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Metal cutting is the way of processing the workpiece with tool having sharp cutting edges of different materials generating chips of different shapes and sizes. In present era of industry 4.0, metal machining should not be unrated during processing of hard grades metals and superalloys where large amount of cutting forces are generated. Also, the measurement of cutting forces provides the basic of economical machining and hence accurate evaluation in experimental and analytical manner has great importance. The traditional models of metal cutting have disagreement with experimental results due to missing of important mechanics terms. With the development of digital technology, the errors in calculation of cutting force have also been shortened due to consideration of terms absent in conventional models. In present investigation, the cutting forces have been evaluated experimentally using dynamometer and analytically with Astakhov’s methodology during turning of EN-31 steel. The results revealed that 12.9% observations have deviation more than 20%, whereas 16.67 % has zero deviation. Further, the feed rate has more influence on cutting forces as compared to speed and nose radius. In addition, the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) of vegetable oil has lowered the cutting forces appreciably compared to dry machining.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) also known as wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSAN). These are distributed autonomous sensors for monitoring environmental or physical conditions, like sound, temperature pressure, etc. and used for passing their data via the network to a main location. These are measurement tools which are equipped with transmitters for converting the signals into a radio transmission from process control instruments. Receiver interprets the radio signal after that converts the wireless signal to a desired or specific output, like a data or Analog current analysis via computer software.

Smart manufacturing is the demand of industry 4.0, in which the mass production of difficult-to-cut materials is of great concern to fulfil the goal of sustainable machining. Presently, the machining of superalloy is of upmost interest because of its wide application. However, the limited data on the turning of Hastelloy C-276 highlights its challenges during processing. Hence, the machining performance of superalloy considering surface quality, thermal aspects and chip reduction coefficient was examined with minimum quantity lubrication of several oils to address the sustainable development goal (SDG-12). The output responses were optimized through response surface methodology along with analysis of variance. The research exhibited that the output responses were dominated by cutting speed and feed rate having a percentage benefaction of 24.26% and 60%, respectively, whilst the depth of cut and lubricant type have an influence of 10–12%. No major difference in temperature range was reported during the different lubrication conditions. However, a substantial variation in surface roughness and the chip reduction coefficient was revealed. The percentage error evaluated in surface roughness, temperature and chip reduction coefficient was less than 5%, along with an overall desirability of 0.88, describing the usefulness of the model used. The SEM micrograph indicated a loss of coating, nose and flank wear during all lubrication conditions. Lastly, incorporating a circular economy has reduced the economic, ecological and environmental burden.

Presently, buildings are expected to be designed to meet higher energy performance, sustainability to enjoy healthy and comfortable environment for the occupants. With the growing public awareness of environment issues, the energy efficient design concept for construction of buildings is being accepted to reduce the day-to-day energy demand of the buildings. In this scenario, net zero energy building design is one of the solutions to combat global warming by reducing energy demand and simultaneously use of renewable energy to run the operations of the building. In this paper, the focus is given on net zero energy building design criteria for composite climate zone. The technical parameters of planning, orientation, envelope, heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC), use of energy efficient materials and integration of renewable energy system in designing the net zero energy building were analyzed and evaluated. The net zero energy balance equation was established from the building design strategies by evaluating the total annual energy demand, reduction in annual energy consumption implementing energy efficient technologies and annual renewable energy generation under the boundary of the building. This equation of net zero energy building was validated on design and construction of BISA building located at Ludhiana, Punjab falls under the composite climate zone. The analysis, evaluation and validation were carried out on system-generated model of the building. The reduced annual energy demand of the building of 432,742 kWh was met from the renewable energy generation of rooftop solar photovoltaic power plant of capacity 300kWp and satisfied the net zero energy balance equation.

