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Crna topola (Populus nigra L.) je jedna od najznačajnijih europskih vrsta drveća koja nastanjuje aluvijalna staništa uz obale velikih rijeka. U Bosni i Hercegovini postoji značajan neiskorišten zemljišni potencijal pogodan za reintrodukciju autohtonih crnih topola, kao i podizanje intenzivnih i ekstenzivnih nasada hibridnih i američkih crnih topola. Cilj ovoga istraživanja je utvrditi početak i završetak fenoloških faza listanja, kao i zimsko zadržavanje lista, što će pomoći pri selekciji pogodnih klonova autohtonih crnih topola za reintrodukciju na određenom lokalitetu i za određene mikroklimatske uvjete u svrhu očuvanja autohtonog genofonda, te klonova hibridnih topola za osnivanje plantaža u Bosni i Hercegovini. Istaživan je materijal 161 klona autohtonih crnih topola iz 26 populacija iz slivova 6 rijeka, te 11 klonova proizvodnih hibridnih topola (euro-američke ili kanadske) i američkih crnih topola. Klonovi se nalaze u klonskom arhivu u Žepču, koji je podignut 2006. godine. Promatrana je fenologija listanja i to od 14.3.- 22.4.2019. godine i to u šest fenoloških faza 0 - uspavani pupoljak, 1 – napukli pup, 2 – probijanje pupa, 3 – pup otvoren, listovi skupljeni, 4 – listovi se razdvajaju, 5 – listovi potpuno razvijeni). Zadržavanje lista praćeno je od 30.8.-4.11.2019. godine i ocjenjivano u tri kategorije: 1 - prisutni svi listovi na stablu, 2 - 50% listova je preostalo na stablu, 3 – nema preostalih listova na stablu. Efektivna duljina vegetacijske sezone definirana je kao vrijeme između pojavljivanja faze pucanja pupova (ocjena 3) i ocjena opadanja lišća 2 (tj. kada je 50% lišća ostalo na stablu). Analiza varijance pokazala je statistički značajne razlike između klonova iz različitih populacija za duljinu trajanja fenoloških faza listanja. Fenološka faza 1 (napukli pupovi) najranije se javila 14.3. a faza 5 (potpuno otvoreni listovi) najranije 8.4. Rezultati zadržavanja listova pokazuju da su 4.11. svi klonovi u klonskom arhivu odbacili list 100%. Najkraću ef, Black poplar (Populus nigra L.) is a species growing in flood forests and today it is one of the most endangered species in Europe. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is significant area of unused land suitable for the reintroduction of autochthonous black poplar and the establishment of intensive and extensive plantations of hybrid and American black poplar. This research aims to determine the beginning and the end of the phenological phases of leafing, as well as the winter retention of leaves, which will help in the selection of suitable clones for the establishment of plantations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The material of 161 clones of autochthonous black poplars from 26 populations from the basins of 6 rivers, and 11 clones of production hybrid poplars (Euro-American or Canadian) and American black poplars was analyzed. The clones were located in the clonal archive in Žepče, which was established in 2006. Leafing phenology was observed from March 15 to April 22, 2019, and during six phenological phases: 0 - dormant bud, 1 - cracked bud, 2 - bud breaking through, 3 - bud open, leaves gathered, 4 - leaves separate, 5 - leaves fully developed. The retention of the leaves was monitored from August 30 to November 4, 2019, and evaluated in three categories: 1 - all leaves on the tree are present, 2 - 50% of the leaves are left on the tree, 3 - there are no leaves left on the tree. Analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between clones from different populations for the duration of the leafing phenological phases. Phenological phase 1 (buds breaking through) occurred at the earliest on March 14 and phase 5 (fully open leaves) no earlier than April 8. The results of leaf retention show that on November 4 all clones in the clonal archive fully rejected the leaves. The shortest effective length of the vegetation period had the clones of the Bugojno population (154 days), and the longest the clones of Populus boleana and Populus nigra var. italica

Purpose of Review: Recognizing that in the context of global change, tree genetic diversity represents a crucial resource for future forest adaptation, we review and highlight the major forest genetics research achievements of the past decades in biodiversity-rich countries of the Mediterranean region. For this, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature spanning the past thirty years (1991–2020). Putting together the representative regionwide expertise of our co-authorship, we propose research perspectives for the next decade. Recent Findings: Forest genetics research in Mediterranean countries is organized into three different scientific domains of unequal importance. The domain “Population diversity and Differentiation” related to over 62% of all publications of the period, the domain “Environmental conditions, growth and stress response” to almost 23%, and the domain “Phylogeography” to almost 15%. Citation rate was trending the opposite way, indicating a strong and sustained interest in phylogeography and a rising interest for genetics research related to climate change and drought resistance. The share of publications from Asia and Africa to the total within the Mediterranean increased significantly during the 30-year period analyzed, reaching just below 30% during the last decade. Summary: Describing poorly known species and populations, including marginal populations, using the full potential of genomic methods, testing adaptation in common gardens, and modeling adaptive capacity to build reliable scenarios for forest management remain strategic research priorities. Delineating areas of high and low genetic diversity, for conservation and restoration, respectively, is needed. Joining forces between forest management and forest research, sharing data, experience, and knowledge within and among countries will have to progress significantly, e.g., to assess the potential of Mediterranean genetic resources as assisted migration material wo

