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Optimizing the regeneration process of surgically created anastomoses (blood vessels, intestines, nerves) is an important topic in surgical research. One of the most interesting parameter groups is related to the biomechanical properties of the anastomoses. Depending on the regeneration process and its influencing factors, tensile strength and other biomechanical features may change during the healing process. Related to the optimal specimen size, the range and accuracy of measurements, and applicability, we have developed a custom-tailored microcontroller-based device. In this paper, we describe the hardware and software configuration of the latest version of the device, including experiences and comparative measurements of tensile strength and elasticity of artificial materials and biopreparate tissue samples. The machine we developed was made up of easily obtainable parts and can be easily reproduced on a low budget. The basic device can apply a force of up to 40 newtons, and can grasp a 0.05–1 cm wide, 0.05–1 cm thick tissue. The length of the test piece on the rail should be between 0.3 and 5 cm. Low production cost, ease of use, and detailed data recording make it a useful tool for experimental surgical research.

All major ear rots (F. graminearum, F. verticillioides, and Aspergillus flavus) and their toxins are present in maize of preharvest origin in Hungary. Resistance can be an important tool in reducing the infection and toxin contamination from these rots in maize. Previous results identified resistance differences in maize hybrids that were suitable for use in evaluating their risk from toxigenic fungi and their toxins. During the tests, two methodical improvements were achieved: the use of three isolates of the fungus secured and a more precise estimation of resistance to ear rots and their resistance to toxin accumulation or overproduction. The improvement in sampling and the tests of subsamples made the evaluation for the statistics much more exact. This way, we were able to reduce the Within value, providing a statistically more reliable method of evaluation. Earlier data had confirmed that toxin contamination could not be predicted well from visual ear rot severity data. Contradictory results for hybrid ranking were often identified between isolates. The resistance to disease and toxin contamination is not generally valid. The new suggested methodology compares the performance of hybrids in a large number of epidemic situations to identify adaptable hybrids that can respond to diverse conditions; therefore, the stability of resistance and toxin response is decisive information to evaluate risk analyses. The increased number of disease toxin data allowed for lower LSD 5% values for toxins, a much finer analysis of toxin overproduction and underproduction, and a wider database for stability analyses. This way, we obtained important additional separated information about resistance to accumulation of toxins and about maize resistance to these pathogens that is suitable to provide much more reliable testing than was possible until now. Globally, about 50–100 million metric tons can be saved by excluding susceptible hybrids from commercial production.

Abstract Background In this study we evaluated the imaging capabilities of a novel Multi-pinhole collimator (MPH-Cardiac) specially designed for nuclear cardiology imaging on a Triple-NaI-detector based SPECT/CT system. Methods 99mTc point source measurements covering the field of view (FOV) were used to determine tomographic sensitivity (TSpointsource) and spatial resolution. Organ-size tomographic sensitivity (TSorgan) was measured with a left ventricle (LV) phantom filled with typical myocardial activity of a patient scan. Reconstructed image uniformity was measured with a 140 mm diameter uniform cylinder phantom. Using the LV phantom once filled with 99mTc and after with 123I, Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was measured on the reconstructed images by ROI analysis on the myocardium activity and on the LV cavity. Furthermore, a polar map analysis was performed determining Spill-Over-Ratio in water (SORwater) and image noise. The results were compared with that of a dual-head parallel-hole low energy high resolution (LEHR) collimator system. A patient with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) was scanned on the LEHR system using local protocol of 16 min total acquisition time, followed by a 4-min MPH-Cardiac scan. Results Peak TSpointsource was found to be 1013 cps/MBq in the axial center of the FOV while it was decreasing toward the radial edges. TSorgan in the CFOV was found to be 134 cps/MBq and 700 cps/MBq for the LEHR and MPH-Cardiac, respectively. Average spatial resolution throughout the FOV was 4.38 mm FWHM for the MPH-Cardiac collimator. Reconstructed image uniformity values were found to be 0.292% versus 0.214% for the LEHR and MPH-Cardiac measurements, respectively. CNR was found to be higher in case of MPH-Cardiac than for LEHR in case of 99mTc (15.5 vs. 11.7) as well as for 123I (13.5 vs. 8.3). SORwater values were found to be 28.83% and 21.1% for the 99mTc measurements, and 31.44% and 24.33% for the 123I measurements for LEHR and MPH-Cardiac, respectively. Pixel noise of the 99mTc polar maps resulted in values of 0.38% and 0.24% and of the 123I polar maps 0.62% and 0.21% for LEHR and MPH-Cardiac, respectively. Visually interpreting the patient scan images, MPH-Cardiac resulted in better image contrast compared to the LEHR technique with four times shorter scan duration. Conclusions The significant image quality improvement achieved with dedicated MPH-Cardiac collimator on triple head SPECT/CT system paves the way for short acquisition and low-dose cardiovascular SPECT applications.