The capability or calibre cannot be judged based on Results, as it depends on the student to student & also the examination is testing of knowledge of a student, for the whole year in two or three hours. In July 2020 the exam result of the secondary standard was declared by the Board of School Education Haryana, Bhiwani and there is a discussion about topper & the schools in which these toppers were studying & strategy of these toppers regarding exam preparation, their interviews & photos were published in the Newspapers, why not? It must be but in this spark light, there is some darkness behind this. Everyone is congratulating these students, as they are studied from the Private Schools of the Urban City areas of the Haryana, a few are from the most educated families, whose parents their selves are teachers or professors. Through this, we are ignoring a bitter truth of the poor students of the Government Schools, who despite lack of all the big & small facilities, as compare of these Private schools’ performed equal to these toppers. KEYWORDS: Testing of knowledge, Education in Private Schools, Toppers and Calibre.

In this paper, a novel watermarking technique for the tamper detection of text images is pro- posed. Entropy of every sentence is computed and Markov matrix using the occurrences of the characters is used to generate a character pattern. Entropy and character patterns are converted to Unicode Zero Width Characters (ZWCs) by using a lookup table. The ZWCs of entropy of each sentence is embedded at the end of every sentence after terminator. ZWCs of the character patterns are embedded in the end of the text of the image. On receiver side, ZWCs are extracted and converted to numerical form using the same lookup table. Entropy of every sentence and character patterns are recalculated and compared with extracted values for tamper detection. Comparison of technique with existing state-of-art techniques shows the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Plant–microbe interactions are crucial for many ecological processes. These interactions majorly take place in the rhizosphere and are mediated by the secretion of organic compounds by plant roots. These compounds act as signalling molecules and also as carbon sources for microbes. Microbial community in the rhizosphere is very diverse and consists of bacteria, archaebacteria, viruses, fungi, actinomycetes, protozoans, arthropods, algae, and nematodes. The rhizospheric microbes promote plant growth by different mechanisms such as biocontrol activity, phytohormone secretion, siderophore production, mineral solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and enzyme production. Since, a large proportion of microbial diversity is still not cultured, the detection and phylogenetic characterization of such un-/non-cultured microorganisms require advanced molecular techniques viz. metagenomics, metabolomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics. Several factors affect the rhizosphere microbial population, including root exudates, type and age of the plant, status of plant health, and application of fertilizers, pesticides, and amendments. Plant growth-promoting microbes of the rhizosphere can be used as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents and rhizosphere competence is an important factor that determines their success. This chapter discusses all these aspects of rhizospheric microbial communities, especially their occurrence, distribution, and functions.

Natural-fiber-reinforced composites are progressively attracting interest in the aerospace, automotive, aeronautics, and marine sectors due to their good strength-to-weight ratios, long lifetimes and cost-effectiveness. Traditional machining methods have trouble machining such composite materials. However, abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) provides an alternative quality machining method that can be accomplished by regulating various process variables. The efficiency of the AWJM method has been the subject of extensive study, due to its negligible heat-affected zone. This review attempts to focus on an exploration of the thermal and mechanical properties and the AWJM efficiency of various coir-fiber-based composites in relation to various parameters and to determine the best AWJM operating conditions. There are numerous process variables that influence AWJM machined surface quality. However, the standoff distance, hydraulic pressure, abrasive mass flow rate, nozzle diameter, and transverse speed are all important factors to consider. Kerf taper, kerf width, and surface roughness are considered key response factors.

Nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy is common. Administration of safe anesthesia to a pregnant patient, while minimizing its side effects on the fetus, is a major challenge for the anesthesiologist. Both general anesthesia and central neuraxial block are associated with risks during early pregnancy. Regional nerve blocks are being explored as possible alternatives whenever feasible. This report emphasizes the usefulness of ultrasound-guided, modified bilateral paravertebral block in a first-trimester pregnant patient undergoing microdiscectomy for cauda equina syndrome.