Europski ariš (Larix decidua Mill.) pokazao je vrlo dobar rast i prilagodljivost ekološkim uvjetima u Bosni i Hercegovini. Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi varijabilnost morfoloških svojstava ariša na pokusnoj površini kod Kaknja, te varijabilnosti u početku osržavanja, kao i postojanje korelacija između ovih svojstava.  U sjemenskoj sastojini ariša, osnovanoj sadnicama starosti 2+0 1979. godine, napravljena je trajna pokusna površina od 0,45 hektara i na njoj mjerene su visine i promjeri stabala 2002. i 2020. godine, te izračunate temeljnica i volumen. Stabla su 2020. godine bušena na prsnoj visini Preslerovim svrdlom kako bi se odredio udio osrženosti. Izračunate su prosječne vrijednosti svih svojstava. Zatim je odabrano po deset, pet i jedno najbolje stablo po svojstvima promjera, visine, temeljnice, volumena i izračunate razlike između prosječnih vrijednosti za deset stabala i ukupnog prosjeka, prosjeka za pet stabala i ukupnog prosjeka, te razlike između maksimalnih i prosječnih vrijednosti za istraživana svojstva. Također je izračunavat Pearsonov koeficijent korelacije između svih istraživanih svojstava. Prosječan promjer stabala starih 41 godinu bio je 24,6 cm, prosječna visina 21,8 m. Rezultati istraživanja osrženosti su pokazali da ariš prosječno počinje osržavati pri starosti od 14 godina. Pearsonov koeficijent korelacije za 2020. godinu pokazuje da postoji negativna korelacija između početka osržavanja prema svim ostalim svojstvima, odnosno stabla koja ranije osržavaju imaju veće vrijednosti svojstava rasta. Rezultati će biti korišteni u procesima individualne selekcije ariša sa dobrim visinskim i debljinskim prirastom i ranim osržavanjem., Larch (Larix decidua) showed good growth and adaptability to ecological conditions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research aims to determine the variability of the morphological traits of larch in the seed stand near Kakanj, the variability at the beginning of heartwood formation, and correlations among these properties. In the larch seed stand, established by seedlings 2+0 in 1979, an area of 0,45 hectares was set aside. The heights and breast height diameters of the trees were on that area were measured in 2002 and 2020, and the basal area and volume were calculated. In 2020, the trees were drilled at breast height with a Presler drill to measure the proportion of heartwood. Average values of all properties for 2002 and 2020 were calculated. The ten, five and one best trees were selected according to the properties of breast height diameter, height, basal area, volume, and the intensities of selection for these traits were calculated. The Pearson correlation coefficient among all investigated traits were calculated. The average breast height diameter of 41-year-old trees was 24,6 cm, average height 21,8 m, basal area 0.0499m2 and volume 0.3745 m3 (table 1), while in 2002. the average breast height diameter was 15,5 cm, height 18,2 m, basal area 0,020 m2, and volume 0,128 m3 (table 1). Between 2002 and 2020, there was an overtaking of trees in breast height diameter and height and thus the base and volume (table 2). The average larch tree starts heartwood formation at the age of 14 years (table 1). The earliest heartwood formation occurs in the sixth year (tree 495) and the latest in the 32nd year (table 4). Pearson coefficient showed a high positive correlation between breast height diameter and height in 2002 (table 9), which means that trees with a good height increase also have a good thickness increase. As a result, the correlation between breast height diameter and basal area and breast height diameter and volume, height and basal area, height and volume, and

SažetakCrna topola (Populus nigra L.) je jedna od najznačajnijih europskih vrsta drveća koja nastanjuje aluvijalna staništa uz obale velikih rijeka. Danas je jedna od najugroženijih vrsta šumskog drveća zbog devastacije staništa, regulacije riječnih tokova, i pretjerane ekspolatacije, kao i unošenja alohtonih vrsta drveća s kojima je hibridizirala. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi varijabilnost morfoloških svojstava listova crne topole unutar i između klonova autohtonih populacija i hibrida, te između riječnih slivova u Bosni i Hercegovini, kako bi se učinkovitije pristupilo zaštiti i oplemenjivanju ove vrste.Istraživan je materijal iz klonskog arhiva crnih topola. Arhiv je osnovan 2005. godine u Žepču, od klonova sa 161 stabla autohtonih crnih topola iz 26 populacija širom Bosne i Hercegovine (iz slivova 6 rijeka) te 15 hibridnih vrsta topola. Mjereno je po 5 listova od svakoga klona, a uziman je peti list od vrha glavnog izbojka. Mjerenje je vršeno digitalnim pomičnim mjerilom sa preciznošću od 0.1mm i kutomjerom. Mjereni su: dužina plojke, širina plojke, dužina peteljke, ukupna dužina lista, ugao insercije prvog bočnog nerva i centralnog nerva, udaljenost između najšireg dijela lista i baze lista, broj zubaca u dužini od 1cm iznad najšireg dijela lista. Podaci su obrađeni korištenjem SPSS 26.0 i EXCEL-a, i to prema populacijama i prema slivovima rijeka.Analizom varijance utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike između ispitivanih populacija, kao i između slivova rijeka, za sva istraživana svojstva. Najveću varijabilnost pokazalo je svojstvo dužine peteljke, a najmanju kut insercije prvog bočnog i centralnog