only ways for China to develop e-book market rapidly and healthily. In the future for a long time, Chinese book market tends to be the convergence of traditional media and new media.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is encoded by the ace gene, catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to terminate nerve impulses at the postsynaptic membrane. AChE is a primary target of many insecticides including organophosphates (OP) and carbamates (CB). In this study, full-length cDNA sequences of two ace genes (Nlace1 and Nlace2) were sequenced from the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, the most destructive insect pest of rice crops. Nlace1 cDNA is 2842 nucleotides long and contains an ORF potentially encoding a 790 amino acid peptide. Nlace2 cDNA is 2852 bp in length and contains an ORF that potentially encodes a 672 amino acid peptide. NlAChE1 has an identity of 40% with NlAChE2 at the amino acid sequence level. Phylogenetic analysis of 59 AChEs from 32 animal species showed that NlAChE1 is most closely related to AChE1s from Blattella germanica and Nephotettix cincticeps, while NlAChE2 is most closely related to AChE2 from N. cincticeps. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that Nlace1 is expressed at a much higher level than Nlace2 in all developmental stages and tissues, demonstrating that NlAChE1 may be the dominant AChE form of the two enzymes. This result will help reveal the resistance mechanism of N. lugens to organophosphorous and carbamate insecticides and promote development of more selective insecticides targeting the main NlAChE1.

The widespread use of insecticides has caused the resurgence of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, in Asia. In this study, we investigated an organo-phosphorous insecticide, triazophos, and its ability to induce gene expression variation in female N. lugens nymphs just before emergence. By using the suppression subtractive hybridization method, a triazophos-induced cDNA library was constructed. In total, 402 differentially expressed cDNA clones were obtained. Real-time qPCR analysis confirmed that triazophos up-regulated the expression of six candidate genes at the transcript level in nymphs on day 3 of the 5th instar. These genes encode N. lugens vitellogenin, bystin, multidrug resistance protein (MRP), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) and carboxylesterase. Our results imply that the up-regulation of these genes may be involved in the induction of N. lugens female reproduction or resistance to insecticides.

Several organophosphorus (OP) insecticides can selectively kill the silkworm maggot, Exorista sorbillans (Es) (Diptera: Tachinidae), while not obviously affecting the host (Bombyx mori) larvae, but the mechanism is not yet clear. In this study, the cDNA encoding an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the field Es was isolated. One point mutation (Gly353Ala) was identified. The Es-353G AChE and Es-353A AChE were expressed in baculovirus- insect cell system, respectively. The inhibition results showed that for eserine and Chlorpyrifos, Es-353A AChE was significantly less sensitive than Es-353G AChE. Meanwhile, comparison of the I(50) values of eserine, dichlorvos, Chlorpyrifos and omethoate of recombinant Es AChEs with its host (Bombyx mori) AChEs indicated that, both Es AChEs are more sensitive than B. mori AChEs. The results give an insight of the mechanism that some OP insecticides can selectively kills Es while without distinct effect on its host, B. mori.

This study was aimed to investigate the morphological, immunophenotype, cytogenetic characteristics, clinical and therapy features in one elderly patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) combined with invasive aspergillose infection(IAI).The morphological features of bone marrow cells from patient were observed by light microscope, the immunophenotype were detected by flow cytometry, the cytogenetic characteristics were assayed by conventional chromosomal analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).at onset of disease, the patient was diagnosed as B-CLL, Rai stage is II. He was treated with a course of RF(fludarabine 50 mg×5, rituximab 600 mg×5) chemotherapy, and achived complete remission (CR) lasting for five years, then the patient was treated with multiple courses of chemotherapy and maintained at a steady state of disease. After the last chemotherapy, this patient developed a fever, his temperature fluctuated at 37.2-38.7°C, the lung CT showed the presence of massive shadow, repeated 1-3-β-D-glucan test was positive,and he was considered as invasive aspergillosis infection, voriconazole was intravenously injected him for 2 months, his lung CT showed better efficacy. However, the leukemia continued progress, his hemogram was extremely low, invasive aspergillosis infection relapsed,voriconazole treatment was poor effect,ultimately this patient died of the rapid progress of leukemia and multiple organ invasive aspergillosis. Autopsy showed chronic lymphocytic leukemia with multiple metastases and multiple organ invasive aspergillosis.invasive aspergillosis is a serious complication for CLL patients,once occurs, the prognosis is poor,so early diagnosis and prophylactic antifungal therapy may reduce fungal infection complication.

