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Le secteur sud du plais des gouverneurs à Balat (oasis de Dakhla, fin de l’Ancien Empire) abritait des réserves précieuses contrôlées par la Couronne, à en juger par le nombre considérable de scellés et d’empreintes de sceaux à noms royaux de la VIe dynastie. La rigueur des fonctionnaires expérimentés qui y travaillaient est sensible dans les notes hiératiques datées, inscrites à même les scellés, et dans la pratique fréquente d’un double contrôle, le contrescellement. L’étude des sceaux et de leurs associations révèle une situation complexe, qui entremêle de façon étroite l’administration royale, présente par le biais de différentes structures cultuelles, et la gestion par les maisonnées des élites locales – une situation sans doute comparable à celle des provinces de la Vallée. In the southern part of the governors’ palace at Balat (Dakhla oasis, late Old Kingdom) were located storerooms for precious goods. From the huge number of sealings and of impressions of royal seals from the Sixth Dynasty recovered in the area, it has been inferred that these were storerooms controlled by the crown. The experienced staff working there exercised a particularly tight control, as suggested by the dated notes written on the clay sealings, which, in addition, are frequently countersealed (meaning shared responsibility). The study of the seals and their associations reveals a complex situation which tightly interweaves the royal administration, linked to different cultic structures, with the management of the households of the local elite—a picture probably close to the situation in the Nile valley provinces. في الجزء الجنوبي من قصر الحُكّام بمنطقة بلاط (واحة الداخلة، أواخر عصر الدولة القديمة)، نجد بعض حجرات التخزين المُخصَّصة للبضائع الثمينة. وبالرجوع إلى ما تمَّ الكشف عنه في هذه المنطقة من أعداد ضخمة من الأختام وطبعات الأختام الملكيًّة التي تعود إلى عصر الأسرة السادسة، نستدل على إدارة هذه الحجرات من قِبَل الملك. ولقد انتهج الموظفون أصحاب الخبرة هناك سياسة القيادة الحازمة، طبقًا لما هو مقترح من الملاحظات المؤرَّخة المكتوبة بالهيراطيقية على الأختام الطينيَّة، التي غالبًا ما اسْتُخدِمت كأختام مشتركة (أي كانت مسؤولية استخدامها مشتركة بين عدة أفراد). تكشف الدراسة التي أجريت على الأختام وما صاحبها، عن موقفٍ مُعقّد قد ربط بشدّة بين الإدارة الملكيَّة، الموجودة من خلال مباني العبادة المختلفة، والإدارة من قِبَل أُسر الأعيان المحليَّة. هذه الصورة ربَّما تتشابه كثيرًا مع الوضع في أقاليم وادي النيل.

Haliloğlu, Nagihan (IHU Author) This paper aims to trace the afterlives of a neighbourhood of Istanbul that sprawls along the western side of the Golden Horn. Today, Balat has become the name of an area that comprises the neighbourhoods of Fener, Balat and Ayvansaray, because it is perceived as having the most recognizable ‘period features’ in which the Byzantine and Ottoman traces are conflated. This paper explores its representation in Byzantine, Ottoman and Republican times and tries to parse the layers of history. In my reading of this metonymic neighbourhood I will take recourse to the concepts of palimpsest, chronotope (macera) and heterotopia, bearing in mind that all three are concepts derived from Greek, a local language.

Gelişmekte olan diğer ülkelerde olduğu gibi, Türkiye’de de neoliberal politikaların uygulanması bir askeri darbe ile başladı. 1980 darbesinden sonra İstanbul bu ekonomi politikalarının uygulandığı ilk sahnelerden biri oldu. Bu yazı 1980-2013 yılları arasında izlenen yerel yönetim politikalarına bağlı olarak değişimlere sahne olan Fener ve Balat semtlerini koruma disiplini açısından incelemeyi amaçlıyor. Ardışık uygulanan Haliç Kıyı Düzenleme Projesi (1984-1992), Fener ve Balat Semtleri Rehabilitasyon Programı (1998-2005), Fener, Balat ve Ayvansaray Kentsel Yenileme Projesi (2004-2013) bölgeyi doğrudan etkileyen üç önemli projedir. Bu çerçevede ele alınan yazı şu temel soruya odaklanır: “Her projenin başlangıç noktası nedir ve kentsel koruma açısından neleri başarmıştır?” Bu soruyu yanıtlamak ve her bir projenin başarı ve/veya başarısızlığını ölçmek üzere bazı ölçütler belirlenmiş ve bu ölçütler her bir proje için şu sorularla analiz edilmiştir: - Alandaki “tarihi kentsel doku” proje sonunda nasıl değişmiştir? -Projede “özgünlük’ nasıl tanımlanmış ve alandaki yapıların özgün nitelikleri nasıl korunmuştur? - Projede alanın “fiziksel ve sosyal bütünlüğü’ korunmuş mudur?