Vascular graft maturation is associated with blood flow characteristics, such as velocity, pressure, vorticity, and wall shear stress (WSS). Many studies examined these factors separately. We aimed to examine the remodeling of arterio-venous fistulas (AVFs) and loop-shaped venous interposition grafts, together with 3D flow simulation. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly and equally divided into sham-operated, AVF, and loop-shaped venous graft (Loop) groups, using the femoral and superficial inferior epigastric vessels for anastomoses. Five weeks after surgery, the vessels were removed for histological evaluation, or plastic castings were made and scanned for 3D flow simulation. Remodeling of AVF and looped grafts was complete in 5 weeks. Histology showed heterogeneous morphology depending on the distribution of intraluminal pressure and WSS. In the Loop group, an asymmetrical WSS distribution coincided with the intima hyperplasia spots. The tunica media was enlarged only when both pressure and WSS were high. The 3D flow simulation correlated with the histological findings, identifying “hotspots” for intimal hyperplasia formation, suggesting a predictive value. These observations can be useful for microvascular research and for quality control in microsurgical training.

Introduction: In case of kidney failure, hemodialysis is the primary kidney replacement technique. Several vascular access methods used for the therapy, one of which is the arterio-venous fistula (AVF). In the AVF, the blood flow is altered, which can elevate the mechanical stress on the red blood cells (RBCs). This can affect the RBC hemorheological properties, and it can further cause systemic changes. To lower the turbulence and shear stress, we performed a loop-shaped arterio-arterial venous interposition graft (loop-shaped graft) to compare its effect to the conventional AVF.Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar were used (permission registration Nr.: 25/2016/UDCAW). The animals were randomly divided into sham-operated, AVF, and loop groups (n = 10/each). The superficial inferior epigastric vein (SIEV) was used to create the AVF and the loop-shaped graft. Blood samples were taken before/after the surgery and at the 1st, 3rd, and 5th postoperative weeks. We measured hemorhelogical, hematological, and blood gas parameters. The microcirculation of the hind limbs was also monitored using Laser Doppler fluxmetry.Results: Hematocrit, RBC count, and hemoglobin decreased by the 1st postoperative week. The erythrocyte aggregation values significantly increased in the fistula group by the 5th week (6.43 ± 2.31 vs. 13.60; p < 0.0001; vs. before operation). At the postoperative 1st week in the loop group, the values showed a significant decrease in RBC deformability. During the maturation period, dominantly at the 5th week, all values were normalized. The operated hind limb’s skin microcirculation significantly increased in the sham and loop group by the 1st week (39 ± 10.57 vs. 73.93 ± 1.97 BFU, p < 0.01). This increase wasn’t observed in the fistula group probably due to a steal-effect.Conclusion: Unlike in the loop group, in the presence of the fistula, several rheological parameters have changed. The loop-shaped graft had only minimal impact on micro-rheological parameters.