Background The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, the most destructive pest of rice, is a typical monophagous herbivore that feeds exclusively on rice sap, which migrates over long distances. Outbreaks of it have re-occurred approximately every three years in Asia. It has also been used as a model system for ecological studies and for developing effective pest management. To better understand how a monophagous sap-sucking arthropod herbivore has adapted to its exclusive host selection and to provide insights to improve pest control, we analyzed the genomes of the brown planthopper and its two endosymbionts. Results We describe the 1.14 gigabase planthopper draft genome and the genomes of two microbial endosymbionts that permit the planthopper to forage exclusively on rice fields. Only 40.8% of the 27,571 identified Nilaparvata protein coding genes have detectable shared homology with the proteomes of the other 14 arthropods included in this study, reflecting large-scale gene losses including in evolutionarily conserved gene families and biochemical pathways. These unique genomic features are functionally associated with the animal’s exclusive plant host selection. Genes missing from the insect in conserved biochemical pathways that are essential for its survival on the nutritionally imbalanced sap diet are present in the genomes of its microbial endosymbionts, which have evolved to complement the mutualistic nutritional needs of the host. Conclusions Our study reveals a series of complex adaptations of the brown planthopper involving a variety of biological processes, that result in its highly destructive impact on the exclusive host rice. All these findings highlight potential directions for effective pest control of the planthopper. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0521-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The purpose of this study was to explore the clinicopathological features, therapy and prognostic factors of elderly patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The clinical data including general clinical characteristics, pathological features, chemotherapy selection and treatment response of 30 patients with NHL in our hospital from January 2003 to December 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. The survival was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier methods, and the prognosis was evaluated by COX regression multivariate analysis model. The clinical parameters selected include age, Ann Arbor stage, international prognostic index (IPI), B symptom and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. The results showed that all the patients suffered from underlying disease, and the cardiovascular disease (hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmia) is the most common, and minority (8/30) combined with secondary tumor, the 63% (19/30) cases had B symptoms at diagnosis. only 2 cases were diagnosed as T-cell lymphoma; the 93% (28/30) cases combined with B-cell lymphoma, 57% (17/28) of them combined with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ann-Arbor stage ≤ IIwas 37% (11/30);10(37%) patient's IPI score was ≤ 2, and 67% (20/30) was scored 3-5; 13(43%) patient's serum LDH level was abnormal. Modified R-CHOP chemotherapy was given individually on the basis of clinical features. The patients achieved complete remission, partial remission, stable disease, or progressive disease accounted for 14 (46.7%), 13 (43.3%), 1 (3.3%), and 2 (6.7%), respectively; the total reaction rate was 90% after 4 cycles of chemotherapy; the overall survival (OS) rate at 1 and 2 years was 73.3% and 43.3%, and progression-free survival (PFS)rate at 0.5 and 1 years was 62.2% and 54.9%; multivariate analysis by COX regression showed that B symptoms and Ann-Arbor stage were independent factors (P = 0.014, 0.039; RR = 6.678, 4.939, respectively) affecting the OS of elderly NHL, and IPI score affected PFS independently. It is concluded that elderly patients with NHL usually are of late stage at newly diagnosis and have suffered from underlaying diseases. Besides strengthening supportive treatment, modified R-CHOP chemotherapy should be given individually according to different prognosis. B symptoms and Ann-Arbor stageII are indicators for poor prognosis of elderly NHL.

Examined the extent of agreement among teachers from China, Indonesia, Japan, the United States, and Thailand who rated videotaped disruptive behaviors. When observing children in solitary activity, the American and Japanese teachers generally gave less extreme ratings than did teachers from the other countries. Weaker differences were found when the same children were observed in groups with their peers. These findings point to the influence of cultural factors in ratings of disruptive behaviors and bring into question the comparability of cross-cultural epidemiological estimates of disruptive behavior disorders.

Background The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) is one of the most serious insect pests of rice in Asia. However, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the development, wing dimorphism and sex difference in this species. Genomic information for BPH is currently unavailable, and, therefore, transcriptome and expression profiling data for this species are needed as an important resource to better understand the biological mechanisms of BPH. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly and gene expression analysis using short-read sequencing technology (Illumina) combined with a tag-based digital gene expression (DGE) system. The transcriptome analysis assembles the gene information for different developmental stages, sexes and wing forms of BPH. In addition, we constructed six DGE libraries: eggs, second instar nymphs, fifth instar nymphs, brachypterous female adults, macropterous female adults and macropterous male adults. Illumina sequencing revealed 85,526 unigenes, including 13,102 clusters and 72,424 singletons. Transcriptome sequences larger than 350 bp were subjected to Gene Orthology (GO) and KEGG Orthology (KO) annotations. To analyze the DGE profiling, we mainly compared the gene expression variations between eggs and second instar nymphs; second and fifth instar nymphs; fifth instar nymphs and three types of adults; brachypterous and macropterous female adults as well as macropterous female and male adults. Thousands of genes showed significantly different expression levels based on the various comparisons. And we randomly selected some genes to confirm their altered expression levels by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Conclusions/Significance The obtained BPH transcriptome and DGE profiling data provide comprehensive gene expression information at the transcriptional level that could facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms from various physiological aspects including development, wing dimorphism and sex difference in BPH.

OBJECTIVE To determine the extent to which the reported variations across countries in the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are due to cultural differences among raters, the authors examined the degree to which mental health professionals in four countries differed in their ratings of hyperactive-disruptive behaviors in children. METHOD Mental health professionals from China (N = 8), Indonesia (N = 12), Japan (N = 9), and the United States (N = 8) rated the presence and degree of hyperactive-disruptive behaviors in standardized videotape vignettes of four 8-year-old boys participating in individual and group activities. RESULTS Chinese and Indonesian clinicians gave significantly higher scores for hyperactive-disruptive behaviors than did their Japanese and American colleagues. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that perceptions of hyperactivity vary significantly across countries even if uniform rating criteria are applied. Without correction for these perceptual differences, cross-cultural prevalence rates of hyperactivity may not be comparable.

Molar excess enthalpies H E have been meausured at atmospheric pressure and 288.15, 298.15 and 308.15K for binary liquid mixtures of carbon tetrachloride with ethanol, i-propanol, n-butanol and 2-octanol by a PICKER flow microcalorimeter operated in discontinuous mode. Curves of H E vs. mole fraction x for carbon tetrachloride with ethanol and n-butanol show an irregular S-shape, whereas for others exhibit an approximately symmetrical parabola shape.