Objectives: This research work is conducted in small scale industries to highlight energy efficiency gap that has often been neglected from the analysis in manufacturing cluster. The study is done to evaluate - Intensity of Barrier (IOB), Easiness of Barrier Removal (EOB) and Impact of Barrier Removal (IBREE) on Energy Efficiency for the top four barrier-groups by using mathematical model based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Methods/Statistical Analysis: The data for AHP matrix is collected through an online questionnaire sent to 180 respondents from the list of 330 industries selected randomly. The four barrier groups are selected based on various studies conducted on Barriers to energy efficiency in India and abroad. The total cluster population consists of 330 Small Scale Manufacturing units in Mohali district of Punjab. Considering the reliability of respondents, the confidence interval 0.20 and confidence level 95% is chosen respectively. The calculated sample size using these parameters is 22. Findings: The Results highlighted many important findings that inhibit the energy efficiency benefits is these cluster and affect degree of implementation. Policy and Regulatory Barrier followed by Personal&Informational Barrier having score value 0.36 and 0.24 respectively are found to be high-intensity Barriers that act as impediments to energy efficiency policies in manufacturing cluster. The Personal&Informational Barrier is easiest to remove whereas Policy and Regulatory Barrier is most difficult to remove barrier group according to AHP results. Application/Improvements: The analysis pointed out that if Policy and Regulatory Barrier is removed would result in significant chances of achieving energy efficiency in these clusters. An initiative from state government bodies in collaboration with field specific experts is necessary to formulate effective policies to address this barrier group. The Personal&Informational Barrier can be addressed through regular interactions with experts, training programs and behavior modification techniques.

Functionally graded materials (FGM) are newly developed materials described by variation in the characteristics gradually over volume. These materials find applications in very high temperature environments namely aerospace industry, nuclear reactors, gas turbines, and electronics cooling. These materials are used in high temperature environments with dynamic load conditions, so their transient thermoelastic analysis under these conditions is necessary. In this paper, transient thermoelastic investigation of FGM is carried out using finite element method (FEM). The effect of temperature dependence is considered in the thermophysical properties of a FGM plate in the direction of its thickness. FEM is applied to solve the thermo mechanical equations and Newmark direct integration scheme is used for obtaining the solution for transient loading. This method improves the accuracy for three dimensional cases and produces solutions directly in time domain. A comparative study is made with some existing methods, and it is found that temperature and thermal stresses remain within safe limits at higher temperatures while preserving the deformation in the structure. The results show that the grading parameter has a dominating effect on transient thermoelastic behavior on FGM plate.

Cellulose is one of the most significant renewable energy sources present on earth and is also the most abundant biomolecule present in biomass. Hence producing indigenous cellulases for depolymerization of cellulose for use in various bioprocesses, namely biofuel production and commodity biochemical synthesis, is vital for the development of sustainable future biorefineries. Cellulolytic enzymes are a set of several enzymes, produced mainly by microorganisms both fungi and bacteria, that synergistically catalyze degradation of holocellulose-releasing oligosaccharides, cellobiose, and glucose units. Interestingly, cellulases are inducible enzymes, whose regulation is precisely regulated by activation and repression mechanisms. These inducible enzymes are produced only in the presence of complex cellulosic substrates, but repressed when simple sugars are present. The cellulosic substrates can either be pure substrates (cellulose powder) or raw lignocellulosic material. Lignocellulosic biomass, being plentiful as well as inexpensive, is usually the preferred substrate for the production of this enzyme system as compared to the pure substrates. Recent transcriptome profiling and quantitative proteomic approaches also reveal induction of specific proteins in the presence of utilizable lignocellulosic carbon sources by different microorganisms. This chapter discusses various pure and lignocellulosic substrates used for microbial cellulase production by either liquid submerged or solid-state fermentation.

A novel thermotolerant Streptomyces sp. ssr-198 with capacity to produce multicomponent holocellulolytic enzymes was isolated and identified using 16S rDNA sequencing. Important chemical components of medium were optimized by rotatable central composite design (RCCD) using response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve maximal yield of holocellulolytic (endoglucanase, exoglucanase and xylanase) enzymes. Optimization resulted in 246%, 83%, and 96% higher yield of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and xylanase respectively as compared to unoptimized conditions. The concentrated crude enzymes were partially characterized in terms of optimum pH (6.0) and temperature (60 °C). Multiple endoglucanase and xylanases with diverse molecular weights were detected in the zymogram. The study demonstrated the ability of this newly isolated Streptomyces strain to produce a high titer of holocellulolytic enzymes with potential application in the saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass.