In trauma and orthopedic surgery, limb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) remains a great challenge. The effect of preventive protocols, including surgical conditioning approaches, is still controversial. We aimed to examine the effects of local ischemic pre-conditioning (PreC) and post-conditioning (PostC) on limb I/R. Anesthetized rats were randomized into sham-operated (control), I/R (120-min limb ischemia with tourniquet), PreC, or PostC groups (3 × 10-min tourniquet ischemia, 10-min reperfusion intervals). Blood samples were taken before and just after the ischemia, and on the first postoperative week for testing hematological, micro-rheological (erythrocyte deformability and aggregation), and metabolic parameters. Histological samples were also taken. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values decreased, while after a temporary decrease, platelet count increased in I/R groups. Erythrocyte deformability impairment and aggregation enhancement were seen after ischemia, more obviously in the PreC group, and less in PostC. Blood pH decreased in all I/R groups. The elevation of creatinine and lactate concentration was the largest in PostC group. Histology did not reveal important differences. In conclusion, limb I/R caused micro-rheological impairment with hematological and metabolic changes. Ischemic pre- and post-conditioning had additive changes in various manners. Post-conditioning showed better micro-rheological effects. However, by these parameters it cannot be decided which protocol is better.

Abstract Purpose Composite flaps used in reconstructive surgery may intra- and postoperatively suffer from hypoperfusion and/or ischemia-reperfusion influencing wound healing. We aimed to follow-up the effect of ischemia on adipocutaneous flaps’ wound healing and microcirculation. Methods In anesthetized rats groin flaps were formed bilaterally. In Control group the flaps were repositioned and sutured back. In Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) group before repositioning and suturing the flap pedicles were clamped for 60 minutes. Laser Doppler (LD) fluxmetry and temperature probes were applied on the cranial, central and caudal flap regions before/after preparation and ischemia, re-suturing, and on the 1st-3rd-5th-7th-14th postoperative days, before the final examinations and biopsies for histology. Results Flaps’ skin temperature quickly recovered after repositioning. LD values were lower in the I/R group, reaching a significant level by the 3rd postoperative day, and remained lowered till the 14th day. The magnitude of alterations differed in the flap regions. Histologically normal wound healing process was seen, except for some I/R flaps, where hypertrophized mammary glands were found. Conclusions Short-term ischemia could influence flap microcirculation and wound healing, and may result in hypertrophized mammary glands. Laser Doppler could be used to evaluate intra- and postoperative microcirculatory changes and may have significance in predicting complications.

Commercial maize hybrids are exposed to different degrees of ear infection by toxigenic fungal species and toxin contamination. Their resistance to different fungi and toxin relationships are largely unknown. Without this knowledge, screening and breeding are not possible for these pathogens. Seven- to tenfold differences were found in resistance to Fusarium spp., and there was a five-fold difference in ear coverage (%) in response to A. flavus. Three hybrids of the twenty entries had lower infection severity compared with the general means for toxigenic species. Three were highly susceptible to each, and 14 hybrids reacted differently to the different fungi. Differences were also observed in the toxin content. Again, three hybrids had lower toxin content in response to all toxigenic species, one had higher values for all, and 16 had variable resistance levels. Correlations between infection severity and deoxynivalenol (DON) content were 0.95 and 0.82 (p = 0.001) for F. graminearum and F. culmorum, respectively. For fumonisin and F. verticillioides ear rot, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was 0.45 (p = 0.05). Two independent isolates with different aggressiveness were used, and their mean X values better described the resistance levels. This increased the reliability of the data. With the introduction of this methodological concept (testing the resistance levels separately for different fungi and with two isolates independently), highly significant resistance differences were found. The resistance to different fungal species correlated only in certain cases; thus, each should be tested separately. This is very useful in registration tests and post-registration screening and breeding. This would allow a rapid increase in food and feed safety.