La documentation hiératique retrouvée par l'équipe archéologique de l'IFAO dans les fouilles de Balat a pour l'instant retenu l'attention surtout par le fait qu'elle est inscrite sur des tablettes d'argile, support d'écriture peu employé dans l'Egypte des pharaons. Le contenu de ces textes est identique à celui des autres corpus documentaires connus à la fin de l'Ancien Empire: lettres administratives et notes de service, listes d'individus cités par leur nom personnel souvent augmenté de leur patronyme, inventaires d'objets et comptabilités de toutes sortes, concernant des biens de consommation courante, en majorité des céréales ou des produits qui en sont issus. L'étude de ce corpus, qui continue à augmenter chaque année, progresse au rythme de la fouille en cours. Au moment ou s'élabore ici un nouvel outil lexicographique digne de succéder au monumental «dictionnaire de Berlin», le travail sur le fonds lexical de Balat suggère quelques pistes de réflexion, à partir des dictionnaires existants, sur ce que pourrait être un Wörterbuch idéal.

What makes Istanbul special and unique, is not its beauty, but the memories, the good and the bad of people who once lived there and were forced to leave for different reasons. This is something that people could realize as soon as they visit Istanbul and talk to the remaining minority populations who have faced bigotry, prejudice and persecution. Those have kept alive the real meaning of this metropolis. It is the multicultural and cosmopolitan character and especially the religious pluralism and diversity which still manages somehow to survive and characterizes the city and life in it, making it unique and offering a perfect symbolism since Turkey and especially Istanbul has become a significant mediator between the West and the East. Even though the figures have been dramatically changed and decreased, the city has retained some of its multicultural character, and still hosts some of the most important religious institutions. This is the main theme of this thesis, the history, the problems and the panorama of the life in the multicultural Istanbul. It is an overall view on different areas where population from different religious and cultural backgrounds co-existed for years and have a great historic meaning. The mahalles that will be examined in this study are those of Fener, Balat, and Ortakoy from the European side and Kuzguncuk from the Asian one. This thesis will try to highlight the main events which led to the alienation and the shrinkage of the religious populations in Istanbul, and will present a report on the current situation and projects which promote the religious diversity and aim to restore, partly, the glory of the multicultural past. Why nationalism prevailed and how did its predominance affect the multicultural Istanbul? What is the current situation in the neighborhoods which used to or still host populations from different religious backgrounds, and how do the recent cultural initiatives aim to bridge the gap that hatred and policies created?

Vernacular architecture is suffering all over the world and Egypt is one of the countries where the desert vernacular is facing a great risk of disappearance. The aim of the research is to introduce a methodological approach applying participatory action research (PAR) as a tool to help save the future of the currently deteriorating desert vernacular architecture. The aim was to help prevent further loss of desert vernacular architecture knowledge and to encourage vernacular know-how in becoming a living part of future building practices. To benefit from local know-how, a desert vernacular model house was constructed using PAR methods that engaged the local community throughout the design and building phases. The model house was constructed based on an understanding of desert vernacular architecture as well as of the urban fabric and building technology. The town of Balat in the Western Desert of Egypt was chosen as a location for this research work application. As this is an international problem the research developed several techniques within PAR, applied in a flexible way, giving the opportunity for further application in similar vernacular settlements suffering from similar problems.