The nano-particles achieved the focus of the researchers in the field of refrigeration, due to its capability to change the properties of refrigerants upto a large extent. Nanofluids based on refrigerant is known as nano refrigerants and provided an improvement in thermophysical properties of various refrigerants in different terms. Different theoretical and experimental models are provided by the researchers have been used for the evaluation of different properties of refrigerant in terms of thermal conductivity, density, specific heat and viscosity of the refrigerants. In this effort, a number of models, and correlations have been used to result in the improvement in these properties of nano refrigerants. This is achieved by the addition of nanoparticles with varying volume concentration of 1% to 5 %. The analyses have been made within a temperature range of 190K- 269K at a constant pressure of 0.3 MPa. The study is elaborated to compare the various refrigerants which are R11, R12, R22, R134a and R141b with the addition of different nano-particles which are TiO2, Al2O3, ZnO and CuO at evaporator conditions. The addition of ZnO has given a good impact on the thermal conductivity of refrigerants. Effective viscosity of nano refrigerants depends upon the viscosity of refrigerants and volumetric concentration of nano-sized particles. Specific Heat shows the negative variation with the addition of nanoparticles but increased with the rise in temperature. The density of nano refrigerants depends upon the density of base refrigerant, Density of nanoparticles, volumetric concentration of nanoparticles. In future, the study can be elaborated in terms of compressor work, power consumption and overall performance of refrigeration system.

In this paper, a novel image steganography approach is proposed to enhance the visual quality of stego image. The cover image is decomposed using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to produce wavelet subbands and threshold value is calculated for each higher frequency wavelet subbands. Wavelet coefficients having magnitude larger than the threshold of its subband are selected to embed the secret data. Semi Hexadecimal Code (SHC) is proposed to convert pixel value of secret image into smaller equivalent value so that it distorts stego image as less as possible. Experimental results shows that maximum PSNR between cover image and stego image is more than 75 dB .Proposed approach is also compared with the existing approaches and this comparison shows that the proposed approach is better than the existing approaches.

A finite element model is constructed to analyze the effects of steady state temperature field on FGM layer thickness. The first-order shear deformation model is exploited to investigate the uncoupled thermal behavior of functionally graded plates in Abacus environment. The continuum is divided into 540 elements and 541 nodes using two node linear elements. The results show that the temperature distribution in the composite plate is more reasonable with increase in the thickness of FGM layer. The comparison with the non-graded two layered composite plate, the temperature field of the Zirconia/FGM/Aluminum three layered composite plate is in the form of a curve but in case of non-graded two layered composite plate the temperature field is in the form of inclined straight line with sharp bend at the interface of metal and ceramic phase.

A closed loop speed control scheme for a Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor is implemented using single current sensor without position and speed sensors. The rotor position information is derived from the back emf of the motor and this in turn is used for determining the rotor speed. The various aspects of DSP based closed loop speed control (such as derivation of position, current sensing, speed controller and PWM generation) of the PMBLDC drive system are discussed. The DC link Current is sensed for feedback, which reduces the requirement of current sensor and hence limits the overall cost of the drive system.

This paper presents the performance analysis of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) fed from improved power quality converter–inverter system as a variable speed drive for air-conditioning (Air-Con). The improved power quality converter (IPQC) makes the input power factor unity and also reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of input supply current. This converter consists of two uncontrolled unidirectional and two bi-directional switches. It provides constant DC-link voltage during transient and steady state conditions. This converter has high efficiency as only two switches conduct at a time and IPMSM also offers high efficiency as compared to other electric motors. The proposed drive system is an appropriate solution for energy conservation in the AC distribution system, in the motor and in the compressor of Air-Con. The detailed model and the simulated results of the proposed drive system are presented to demonstrate the features of improved power quality and energy conservation.

Based on results from a measurement of weak decay branches observed following the β- decay of 94Y and on lifetime data from a study of 94Zr by inelastic neutron scattering, collective structure is deduced in the closed-subshell nucleus 94Zr. These results establish shape coexistence in 94Zr. The role of subshells for nuclear collectivity is suggested to be important.