Abstract Background Over the last century, technological progress has been tremendous, and technological advancement is reflected in the development of medicine. This research assessed attitudes towards surgical robots and identified correlations with willingness to participate in robotic surgery based on factors influencing trust in automated systems. Method Using data from a survey, which included the Multi-dimensional Robot Attitude Scale (MdRAS) and a questionnaire consisting of attitude statements regarding the factors affecting trust in automated systems, the experiment assessed the attitudes of healthcare workers and potential patients towards surgery robots, and attempted to find a correlation between these attitudes, age, and gender. Results and Conclusion Statistical evaluation of the responses (N = 197) showed that positive attitude towards surgical robots showed a high correlation with the willingness to participate in robotic surgery and gave the strongest correlations with the MdRAS utility and negative attitude towards robots subscales. For the assessment of willingness, the MdRAS subscales alone did not provide a strong enough correlation. All factors examined showed a significant correlation with participation. Having faith in the surgery robot, the propensity to trust technology, the designer’s reputation, the ease of work that a surgical robot provides, positive experience with robots, and believing the surgeon is competent at operating the machine seemed to have been the most important positive correlations, while fear of errors gave the highest negative correlation. The healthcare workers and potential patients showed significant differences in the subscales of the questionnaire perceived risk and knowledge but no significant difference in the characteristics of the surgical robot. There was no difference in willingness to participate between the samples. Age did not show a significant correlation with the score achieved and willingness in any of the samples. Significant differences were found between male and female respondents, with men having more positive attitudes and being more likely to participate in surgeries using surgery robots than women. As a result, the research potentially sheds light on the factors that need to be considered when building trust in robotic surgery.

Restoring deep, extensive carious lesions and subgingival situations can be challenging due to difficulties in placing matrices and achieving isolation. This article describes a technique utilizing individually designed digital matrices for challenging cases, offering an alternative solution aiding the reconstruction of the missing dental structures. Three cases are presented with difficult subgingival cavities or severe destruction of dental hard tissues, where a custom-made matrix was used to bridge the challenges of matrix placement and isolation. Digital impressions of dental arches were taken, and custom-made metal instruments were manufactured through computer-aided design and subsequent sintering. These instruments aided the elevation of deep margins and the reconstruction of the teeth. The presented technique yielded favorable results in terms of accuracy and feasibility for these challenging cases. However, it should be noted that the procedure requires additional time and incurs costs for the necessary elements.

Toxigenic fungi are among the most significant disease-causing agents in wheat. DON is the most common Fusarium mycotoxin, and for a long time, it was the only toxin researched. However, multitoxin data from wheat samples have drawn attention to the fact that much more toxins can be involved in the wheat toxin story than we supposed earlier. For resistance breeding, we need a more detailed approach to identify toxins that occur above the limit and identify the source of the fungal species that produces them. This study analyzed local wheat varieties for fungal infections and natural multitoxin contamination. Eighteen winter wheat genotypes were tested for fungal contaminations across three different locations in 2021 and 2022. Fourteen different mycotoxins—deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), fumonisins (B1 and B2), sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, T-2, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol—were analyzed using HPLC/triple-quad MS. Toxigenic species such as Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium had low rates of occurrence, but the toxin contamination was often surprisingly high. Many samples without corresponding fungal infections were also identified as containing mycotoxins. Therefore, the identified fungal infection is less useful for forecasting toxin level. In conclusion, mycotoxin contamination is decisive. Most samples were contaminated by one or more mycotoxins. Although the mycotoxin concentrations typically remained below EU limits, some samples exhibited higher levels, particularly aflatoxins and Ht-2 toxin. Significant variations were observed across year, location, and genotype. For several toxins, significant genotype differences were identified, supporting the hypothesis that resistance may be a useful and suitable control measure. Stability of toxin contamination across years and locations is a very valuable trait; genotypes were identified with low toxin levels and stability (low variance) to all mycotoxins tested. It seems that, in addition to DON, more attention should be given to aflatoxin B1, B2, and G1, which provided similar concentrations. The HT-2 toxin was present in many samples surpassing EU limits. This is the first report on the dangerous occurrence of preharvest-origin aflatoxins and the HT-2 toxin of wheat in Hungary.

Administrative regimes are no longer isolated phenomena: they are constantly confronted with international influences, which shape the internal structure and system of the states. The cooperation between the European Union and the Member States’ administration is today a kind of convergence in principles. This is what the EU expects from the candidate countries and in the neighbourhood policy. The main question of the study is whether the content of the principles used by the EU is cognisable and consistent. The study covers two policy instruments: the SIGMA project, which is a joint EU–OECD collaboration, and the comparative legal activities of the ReNEUAL. These instruments testify two completely different attitudes: one does not explain the principle but holds it accountable, the other seeks the means to understand its content and the reasons for the differences in interpretations. Both programs have undergone internal development, but while SIGMA has moved away from its administrative procedural roots, ReNEUAL has confirmed it. The paper is another argument in favour of the need for administrative research using the tools of comparative law.