Fener and Balat districts are located on the historic peninsula of Istanbul, Turkey. Rehabilitation programme of those districts is the first work in Istanbul after UNESCO has declared it as a world heritage site in 1985. The aim of the programme is to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants of Balat and Fener. Buildings and environment of Balat and Fener, that a great part consists of traditional dwellings, demonstrate many problems of decay and dereliction. Occupiers of those buildings are the ones, who have low incomes. In the past years, this historic area took attention of the visitors like other historic quarters in Istanbul by the influence of the rehabilitation programme and world heritage site status. And these districts meet to tourism. But tourism can be a threat for historic areas without a proper urban planning. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the impacts of the tourism and recent urban planning in those historic districts and find a balance between urbanism and tourism.

Desert vernacular architecture has always been the product of a sustainable building cycle. People inherited the traditional way of building from their ancestors and the knowledge was transferred and developed from one generation to another. Inhabitants responded to their environment and climate through trial and error in a way that satisfied their needs and aspirations to create a developing building tradition. This natural and cultural cycle is about to disappear in many desert vernacular settlements of the world, and in Egypt as well. Global ambitions and socio-economic development are some of the factors behind inhabitants’ deserting their houses, leaving them to deteriorate or demolishing them to build new houses using industrialized materials. People are seeking modern living facilities which respond to needs that their desert vernacular houses sometimes no longer satisfy. As a result of these changes, centuries of accumulated tangible and intangible tacit knowledge is being lost. The aim of this research is to create a theoretical conservation model for thinking re-vernacular in a contemporary context and to develop a methodology for applying and testing the model. This theoretical model is a tool for conserving desert vernacular and for supporting its continued existence. To fulfill this objective, the research investigated the existing know-how used to design and build desert vernacular architecture in Egypt. The focus was also on how to adjust contemporary desert vernacular housing to contemporary life-style demands while still preserving the beneficial aspects of traditional vernacular techniques. The research applied a practical case study methodology in investigating the town of Balat in the Western Desert of Egypt. In applying the theoretical conservation model, the research developed several survey methods and tools for documenting not only desert vernacular architecture, but also characterizing urban patterns and building know-how in Balat. To benefit from local know-how, a physical neo-desert vernacular model house was constructed using a transdisciplinary participatory action research method that engaged the local community throughout the design and building phase. The physical model house was a tool for investigating the needs of those living in contemporary desert vernacular houses. The model house was constructed based on an understanding of desert vernacular architecture as well as of the urban fabric and building technology. In this way, the present research provides a methodology that creates a bridge between sustainable desert vernacular know-how as used for centuries, and contemporary vernacular housing demands. This approach proposes a new perspective for looking at the future of the traditional and contemporary desert vernacular through conservation by modeling. The methodology developed provides a way to benefit from tangible and intangible vernacular values in contemporary and future houses and to ensure the continuation of the natural desert vernacular architecture. The research has also developed a set of recommendations for continuation of further desert vernacular architecture research. Vernacular (local) architecture is in danger and about to disappear in several parts of the world. What we call native, traditional and handmade will disappear gradually and then the true meaning of vernacular vanishes. The present thesis shows that the disappearance of vernacular traditional skills creates an increasing threat to the existence of desert vernacular architecture in Egypt. Global ambitions and socio-economic development are some of the factors behind inhabitants deserting their vernacular houses, leaving them to deteriorate or demolishing them to build new houses using industrialized materials. Such new houses unfortunately lack environmental adaptability and cultural identity. People are seeking a modern look for their homes and better living facilities which their desert vernacular houses sometimes no longer satisfy. It was clear from the research investigations that unspoken knowledge and skills with a lifetime tradition have been developed, perfected and handed down for generations by craftsmen, builders and locals in desert vernacular settlements. These vernacular skills can be found alive today, but may not be around tomorrow. What makes this thesis different from previous research is first that it deals with the desert vernacular problems in an active and practical manner with locals’ contributions in all essential research steps. Second it looks at the future of desert vernacular architecture as a means to protect the existing desert vernacular values and its past heritage. Third, which is the most significant contribution, it uses a flexible methodology. This methodology provides an opportunity for wider application possibilities, which can be useful for many different vernacular communities suffering from similar or related problems. The thesis novel outcome is a conservation model for thinking re-vernacular. It was designed, experimented and applied in the town of Balat in the Western Desert of Egypt. Its aim was encouraging locals to maintain a developing and sustainable loop of a vernacular building tradition as it used to be for centuries. The future application of this methodology will hopefully contribute to the necessary improvement in the conservation of vernacular architectural heritage. If desert vernacular know-how can be kept alive, it will not only preserve the old but can also contribute to keep desert vernacular alive in the future. Finally the research proved that it is still possible to develop vernacular building techniques to cope with contemporary housing demands. The research opens a channel to look at desert vernacular as a mine in which we can still excavate to learn a great deal for future housing solutions. Such solutions can connect the environment with its natural building materials to be used by the local community. It can also give guidance and solutions to politicians and policy makers who are struggling to find effective alternatives for desert communities’ housing problems. The outcome can lead to cheap modern housing in traditional terms. It can improve the future houses by making them more environmentally friendly and also look modern while conserving desert vernacular architecture.