Geriforte, an herbomineral compound prepared from several herbs and minerals, is being used as a restorative tonic to solve the problems of old age in India. Since active oxygen species have been proposed to be involved in the aging process of the brain, alterations in the level of enzymes involved in the defense system against free radicals and other active oxygen species could substantially influence the aging process. Therefore, in the present study, this antistress adaptogenic Ayurvedic preparation has been evaluated for the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), key enzymes of the cellular defense system, in the brain of aging Wistar male rats. The present study was carried out on 22-month-old rats. They were given Geriforte powder orally at a dosage of 900 mg/kg body weight once a day for two months. The Geriforte-treated rat brain had significantly high levels of SOD and CAT activities than those recorded in their respective controls. The contents of SOD and CAT in Geriforte-administered brain increased by 24% and 30%, respectively. In the present investigation, free radical damage was assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in postmitochondrial fractions of brain homogenate. The magnitude of TBARS has been reported to be decreased by 26% in the Geriforte-treated rat brain. In conclusion, it seems logical to suppose that Geriforte, a combination of several plant ingredients and minerals, protects the body against the damaging effects of free radicals by producing large amounts of antioxidant enzymes.

Agro residues, a precious source of nutrients are being disposed off because of their bulky nature and non-availability of management practices. Besides loss of essential plant nutrients and organic matter important for sustainability of the system, it also causes environmental pollution leading to animal and human health problems. It is important to recycle these crop residues for restoring soil health and sustainability of the production system for national food and nutritional security. Composting can be adopted for large scale recycling of these agrowastes to enriched compost using efficient microorganisms. Apart from being a source of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients for plants, compost is also believed to suppress soil-borne diseases in plants. These virtues make composting an ideal option for processing the enormous quantities of agro wastes that are generated in the world. Besides this agrowastes may be utilized as a resource for production of animal feed, biofuel and enzyme to generate additional income.

Gamma-ray angular distribution measurements following the {sup nat}Ni(n,n{sup '}{gamma}) reaction were carried out at 1.6 and 1.8 MeV neutron energies. Through the Doppler-shift attenuation method, the lifetime of the 2{sub 1}{sup +} state in {sup 58}Ni is determined as {tau}=1.00{sub -0.10}{sup +0.15} ps, which yields a B(E2;2{sub 1}{sup +}{yields}0{sub 1}{sup +}) value of 9.4{sub -1.2}{sup +1.0} W.u. From previous measurements and this work, average values of {tau}=0.94(3) ps and B(E2;2{sub 1}{sup +}{yields}0{sub 1}{sup +})=10.0(4) W.u. are recommended as standards for normalization. In addition, a longer lifetime of {tau}=1.30{sub -0.20}{sup +0.30} ps has been determined for the 2{sub 1}{sup +} state in {sup 60}Ni, which yields an E2 strength of 10.7{sub -2.5}{sup +1.7} W.u. Our results support an enhancement of proton-core excitations and related quadrupole and pairing strengths in the light Ni isotopes, in agreement with mean-field and shell-model calculations.

This paper presents the fuzzy pre-compensated PI (FPPI) speed controller for permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor drive. Various aspects of DSP based implementation of PMBLDC motor drive system such as inverter, position and current sensing, reference current generation and PWM current control are discussed in detail. The fuzzy logic algorithm used in this work particularly suitable for digital control because of the simplified way of handling the rule base and considerable reduction of computation during defuzzification process. Transient performance of the drive system obtained using FPPI speed controller is compared with the conventional PI speed controller.

This paper presents important experimental findings on a novel 2-winding single phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) through extensive experimentation. The performance of the generating unit has been critically evaluated in terms of voltage, frequency consistency, efficiency and sensitivity to realistic parameters. These results are expected to assess its suitability for practical application towards standby power generation. These results would guide on the needed requirements in the system.

This paper deals with the design and development of a photovoltaic (PV) array fed cage induction motor for an isolated water pumping system. A drive system using a chopper circuit to track power from the PV for different solar and a current controlled voltage source inverter (CC-VSI) to optimally match the motor to PV characteristics is presented. The model equations governing interaction of torque and flux producing components of motor current with available solar power is developed for the operation of the system at optimum efficiency. Performance of the system is presented for different realistic operating conditions, which demonstrates its special features for applications such as solar water pumping system, solar vehicles and flour mills located in hilly and isolated areas,.