Morito Tatsuo, a Tokió Császári Egyetem adjunktusa 1920-ban az egyetem közgazdászklubjának folyóiratában cikket publikált Kropotkin társadalomfilozófiájáról címmel, amelyben ismertette a neves anarchista gondolkodó elképzeléseit az igazságos társadalomról, és ezeket megjegyzéseivel látta el. A cikk nagy port vert fel, amelyet az Igazságügyminisztérium a „társadalmi békéről szóló” törvény, illetve a sajtótörvény egyes cikkelyei alapján sértőnek talált, és végül büntetőfeljelentést tett. Morito-t nemcsak az állásából bocsájtották el, de háromhavi börtönbüntetésre is ítélték. Jelen tanulmány ennek az ügynek az előzményeit és következményeit vizsgálja. A háttér fontos részét jelenti az egyetemi közeg változása az 1910-es években: részben a háborús konjunktúrának, részben pedig a Meiji-kori hagyományok elhalványulásának köszönhetően a japán lakosság szélesebb rétegei számára vált lehetővé az egyetemi oktatás, a hallgatók felduzzadó létszáma az oktatók számának növekedését vonta maga után, mindez pedig óhatatlanul új eszmék, az alacsonyabb társadalmi sorból érkező szereplők miatt pedig a tömegek sorsa iránti nagyobb érzékenységet hozta be az akadémiai világba. Ugyanebben az időben a közgazdaság-tudománynak mint önálló diszciplínának a megjelenése és a jogi tudományoktól valófüggetlenedése zajlott le, ami ezt a tudományágat immár az államtudományoktól függetlenül rajzolta újra, és ez új kérdésfeltevésekhez és néhány kutató, mint ahogy Morito esetében, a társadalmi jólét és igazságosság problémájának a diskurzusba való bevonásához vezetett el. Ezen túl kapcsolat mutatható ki a Taishō-kor sajátos japán politikai viszonyaihoz, a megerősödő szélsőjobboldalhoz is: az ügy kirobbanásakor kormányon lévő Hara Takashi jobbközép kabinetje természetesen fordult szövetségesként a tőlük jobbra állókhoz az egyre erősödő baloldali hangulattal szemben. A Morito-ügy érdekessége, szemben az 1905-ös Tomizu-esettel, amikor még a Kiotói Egyetem is a Tōdai mellé állt, hogy nem vezetett el az akadémiai világ összefogásához, de köze volt a Tōdai közgazdasági tanszékén kialakuló frakcióharcokhoz, amelyek majd az 1930-as években botrányok sorát okozták. A tanulmány megpróbálja bemutatni a Taishō-időszak egyetemi világát és annak társadalmi, politikai kapcsolatait is, egy olyan akadémiai közeget, amely már elmozdult a Meiji-kor hagyományaitól, kereste a helyét a japán társadalomban, és ahol a kutatói szabadság, egyetemi autonómia kérdései újra és újra az általában vett szabadság és véleményszabadság problémáival találkoztak.

The public administrative work processes – and within that the regulation of the official procedure – have their own peculiarities and regularities. Observing, counting, organizing and possibly rethinking them can be extremely rewarding, as the history of modernisation of the administrative work has shown. The present study consists of two parts. In the first part, entitled “What was and what is now”, we discuss the foreign and then Hungarian antecedents of the rationalization of public administraion sytem and administrative work processes. Then, we analyze shortly the main characteristics of each stage of our “journey” from the first stage of the establishment of the general rules of the Hungarian administrative authority procedure – from the years of 1957, 1981, 2004, 2016. In the second part, entitled “What is now and what will happen, and will can happen,” we draw our vision, the consequences of the first part and outline what the position of the general regulation of the official procedure will be in Hungary in 2030. Sci-fi or reality? We try to give a hypothetical answer to this question. Not the way others see it, but the way we think it is.

