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Background: The dermatomal area supplied by the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN) and medial cutaneous nerve of the arm (MCNA) are not reliably blocked by currently used approaches of the brachial plexus block. This feasibility study is aimed at determining the efficacy of the novel ultrasound-guided supraaxillary block. Patients and Methods: This prospective, observational study was conducted on patients undergoing surgeries around the elbow. Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status I and II patients aged between 18 and 60 years were recruited. The supraaxillary block was performed in addition to the subclavian perivascular brachial plexus block in all patients. The local anesthetic (LA) mixture was prepared with 10 ml of 2% lignocaine-adrenaline, 15 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine, and 10 ml of 0.9% saline. 20 ml of the LA solution was used for supraclavicular block, and 15 ml was injected in the supra-axillary area. Results: The onset of sensory and motor block for the subclavian perivascular block was 4.30 ± 0.891 and 8.12 ± 0.872 min, respectively. The onset of the supra-axillary block was 9.50 ± 0.707 min. Only 6.67% of the patients needed additional local infiltration. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided single-shot injection of LA in the supra-axillary area as a supplement to subclavian perivascular brachial plexus block achieved complete anesthesia for surgical procedures around the elbow by blocking the ICBN and MCNA.

Free air ball processed using coated silver (Ag) wire is soft similar to gold (Au) wire and enables bonding of stacked devices with over-hangs. The bonded ball shear/pull, dimensions and stitch pull satisfied internal specifications and customer requirements including folded loop. Moreover, reliability of coated-Ag wire bonds when molded using green epoxy mold compound (EMC), containing chlorine (Cl) $\lt15$ppm, sulfur (S) $\lt10$ppm, formulated with ion-catcher and pH between 5 and 7, free of bromine and antimony, revealed reliable bonds. Two of the case studies of coated-Ag ball bonds exhibit:•No failure until 3000h on high temperature storage (HTS) test at $175^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ and $150^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$•No failure until 1000h on unbiased highly accelerated stress test (uHAST) at $110^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$, 85%RH•No failure until 504h on biased HAST at $130^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$, 85%RH, +20V•No failure until 384h on uHAST, 2000h on HTS at $150^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$, and 2000cycles on thermal cycling at $-55^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ to $+ 125^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$•Examining EMC formulated with pH 3 to 6 passed 2000h on HTS testing at $175^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ thereafter bond failed and showed high electrical resistanceThe reported results are based on electrical contact resistance measurement for the condition not to reduce below 10% of time zero bond resistance. The slower failure rate of Ag ball bonds showed EMC formulated with 5 to 7 pH is compatible than formulated with 3 to 5 pH.

BACKGROUND Obesity represents a rapidly growing threat to the health of populations and diet intervention has been proposed as one of the strategies for weight loss. Ginger and its constituents have been used for their anti-flatulent, expectorant and appetising properties and they are reported to possess gastro-protective and cholesterol-lowering properties. The present study investigated the effects of gingerol on the changes in body weight, serum glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and lipid profile in plasma and liver as well as on the activity of amylase, lipase and leptin in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. RESULTS HFD-induced obese rats were treated orally with gingerol (25, 50 and 75 mg kg−1) once daily for 30 days. A lorcaserin-treated group (10 mg kg−1) was included for comparison. The levels of body weight, glucose, lipid profile and insulin, insulin resistance, leptin, amylase and lipase were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in HFD rats. Rats treated with gingerol and fed a HFD showed significantly (P < 0.05) decreased glucose level, body weight, leptin, insulin, amylase, lipase plasma and tissue lipids when compared to normal control. The effect at a dose of 75 mg kg−1 of gingerol was more pronounced than that of the dose 25 mg kg−1 and 50 mg kg−1. The lorcaserin-treated group also manifested similar effects to those of gingerol. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that ginger supplementation suppresses obesity induced by a high fat diet and it might be a promising adjuvant therapy for the treatment of obesity and its complications. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Obesity represents a rapidly growing threat to the health of populations and diet intervention has been proposed as one of the strategies for weight loss. Ginger and its constituents have been used for their anti-flatulent, expectorant and appetising properties and they are reported to possess gastro-protective and cholesterol-lowering properties. The present study investigated the effects of gingerol on the changes in body weight, serum glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and lipid profile in plasma and liver as well as on the activity of amylase, lipase and leptin in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats.HFD-induced obese rats were treated orally with gingerol (25, 50 and 75 mg kg(-1) ) once daily for 30 days. A lorcaserin-treated group (10 mg kg(-1) ) was included for comparison. The levels of body weight, glucose, lipid profile and insulin, insulin resistance, leptin, amylase and lipase were increased significantly (P0.05) in HFD rats. Rats treated with gingerol and fed a HFD showed significantly (P0.05) decreased glucose level, body weight, leptin, insulin, amylase, lipase plasma and tissue lipids when compared to normal control. The effect at a dose of 75 mg kg(-1) of gingerol was more pronounced than that of the dose 25 mg kg(-1) and 50 mg kg(-1) . The lorcaserin-treated group also manifested similar effects to those of gingerol.These findings suggested that ginger supplementation suppresses obesity induced by a high fat diet and it might be a promising adjuvant therapy for the treatment of obesity and its complications.