Dünya sosyo-kültürel, fiziksel, ekonomik, politik ve teknolojik dinamikler çerçevesinde değişmekte, kentsel alanlar da bu değişimin yansıdığı mekânlar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu dinamiklerin karşılıklı etkileşimi ile şekillenen kent mekânı, her çağda, her ülkede ve her şehirde bazı benzerlikler ve farklılıklar içermektedir. Bu nedenle de hiçbir şehir bir diğerinin aynı olarak şekillenmemektedir. Buna rağmen, belli başlı olaylar çerçevesinde dünya üzerindeki tüm şehirler genel olarak, benzer şekilde etkilenmiştir. publisher version

The Winter Garden (1874-1876) is part of the major complex of the Royal Glasshouses of Laeken, situated at the north of Brussels, Belgium. As part of the ongoing renovation study, we want to have an insight in the structural concept of the iron frame. There are two different viewpoints on the structural design of this impressive glasshouse by Alphonse Balat. This paper examines the structural concept by calculations of three-dimensional models of the iron frame in a finite elements software package.

De eerste masterstudenten ingenieur architect analyseerden en herberekenden de Kroonserre van Balat te Meise in het kader van de cursus 'Technieken specifiek voor renovatie en reconversie'.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007, 14, 18, 22 No’lu sıra evler, Fatih ilçesi Balat semtinin Hızırçavuş Mahallesi’nde, Ayan Caddesi üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Balat’taki benzer pek çok sıra ev gibi 19. yüzyıl sonu, 20. yüzyıl başı gibi bir zaman dilimine tarihlenen yapıların yapım yılı bilinmemektedir. Yaptıran kişi hakkında da herhangi bir bilgiye ulaşılamamıştır. Yapılar, 1881 ada 14 parselde bulunan Aya Strati Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi ve Rum okuluna çok yakındır. Yapılan literatür araştırmasında, 20. yüzyıl başında kilise çevresinde Rum ailelerin yaşadığı öğrenilmiştir. Dolayısıyla, yapıların Rum azınlıklara ait olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Tez kapsamında incelenen yapıların bulunduğu 1879 ada 7 parselde, 14, 18, 22 no’lu yapılar dışında 5 birimden oluşan bir sıra ev grubu ve bir adet tek yapı bulunmaktadır. Bir bütün halinde bakıldığında yapıların birbirleriyle ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Mahalle sakinlerinin Şakir Paşa Akaretleri olarak da isimlendirdiği yapı grubunun geçmişi hakkında daha fazla bilgiye ulaşılamamıştır. Sıra evlerden, en korunmuş olanı 22 no’lu birimdir. 14 no’lu yapı 1999 yılında geçirdiği bir müdahale sonucunda cephe biçimlenişi dışında tüm özgün detaylarını kaybetmiştir. Günümüzde her katında bir kiracının oturduğu sıra evler oldukça bakımsız durumdadır ve kullanıcıların değişen ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda günbegün özgün yapı detaylarını kaybetmektedir. Bu yapılar, ‘’Fener ve Balat Semtleri Rehabilitasyon Programı’’na bir katkı olması amacıyla tez konusu olarak seçilmiş, fakat mülkiyet sorunlarının çözülememesi ve ev sahiplerinin isteksizliği sonucu yapılar program dışı kalmıştır. Tezin amacı mevcut durumun belgelenmesi, belgeleme aşamasında yapının kendisinden edinilen bilgilerin literatür araştırmaları ile birleştirilerek yapının tarihinin aydınlatılması ve kullanımına yönelik uygun işlevin belirlenerek, yapının onarımı için gerekli teknik müdahalelerin saptanmasıdır. Bu amaçla yapının 1/50 ölçeğinde rölöve, restitüsyon ve restorasyon projeleri hazırlanmıştır. Yapım tekniğine dair çeşitli detaylar ve farklı türdeki kapı ve pencere detayları 1/10 tekniği ile çizilmiştir Bu çizimler ayrıntılı anlatımlar ve fotoğraflarla desteklenmiştir., The row houses, studied in this work, are located on Ayan Street in Balat with the apartment numbers 14, 18 and 22. Like many buildings in this part of the city, the construction period of the buildings is not exactly known but may be dated at the end of the nineteenth or at the beginning of twentieth centuries. Further more there