nerva. Populacija dlakavih crnih topola Čapljina ima najmanje dimenzije listova i značajno odstupa u svim mjerenim svojstvima od ostalih. Najčešći broj zubaca na 1cm lisnog ruba je 4 zupca koji se pojavljuje na 38,3% listova. Ovo istraživanje daje mali uvid u morfološke karakteristike crnih topola u klonskom arhivu Žepče, te može predstavljati osnovu za dalj, SummaryBlack poplar (Populus nigra L.) is one of the most important European tree species, inhabiting alluvial habitats along the banks of large rivers. Today, it is one of the most endangered species of forest trees due to habitat devastation, regulation of river flows, excessive exploitation, and the introduction of non-native tree species with which it hybridized. This study aims to determine the variability of ­morphological properties of black poplar leaves n Bosnia and Herzegovina, within and among ­populations, and among river basins.Material from the clonal archive of black poplars was researched. The archive was founded in 2005 in Žepče. It contains clones from 161 trees of indigenous black poplars from 26 populations throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina (from the basins of 6 rivers) and 15 hybrid poplar species (table 1 and table 2).Ten leaves were collected from each clone by taking the fifth leaf from the top of the main shoot. Five leaves from each clone were measured. The measurement was performed with a digital movable scale with an accuracy of 0.1 mm and a protractor. The following traits were measured: leaf blade length, leaf blade width, petiole length, total leaf length, the angle between the first lateral nerve and central nerve, and distance from the leaf base to the widest part of the leaf. The number of teeth on one cm above the widest part of the leaf was counted. Data were processed using SPSS 26.0 and EXCEL by populations and river basins.Analysis of variance revealed that there are statistically significant differences among the studied ­populations (table 4), as well as among river basins (table 7), for all investigated traits. The petiole length trait showed the highest variability, and the lowest variability had the insertion angle of the first lateral and central nerve (table 3). The clones of population of hairy black poplars Čapljina had the lowest values of leaf traits and differed significantly in all measured properties fro

U testu provenijencija hrasta lužnjaka (Quercus robur L.) u Bosni i Hercegovini koji je osnovan 2009. godine istraživana je varijabilnost visina biljaka i promjera vrata korijena na biljkama iz 27 provenijencija. Osim toga, analizirane su i korelacije između visina stabala i promjera vrata korijena s morfološkim svojstvima listova iz prirodnih populacija. Sjeme za osnivanje testova provenijencija, kao i listovi koji su korišteni u morfometrijskoj analizi, sakupljeni su u istim populacijama. Provedenim istraživanjima utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike za svojstvo visine i promjera vrata korijena. Varijabilnost je potvrđena i Duncan-ovim testom, i to na način da su biljke s obzirom na svojstvo visina grupirane u 11 skupina te s obzirom na svojstvo promjer vrata korijena u četiri skupine. Klasterskom analizom nije utvrđeno grupiranje populacija s obzirom na geografske i ekološke udaljenosti populacija. Korelacijskom analizom potvrđena je statistički značajna povezanost između visine biljaka i promjera vrata korijena te između morfoloških svojstava listova i visine biljaka i promjera vrata korijena. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da se na temelju određenih morfoloških svojstava može provoditi selekcija provenijencija u mlađim fazama razvoja., Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L., Fagaceae) is an economically and ecologically valuable species that has almost completely disappeared from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina due to over-exploitation, and through reintroduction and breeding activities it should be returned and protected in areas optimal for its growth. This study aimed to determine whether there is a correlation between the morphological traits of pedunculate oak leaves in populations where the seed for establishing provenance test was collected with the root collar diameter and height of plants growing in the provenance test.In the first part of this study, leaves from 27 natural populations of pedunculate oak throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina were measured (Table 1). Ten leaves per tree were measured from ten trees per population. The following traits were measured (Figure 1): K1 - leaf blade length in mm, K2 - leaf petiole length in mm, K3 - the distance of the widest part of the blade from the blade base (on the right side) in mm, K4 - width of the right half-blade at the height from K3 in mm, K5 - (maximum) width of the left half-blade in mm, K6 - incision of the leaf from the central nerve in mm, K7 - incision of the blade base. The second part of the research includes the measurement of heights and root collar diameters of pedunculate oak plants in the provenance test in Žepče in the spring of 2020. The provenance test was established in 2009 from seeds from the same populations and from the same trees from which the leaf material was collected for morphometric analysis. Data were processed in the statistical program SPSS 26.0. Descriptive analysis, analysis of variance, multiple Duncan test, and cluster analysis using the Average Linkage Method for the traits of the height and root collar diameter of plants in the provenance test were performed. A correlation analysis between the morphological traits of the leaves in the populations and the growth of provenances in the provenance test