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Context/Background: Written examinations are the most commonly employed method for assessment of cognitive skills in medical education. The few disadvantages of essay questions are less number of questions, limited sampling, unfair distribution of questions over topics, vague questions etc., Blueprinting overcomes these issues, increasing the validity of examinations. Objectives: To describe the process of developing a blueprint for undergraduate written examinations in pathology; and to evaluate its effect as a tool to increase the content validity of assessment. Methodology: A workshop was conducted in the Department of Pathology to sensitize the faculty about the importance of blueprinting. A blueprint was prepared for written examinations in pathology, question papers were set accordingly and administered in preliminary examinations. Feedback was collected from the students and faculty to know their perceptions about the question papers with reference to blueprinting. Results: The students and faculty felt that there was appropriate distribution of questions across topics (77% and 89%, respectively), appropriate weightage given to topics of public health importance (65% and 100%), examinations were fair (86% and 89%). All the faculty felt that blueprints aligns assessment with objectives and helps as a guide and to paper construction. Conclusions: Students were satisfied as blueprinting helped them to attempt examination better . The faculty who validated the blueprint felt that it helps in distribution of appropriate weightage and questions across the topics and blueprinting should be an integral part of assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of primary pulmonary Hodgkin's disease presenting as an endobronchial mass. Tissue diagnosis was made by microscopic examination following open thoracotomy and excision biopsy of the mass. The patient responded well to the chemotherapy regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germ cell tumors of ovary with elements of two or more subtypes are relatively uncommon. Sarcoid-like granulomas are seen in rare association with dysgerminomas, a subgroup of germ cell tumors of ovary, which are again less common. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the gonadal germ cell tumor, though not performed frequently, is of help when a gonadal mass does not require resection as in lymphoma which can be treated by chemotherapy. FNAC helps to diagnose this tumor and to rule out other lesions, including germ cell tumors. It is also an effective, rapid and reliable procedure for the diagnosis of germ cell tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 45-year-old woman presented with a mass in the right hypochondrium and shortness of breath. The mass was felt up to 4.5 inches below the right costal margin and its dullness on percussion was continuous with liver dullness. Ultrasonography (USG) of abdomen revealed enlargement of the left lobe of the liver with multiple cysts of varying sizes. Left liver lobectomy was done, histology of which showed multiple cysts lined by cuboidal to columnar epithelium. A small amount amount of normal liver parenchyma between the cysts was observed. A diagnosis of Adult polycystic liver disease (APLD) was given.