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2. Development of a welfare assessment tool for tourist camp elephants in Asia.

Author

Ghimire, Raman, Brown, Janine L., Thitaram, Chatchote, Glaeser, Sharon S., Na-Lampang, Kannika, Kulnanan, Pawinee, and Bansiddhi, Pakkanut

Subjects
ASIATIC elephant, ANIMAL welfare, INTRACLASS correlation, JOB satisfaction, LIKERT scale
Abstract

Background: Approximately one-third of Asian elephants are managed under human care, participating in educational, cultural, religious, and tourist activities. Management conditions vary considerably among venues, raising questions about whether welfare needs are consistently being met, particularly for Asian tourist camp elephants. To evaluate the well-being of elephants engaged in tourist activities, an evidence-based tool is needed for routine assessments to identify potential welfare risks, aid in the development of better camp standards, and enable caretakers to address specific concerns. While many animal welfare tools exist, none have been designed to consider specific environments and management practices faced by elephants living and working in tourist camps. Methods: Using direct observations and interviews, the Elephant Welfare Assessment Tool (EWAT) was developed for tourist camp elephants using the Five Domains Model as a framework. Measures were selected based on peer-reviewed literature, existing standards and guidelines, and opinions from animal welfare experts working with zoo and tourist camp elephants. The EWAT differs from existing tools by including criteria on work activities and restraint methods (e.g., chaining and ankus use), factors common in Asia but not often encountered by western zoo elephants. Measures were scored using a 0–2 Likert Scale. The tool was tested in Thailand and determined by calculating a content validity index (CVI) and conducting inter-rater and test-retest reliability tests. Results: The initial tool included 18 animal-based and 21 resource-based measures across four domains: Nutrition (n = 5), Environment (n = 14), Health (n = 10), and Behavior and Mental State (n = 10). Index scores of content validity (CVI) (Item CVI (0.83), Scale CVI/Average (0.98), and Scale CVI/Universal (0.89)) were high. Measures scoring less than 0.83 were removed: the opportunity to mate, the mahout-elephant relationship, and mahout job satisfaction. The final tool consisted of 42 questions related to 36 measures, including 18 animal-based and 18 resource-based measures within the Nutrition (n = 5), Environment (n = 11), Health (n = 10), and Behavior and Mental State (n = 10) domains. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for inter-rater reliability (0.78–0.90, p < 0.05) and test-retest (0.77–0.91, p < 0.05) analyses conducted at two camps showed good agreement. Conclusions: This new assessment tool (EWAT) is a context-specific, holistic method designed to offer a practical means of conducting individual and institutional-level assessments of elephant welfare in tourist camps. It is based on the Five Domains Model using reliable and validated animal- and resource-based measures, data collection through direct observation and interviews, and a numerical scoring system. The tool includes several criteria applicable to tourist rather than zoo venues to make it more relevant to the challenges faced by working elephants in Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Physiological changes in captive elephants in Northern Thailand as a result of the COVID-19 tourism ban – muscle, liver, metabolic function, and body condition

Author

Supanta, Jarawee, primary, Brown, Janine L., additional, Bansiddhi, Pakkanut, additional, Thitaram, Chatchote, additional, Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak, additional, Punturee, Khanittha, additional, Somboon, Nopphamas, additional, Towiboon, Patcharapa, additional, and Khonmee, Jaruwan, additional

Published
2023
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8. Dexmedetomidine Effectively Sedates Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)

Author

Buranapim, Nithidol, primary, Kulnanan, Pawinee, additional, Chingpathomkul, Kullapassorn, additional, Angkawanish, Taweepoke, additional, Chansitthiwet, Saran, additional, Langkaphin, Warangkhana, additional, Sombutputorn, Petthisak, additional, Monchaivanakit, Natcha, additional, Kasemjai, Kankawee, additional, Namwongprom, Kittikul, additional, Boonprasert, Khajohnpat, additional, Bansiddhi, Pakkanut, additional, Thitaram, Niyada, additional, Sharp, Patrick, additional, Pacharinsak, Cholawat, additional, and Thitaram, Chatchote, additional