is no information about the architect nor the establishers. The literature work and the interviews made with the local residents lead us that around the construction period of those buildings, although there was a domination of Jewish community from the demographic point of view in Balat, there were many “Rum ” families as residents living specially in this part of the quarter. Due to the close distance between the apartments and the Orthodox Church - school of the “Rum” community, there is a great possibility that the buildings were owned by “Rum” minority. There are other buildings in the plot on which the row houses stand; a structure formed by 5 houses and another building which is standing alone. From the point of integrity there is a possibility that those buildings had been related to the structure focused in this work. The most maintained unit comparing with the other parts of the structure is the unit with door number 22. The interventions made in 1999 destroyed almost all original details of the house with door number 14, except the form of external facades. Nowadays all the apartments are in bad condition, rented forming an independent habitation at each floor level and loosing its authentic construction details due to the necessity of minimum comfort level and neglect. The structure was intentionally chosen for this study in order to make a contribution to the project of “Rehabilitation Project of Balat and Fener”, but unfortunately due to the ownership problems of the real estate and the opposition of “owners”, the structure is out of project. The aim of this study is to document the existing condition of the structure, to enlighten the past of the building using the information gained during the literature work, to decide future function and finally to obtain the interventions for the restoration work. In order to get this point; the survey, restitution and restoration projects are prepared in 1/50 scale. In addition to the work made in 1/50 scale, construction technique details and different details of windows-doors are prepared in 1/10 scale. All the drawings are supported by photographs and detailed descriptions., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

Within the large collections of sealings recovered at Balat, Laure Pantalacci seeks to discover chronological markers, excluding from her study the royal cylinder seals which were used over several generations. The research is thus concentrated on button-seals, upon which certain geometric motifs, which appear very early, have so far been dated without any precision to the FIP. The corpus from Balat indicates great stability of practices and strong continuity from the Sixth Dynasty to the Herakleopolitan period, with a predilection for themes rarely treated in the Nile Valley., À travers les importantes collections d’empreintes de sceaux recueillies à Balat, Laure Pantalacci tente de dégager des marqueurs chronologiques, excluant de son étude les sceaux-cylindres royaux dont l’usage peut couvrir plusieurs générations. La recherche est ainsi concentrée sur les sceaux-estampilles (button-seals), sur lesquels apparaissent très tôt certains motifs géométriques datés, jusqu’à présent, sans précision, de la PPI. Le corpus de Balat montre une grande stabilité des pratiques et une forte continuité de la VIe dynastie à la période héracléopolitaine, avec une prédilection pour des thèmes rarement traités dans la Vallée du Nil., Pantalacci Laure. Sceaux et empreintes de sceaux comme critères de datation. Les enseignements des fouilles de Balat. In: Des Néferkarê aux Montouhotep. Travaux archéologiques en cours sur la fin de la VIe dynastie et la Première Période Intermédiaire. Actes du colloque CNRS – université Lumière Lyon 2, tenu le 5-7 juillet 2001. Lyon : Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux, 2005. pp. 229-238. (Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 40)

Fouilles de l'IFAO 46