In Hungary, post-war housing estates can be categorised according to the time of their construction. Thanks to the development of construction technologies and urban planning, these so-called generations of housing estates demonstrate different features with regard to their physical layout and socio-economic characteristics. Socio-economic transformation that took place after the change of regime (1989) was widely affected by the physical parameters of these neighbourhoods and their dwelling stock. Our results show that different generations of housing estates have followed distinct trajectories in the housing market; thus, in addition to their geographical location within the city, planning, architecture, design, and the dwelling stock play a significant role in the market positions of these generations of housing estates. House prices have risen rapidly in Budapest since 2014 up until the pandemic in 2020, and housing estates became popular segments of the housing market. The main aim of this article is to investigate the role of urban planning, architecture and the built environment in this real estate process. The research is based on empirical real estate investigations, statistical house price analyses, and fieldwork undertaken on housing estates. The case study area is Csepel, a former industrial town which became the administrative district 21 of Budapest in 1950. All types of post-war generations of housing estates co-exist, and the majority of the population lives in such neighbourhoods. This special geographical context makes it possible to explore the influential role of the built environment in the housing market. Empirical results from these low- and mid-rise housing estates can make a major contribution to the more effective and successful development of high-rise neighbourhoods.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of root amputation on the fracture resistance of furcationinvolved, upper first molar and second premolar tooth units that are intracoronally splinted with fibre-reinforced composite. Materials and methods: 20-20 extracted human upper first molars and second premolars were included in the study. Standard mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavities (molars) and standard occluso-distal (OD) cavities (premolars) were prepared. All the molars were root canal treated, and 20 molar-premolar units were created by intracoronal splinting. These units were randomly divided into 2 groups (10-10 in each): in Group 2 the disto-buccal roots of the molars were amputated, while in Group 1 there was no root amputation. Both groups were embedded in metacrylate resin, 6 mm apical from the cemento-enamel junction mimicking furcation involvement. All specimens were submitted to dynamic and static, load-to-fracture tests. Fracture resistance values were recorded and also the fracture pattern was analysed. Results: During the dynamic testing, all the specimens withstood the loads, no specimen fractured. During the loadto- facture test, Group 1 (without root amputation) had significantly higher fracture resistance values (mean = 2184,90 N, n = 10, SD = ±462,133 N), than Group 2 (with DB root amputation; mean = 1752,50 N, n = 10, SD = ±364,932 N; p = 0.032). Conclusions: Root amputation may affect the fracture resistance of furcation-involved, intracoronally splinted upper first molar and second premolar units.

Abstract The goal of the present study is to examine the cognitive/affective physiological correlates of passenger travel experience in autonomously driven transportation systems. We investigated the social acceptance and cognitive aspects of self-driving technology by measuring physiological responses in real-world experimental settings using eye-tracking and EEG measures simultaneously on 38 volunteers. A typical test run included human-driven (Human) and Autonomous conditions in the same vehicle, in a safe environment. In the spectrum analysis of the eye-tracking data we found significant differences in the complex patterns of eye movements: the structure of movements of different magnitudes were less variable in the Autonomous drive condition. EEG data revealed less positive affectivity in the Autonomous condition compared to the human-driven condition while arousal did not differ between the two conditions. These preliminary findings reinforced our initial hypothesis that passenger experience in human and machine navigated conditions entail different physiological and psychological correlates, and those differences are accessible using state of the art in-world measurements. These useful dimensions of passenger experience may serve as a source of information both for the improvement and design of self-navigating technology and for market-related concerns.