Published
2022
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13. Associations among tourist camp management, high and low tourist seasons, and welfare factors in female Asian elephants in Thailand

Author

Norkaew, Treepradab, primary, Brown, Janine L., additional, Thitaram, Chatchote, additional, Bansiddhi, Pakkanut, additional, Somgird, Chaleamchat, additional, Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak, additional, Punturee, Khanittha, additional, Vongchan, Preeyanat, additional, Somboon, Nopphamas, additional, and Khonmee, Jaruwan, additional

Published
2019
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15. Influence of season, tourist activities and camp management on body condition, testicular and adrenal steroids, lipid profiles, and metabolic status in captive Asian elephant bulls in Thailand

Author

Norkaew, Treepradab, primary, Brown, Janine L., additional, Bansiddhi, Pakkanut, additional, Somgird, Chaleamchat, additional, Thitaram, Chatchote, additional, Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak, additional, Punturee, Khanittha, additional, Vongchan, Preeyanat, additional, Somboon, Nopphamas, additional, and Khonmee, Jaruwan, additional

Published
2019
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18. Elephant Tourism in Thailand: A Review of Animal Welfare Practices and Needs.

Author

Bansiddhi, Pakkanut, Brown, Janine L., Thitaram, Chatchote, Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak, and Nganvongpanit, Korakot

Subjects
*ANIMAL welfare, *ELEPHANTS, *NUTRITIONAL requirements, *ASIATIC elephant, *TOURISM
Abstract

Elephant tourism in Thailand has developed into an important socio-economic factor after a logging ban initiated in 1989 resulted in thousands of out-of-work elephants. However, the welfare of captive elephants has been a topic of intense debate among tourists, scientists and stakeholders because of the range of working conditions and management practices to which they are exposed. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current state of knowledge on captive elephant welfare, with an emphasis on tourist elephants in Thailand, and highlight information gaps and recommendations for future directions. Tourist-oriented elephant camps could improve the welfare of elephants through better management practices that take into account physiological and psychological needs of individual animals, including meeting social and nutritional requirements, providing good health care, and maintaining adequate facilities. Our goal is to develop science-based guidelines that government agencies can use to develop an enforceable set of practical regulations to ensure good management of tourist elephants in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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19. Influence of season, tourist activities and camp management on body condition, testicular and adrenal steroids, lipid profiles, and metabolic status in captive bull elephants in Thailand

Author

Khonmee, Jaruwan, primary, Norkaew, Treepradab, additional, Brown, Janine L., additional, Bansiddhi, Pakkanut, additional, Somgird, Chaleamchat, additional, Thitaram, Chatchote, additional, Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak, additional, Punturee, Khanittha, additional, Vongchan, Preeyanat, additional, and Somboon, Nopphamas, additional

Published
2018
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21. Body condition and adrenal glucocorticoid activity affects metabolic marker and lipid profiles in captive female elephants in Thailand

Author

Norkaew, Treepradab, primary, Brown, Janine L., additional, Bansiddhi, Pakkanut, additional, Somgird, Chaleamchat, additional, Thitaram, Chatchote, additional, Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak, additional, Punturee, Khanittha, additional, Vongchan, Preeyanat, additional, Somboon, Nopphamas, additional, and Khonmee, Jaruwan, additional

Published
2018
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23. Use of handheld X-ray fluorescence as a non-invasive method to distinguish between Asian and African elephant tusks

Author

Buddhachat, Kittisak, primary, Thitaram, Chatchote, additional, Brown, Janine L., additional, Klinhom, Sarisa, additional, Bansiddhi, Pakkanut, additional, Penchart, Kitichaya, additional, Ouitavon, Kanita, additional, Sriaksorn, Khanittha, additional, Pa-in, Chalermpol, additional, Kanchanasaka, Budsabong, additional, Somgird, Chaleamchat, additional, and Nganvongpanit, Korakot, additional

Published
2016
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