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Objectives: Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark is endowed with numerous antidiabetic properties, such as its prognostic value, treatment of organic damages, dyslipidaemia and enhancement of haematopoiesis. In addition to its antioxidant activity on oxidative stress, it accelerated wound healing and has a wide range of safety value. From the purification of its compounds to the points of crystallization it became necessary to analyse the structures for an insight into its mechanisms of actions. Design: Ethanolic extracts were partitioned with ethyl acetate, onto column chromatography packed with silica gel (70-230 mesh) mixed with 95% n-hexane and 5% ethyl acetate; concentrated fractions were loaded onto silica gel-coated thin layer chromatographic plate. Different compounds were observed under UV-light fluorescence and sprayed with sulfuric acid. Similar fractions were pooled, purified to crystals for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance structural analysis. Results: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance revealed fraction A is Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpene anti-inflammatory compound. Conclusion: Lupeol in the crude ethanolic extract is significant in inflammatory pain of diabetes. Keywords: Lupeol, Anti-inflammatory, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Purified extract, inflammatory pain, Diabetes mellitus.

Objectives: The study aimed to identify the antidiabetic compounds purified from stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus and propose the mechanisms of action. Design: Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark was purified through ethyl acetate and n-hexane with minor exceptions. For very clear separation, cold acetone was added to trigger the precipitation. The precipitate was dissolved with a mixture of DCM:methanol (9:1), adsorbed it to silica gel (5 g), evaporated to free flowing powder and fractionated it over silica gel (50 g) to realize 40 fractions. The gummy fractions were ignored. The light brown powder which possessed antidiabetic effect was selected for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for structural elucidation.     Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Determination of Structure of Purified Compound: After column chromatography and TLC processes, along with the cold acetone, to the point of crystallization, the purified compounds, the light brown powder, were presented to NMR (Bruker Avance III, Spectrometer frequency 400 MHz; solvents DMSO-do, CDCl3, Acetone-d6. Institute of Chemistry, Strathclyde University Glasgow UK.) for determination of compound structures and analyses. Results: The NMR spectra and analyses revealed the existence of Betulinic acid and Trimethoxyellagic acid. Conclusion: We show that Betulinic acid and Trimethoxyellagic acid are potent antidiabetic compounds in the stem bark extract of A. leiocarpus. Keywords: Anogeissus leiocarpus, Betulinic Acid, Trimethoxyellagic Acid, Antidiabetic agent

The LD50 of the interface portion of ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract from antidiabetic Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark was greater than 2000mg/kg.bd.wt., with a wide range of safety value. In addition it caused no death 24hours and thereafter and had no effects on pregnancy, gestation, parturition, reproductive performance with no teratogenic effects on pups of Wistar-rats. This led to investigation of the effects of the extract on ovarian functions of adult female Wistar-rats but strategically optimized to obtain appropriate therapeutic hypoglycaemic-dose. On day 0, 20 adult-female Wistar-rats weighing between 155 and 235 g were separated, at random, into 4 cages (A-D) of 5 rats each, unadministered A (normal control), administered B (5 mg/kg.bd.wt.), C (10 mg/kg.bd.wt.) and D (20 mg/kg.bd.wt.); to each group, an adult male Wistar-rat was added. They were on feeds (superstarter chow) and water ad libitum. Groups B and C were reduced to 4 rats each due to exclusion criteria. On day0, baseline parameters, were collected from all rats. Thereafter, from day0 to day12, each female rat received the optimized dose of the interface and samples were collected for random blood glucose (RBG), vaginal cytology and assay for oestrogen and progesterone. Blood samples were collected after day 12 for clinical biochemistry analyses. At day 1, mean RBG values were significantly (P<0.05) higher (129.5±57.7 mg/dl) in group B than values of groups A,C&D which were 99.0±13.2, 101.8±3.2 and 102.0±11.9 mg/dl, respectively. From days 2 to 12, the mean RBG values significantly (P<0.05) decreased to 98.3±15.6 in group B. The mean bodyweights of group B decreased from day 2 to14. In group D, mean values of body weights equally decreased on day14, but after increase on day7 Conclusion: Daily administration of 5 mg/kg/bd.wt. of the extract (interface) of A. leiocarpus stem-bark is therapeutically hypoglycaemic as it reduced RBG significantly (P<0.05) up to day12. The clinic

Objectives: The maximum purification of the extracts of antidiabetic Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark led to a quest for its lethal dose (LD50) and effects on pregnancy, gestation, pups (kitten) and reproductive performance of Wistar rats. Design: Extracts of A. leiocarpus were subjected to column and thin layer chromatography until final purification. Five (5) each of adult male and female rats were used for the study. The revised limit test dose of 2000mg/kg.bd.wt. was used to evaluate the acute oral toxicity and effects on reproductive characteristics of the purified extracts on Wistar rats. The rats were monitored for instant death and 24hours later, 3 each of male and female rats were humanely sacrificed. On day 0 and 24hours later biomarkers of liver damage, AST, ALT, and ALP and that of kidney, urea, were assayed. The remaining 4 rats (2 males and 2 females) were monitored for additional 14days and thereafter for any effect of the limit dose on reproductive activities. Results: The limit dose caused no death within the first 24hours and no hepato-renal damages. Pregnancy, gestation, parturition, pups (kitten) and reproductive performance were normal. The median lethal Dose (LD50) is > 2000mg/kg./bd.wt. Conclusion: Animal experimentation, using Wistar rats showed that purified extracts of A. leiocarpus stem bark as a non-conventional drug for diabetes mellitus, has no effects on pregnancy and reproductive performance. There was no teratogenic effect on pups. The compound has a wide range of safety value. Keywords: Oral Toxicity, Pregnancy, Gestation, Reproductive Performance, Wistar Rats, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Purified Extract