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Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disease with varied manifestations and course. Variation in presentation among patients, and within the same patient, there may be varied manifestations over time. It has been difficult to measure the extent of disease activity accurately. Several investigators and groups have developed definitions of disease activity and methods to measure it. Consequently, there are currently several instruments to measure disease activity as well as damage in patients with SLE., Areas Covered: This review covers currently available evidence on measures of disease activity in SLE. It discusses potential avenues for further development of new measures and the refinement of existing tools to improve disease activity measures in research and clinical care settings., Expert Opinion: Given the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease, further work and tools are needed to assess disease activity better. Organ-specific measures for cutaneous, renal, and joint manifestations are needed for a detailed assessment of disease activity in conjunction with the use of disease generic tools (e.g. SLEDAI). New tools such as the SLE Disease Activity Index-Glucocorticoid Index (SLEDAI-2 KG) incorporating glucocorticoid doses to describe disease activity, SLE-DAS and SLEDAI-2 K RI-50 to record partial improvements could also be helpful.

Background: Cases of Toxoplasma reactivation or more severe primary infection have been reported in patients receiving immunosuppressive (IS) treatment for autoimmune diseases (AID). The purpose of this study was to describe features of toxoplasmosis occurring in patients with AID treated by IS therapy, excluded HIV-positive and transplant patients., Methods: A multicenter descriptive study was conducted using data from the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis (NRCT) that received DNA extracts or strains isolated from patients, associated with clinical data. Other cases were retrieved through a questionnaire sent to all French parasitology and internal medicine departments. Furthermore, a systematic literature review was conducted., Results: 61 cases were collected: 25 retrieved by the NRCT and by a call for observations and 36 from a literature review. Half of the cases were attributed to reactivation (50.9%), and most of cases (49.2%) were cerebral toxoplasmosis. The most common associated AID were rheumatoid arthritis (28%) and most frequent treatments were antimetabolites (44.3%). Corticosteroids were involved in 60.7% of cases. Patients had a favorable outcome (50.8%) but nine did not survive. For 12 cases, a successful Toxoplasma strain characterization suggested the possible role of this parasitic factor in ocular cases., Conclusion: Although this remains a rare condition, clinicians should be aware for the management of patients and for the choice of IS treatment., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.