This paper describes an experimental study carried out on a permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor drive coupled to a pump load powered by a photovoltaic (PV) array for water pumping system applications. A simple low-cost prototype controller has been designed and developed without current and position sensors which drastically reduces the overall cost of the motor drive system. This controller is used to test the dynamic behavior of the PMBLDC motor drive system. A mathematical model of the system is developed with a view to carrying out a comparison between the experimental and simulated response of the drive system. The necessary computer algorithm is developed to analyze the performance under different conditions of varying solar insolation for a pump load. The developed state-space equations are simulated to obtain the performance characteristics which are also verified by conducting a suitable experiment on the developed PV pumping system.

This paper deals with the reduction of overall cost of a current controlled voltage source inverter fed vector controlled induction motor drive (VCIMD). For this purpose an attempt has been made here to examine the possibility of such elimination/reduction in the number of sensors. The performance analysis of the VCIMD system (22 kW cage induction motor) is carried out and with the help of simulated results the effectiveness of the proposed elimination/reduction of sensors is assessed.

This paper deals with the power quality improvement of AC mains in Direct Torque-Controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive using active wave shaping techniques. For this purpose, different topologies for active wave shaping of AC mains current in DTC-based PMSM drive such as single- and two-switch boost power factor correction (PFC) AC-DC converter, asymmetrical two-switch boost PFC AC-DC converter and single-phase voltage source AC-DC converter (VSC) are considered. The models are developed and simulated in MATLAB environment along with the Power System Blockset (PSB) and Simulink toolboxes to compute the relevant power quality performance indices. The simulated results demonstrate the effectiveness of different topologies in improving the power quality of the input AC mains in DTC-based PMSM drive.

The paper examines the dynamic response of the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) with sliding-mode and fuzzy controllers. A current-controlled voltage-source inverter (CC-VSI) is used as an SSSC. It injects a sinusoidally varying voltage (0

The issues involved in the design of energy-efficient high-performance irrigation pump induction motors operating under typical field conditions are highlighted. Various factors deserving consideration, from the predesign survey to the final design stage, are discussed in detail. By resorting to optimisation techniques, suitable objective functions were evolved to arrive at an improved design, which is constrained by industrial practices and performance requirements. The new design is compared with the standard design, and its salient features are discussed to suggest useful guidelines.

This paper describes the technique for cross-linking cellulose with formaldehyde in the vapor and liquid phases. It also gives a brief description of an improved method for estimating the degree of cross-linking. Moisture sorption isotherms of cross-linked samples have been obtained at different relative humidities ranging from 0 to 90% and at 25°C by using McBain-Bakr sorption balance. The relationship between swelling and water content in the bath is nonlinear. This may be due to unrestricted swelling at the lower concentrations of water in the bath; in the intermediate range of water concentrations, the swelling does not increase significantly because of primary-wall constraint. Moisture regain of the control samples increases with increase in swelling up to 16%. This change is more pronounced at higher humidities. However, for 19% swelling, possibly because of the breaking of the primary wall, the cellulose chains may so rearrange themselves that hydrogen bonding between OH-groups increases, thereby decreasing the moisture regain. Swollen samples are stabilized by cross-linking. The moisture sorption characteristics of cross-linked swollen samples depend on the degree of swelling at the time of cross-linking and also on the degree of cross-linking.

Moisture sorption data of Form C samples have been obtained using a McBain-Bakr sorption balance and these were used to calculate effective area of molecular contact of the cross-linked samples with the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) equation. A probable explanation is advanced for the maxima and minima in moisture regains of cross-linked in the swollen state samples and the effective area/HCHO relationship. Attempts have been made to infer the distribution of cross-links trom the moisture sorption data of the cross-linked samples. Iodine accessibility values of formaldehyde-crosslinked fibre and dye pickup studies of formaldehyde-crosslinked fabric support an earlier assumption that the primary wall is ruptured under Form W conditions.