The storage-stability of extractable colour in paprika powder is strongly influenced by the processing steps. The purpose of this research work was to decrease the degradation rate of extractable colour of paprika powders to 3-4 ASTA units/month and increase the shelf-life. Fractional factorial experimental design and desirability function-based approach was applied to moderate the adverse effect of the key-importance processing steps on colour agent content. Photochemical-accelerated shelf-life test was used for the empirically-based quality improvement. Post-harvest ripening, drying, sorting (seed content), milling and additives (paprika seed oil, tocopherol extract) were identified as important for the degradation rate of extractable colour. The colour stability was very sensitive to the milling and drying intensity, while proper setup of other processing steps compensated the adverse effect of drying and milling parameters. The supplementation with cold-pressed spice paprika seed oil was demonstrated as a natural way of colour stabilization. At the highest desirability value (0.986) the rate constant of accelerated colour stability test (k) and shelf-life time (θS[100ASTA]) were −0.494 ASTA units/day and 2326 days, respectively. Alternative factor level settings enabled taking into account processing-tradition and efficiency expectation. In these cases, desirability values and the predicted shelf-life were 0.5-0.8 and 712-918 days, respectively. Validation study showed that the real observed rate constant and shelf-life values met the predicted values and their 95% confidence interval.

In the course of mining activities, large amounts of data are collected by multiple scientific disciplines. Software to assist mining engineers in planning and decision-making is, however, absent; the software used in the mining industry is not capable of a holistic approach, and therefore does not function as a data integration interface. What is required to fill this gap/to resolve this issue is an application that is platform-independent, integrates multiple types of data and does not require GIS knowledge.In this paper, a webGIS application, MaGISter-mine, is presented that can solve the problems arising during mining activities. MaGISter-mine was created as a data integrating surface that makes querying and measuring geographical data easy. The MaGISter-mine application is able to handle photogrammetry models and laser-scanned point clouds, while distance, area and volume can also be easily calculated. The software can draw 2D profiles from 3D files. Time- and space-dependent changes between two surveys can be analysed, too. Geological strata can be edited, and new surfaces can be generated by kriging interpolation.During the development of the webGIS application, mostly open-source software and libraries were used. The spatial database consists of the PostgreSQL relational database management system and its extension, called PostGIS. To perfect accessibility on the client side, GeoServer with Apache Tomcat and Apache webserver were employed. The webGIS application was developed using OpenLayers, three.js and Potree, written in PHP, SQL, HTML, CSS and JavaScript languages.

The European and Eurasian integration forms are genuinely unique, with legislative, executive, and judicial powers at the supranational level. The comparative analysis used in this article was aimed at evaluating the Eurasian Economic Union’s (EAEU) integration in comparison with the European Union’s (EU). The article presents some common characteristics of the European and Eurasian integration processesas well as several differences that may arise from the reasons for integration. The authors analysed, structured, and evaluated the features of the EU and EAEU by applying the interdisciplinary and comparative approach of the PESTEL factors analysis. The conclusion is that even though the EAEU has copied some EU operational mechanisms, the integration’s differences might always be tangible. The authors found particularly interesting how the historical roots of EU integration and the political reasons for enhancing the EAEU exist with similar institutional solutions. The integration’s aim in defining themselves as global actors in the globalised environment is very intriguing. It can be concluded that the EU might serve as an example worth following to the EAEU in many senses

A fiatal Meiji-állam felismerte a nyugati technológia átvételének hajszájában, hogy annak teljes megértéséhez a mögötte álló tudományokat és tudományos szemléletet is át kell vennie – ennek megfelelően már a restauráció után elindult a modern japán felsőoktatás létrehozásának folyamata, amelynek első eredménye a Tokiói Császári Egyetem lett. A tudományos és egyetemi világ meghonosodásával párhuzamosan az akadémiai szabadság és az egyetemi autonómia eszméit is átvették ugyan, de nem kellett sokat várni arra, hogy konfliktus robbanjon ki a nemzet ideológiai alapjait építő Meiji-kormány és az egyetem eredményeiket publikáló kutatói között – cikkemben két ilyen esetet vizsgálok meg, az 1893-as Kume- és az 1905-ös Tomizu-ügyet. Bár mindkét ügy az érintett professzor elbocsájtásával járt, komoly különbségek figyelhetők meg köztük: míg a történész Kume Kunitake esetében a kormányzat minden ellenállás nélkül keresztülvitte akaratát és megbüntette a tudóst, Tomizu Hirondo ügyéből az egész japán császári egyetemi világot megrázó botrány lett, amelynek végén éppen a kormánynak kellett visszavonulót fújnia.