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This experiment aimed to assess the regulatory effects of treatment with Balanites aegyptiaca fruit ethanol extract (BA-EE) on oxidant/antioxidant status, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and cell apoptosis gene expression in the abomasum of Haemonchus contortus–infected goats. Twenty goat kids were assigned randomly to four equal groups: (G1) infected-untreated, (G2) uninfected-BA-EE-treated, (G3) infected-albendazole-treated, (G4) infected-BA-EE-treated. Each goat in (G1), (G3), and (G4) was orally infected with 10,000 infective third-stage larvae. In the fifth week postinfection, single doses of albendazole (5 mg/kg.BW) and BA-EE (9 g/kg.BW) were given orally. In the ninth week postinfection, the animals were slaughtered to obtain abomasum specimens. The following oxidant/antioxidant markers were determined: malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). The mRNA gene expression of cytokines (IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) and cell apoptosis markers (Bax, Bcl-2) were estimated. (G1) showed significantly reduced GSH content and GST and SOD activities but a markedly increased MDA level. (G3) and (G4) revealed a markedly lower MDA level with pronouncedly elevated GSH, SOD, and GST levels. The antioxidant properties of BA-EE were superior to those of albendazole. The mRNA gene expressions of IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and Bax-2 were upregulated in (G1) but downregulated in (G3) and (G4). Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio expression followed a reverse course in the infected and both treated groups. We conclude that BA-EE treatment has a protective role in the abomasum of H. contortus–infected goats. This could be attributed to its antioxidant properties and ability to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DESERT date or Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del is one of the most prevalent, wild plant species in the arid regions of Africa and the Middle East. The desert date tolerates a broad range of soil types and can be found in a variety of habitat types. It has a wide ecological distribution but is mainly found on level alluvial sites with deep sandy loam and free access to water. B.egyptiaca is used in African and Indian traditional medicine. Many underutilized tree species are good sources of food, fodder and possible therapeutic agents. B. aegyptiaca tree is considered drought tolerant and a potential source of many secondary metabolites. This study investigated the adaptive and physiological response to severe aridity and drought stress on the growth of B. aegyptiaca in El-Kharga Oasis, which is the driest region in the Western Desert. Clay soil was found to be dominant in the mechanical soil analysis. Weakly to moderately calcareous soil carbonate was found, and the estimated pH values of the soil solution appeared to be slightly alkaline and exhibited a comparatively high electric conductivity. Total free amino acid concentration was greater than that of soluble protein and sugar. Results indicated that B. aegyptiaca is a drought-tolerant plant in severely arid areas that are subject to drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reinforcement of natural fibers in polymer composites is becoming more popular as time goes on due to their biodegradability, availability, lightweight, nontoxic, and nonhazardous characteristics. The goal of this research is to use natural resources like fibers in polymer composites. The matrix was made with the composites of epoxy resin in which fibers derived from the tree of Balanites Balanites aegyptiaca were utilized as reinforcement. To enhance the surface properties of these fibers, they were treated with sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). By varying weight (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) of the raw fibers treated with NaOH in epoxy resin several composite samples were produced using the hand lay-up technique. The effect of adding Balanites aegyptiaca fibers treated with NaOH to measure mechanical properties such as tensile, bending, and impact, as well as absorption of water and chemical resistance, and SEM morphology was studied. The composite with 15 wt.% Balanites aegyptiaca fibers exhibited the best mechanical properties, absorption of water, and chemical resistance to the composites, indicating that it has the strongest bonding and adhesion between fibers treated with NaOH and epoxy matrix. The surfaces of the tested composites displayed an interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the fibers, which is vividly visible in SEM micrographs of the fractured surfaces of tested composites. The composites that are reinforced with fiber and treated with NaOH are more resistant to water and chemicals than composites with untreated fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural laterite fixed-bed columns intercalated with two types of layers (inert materials, such as fine sand and gravel, and adsorbent materials, such as activated carbon prepared from Balanites aegyptiaca (BA-AC)) were used for As(III) removal from an aqueous solution. Investigations were carried out to solve the problem of column clogging, which appears during the percolation of water through a natural laterite fixed-bed column. Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the hydraulic conductivities of several fixed-bed column configurations and the effects of various parameters, such as the grain size, bed height, and initial As(III) concentration. The permeability data show that, among the different types of fixed-bed columns investigated, the one filled with repeating layers of laterite and activated carbon is more suitable for As(III) adsorption, in terms of performance and cost, than the others (i.e., non-intercalated laterite; non-intercalated activated carbon, repeating layers of laterite and fine sand; and repeating layers of laterite and gravel). A study was carried out to determine the most efficient column using breakthrough curves. The breakthrough increased from 15 to 85 h with an increase in the bed height from 20 to 40 cm and decreased from 247 to 32 h with an increase in the initial As(III) concentration from 0.5 to 2 mg/L. The Bohart–Adams model results show that increasing the bed height induced a decrease in the kAB and N0 values. The critical bed depths determined using the bed depth service time (BDST) model for As(III) removal were 15.23 and 7.98 cm for 1 and 20% breakthroughs, respectively. The results show that the new low-cost adsorptive porous system based on laterite layers with alternating BA-AC layers can be used for the treatment of arsenic-contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing impacts of climate change, establishing more sustainable and robust plants such as desert dates (Balanites aegyptiaca) seems to be necessary. Known for its resilience in arid conditions, this tree has the potential to become a more important food source, particularly for its potential to yield edible oil. This study characterized Balanites kernel oil (BKO) as a promising oil source in arid regions, studying the influence of geographical origin and environmental factors. Moroccan and Sudanese BKO samples were analyzed and compared with Mauritanian BKO. In the fatty acid profile, unsaturated fatty acids constituted over 70% of the BKO profile, with a predominance of linoleic acid (Li), oleic acid (Ol), palmitic acid (Pa), and stearic acid (St). Consequently, the predominant triacylglycerols were PaLiLi, PaLiOl, LiLiOl, OlLiOl, and StLiOl. α-Tocopherol dominated the tocochromanol composition (324 to 607 mg/kg), followed by γ-tocopherol (120 to 226 mg/kg), constituting 90% of the total tocochromanols. The total phytosterol content in BKO ranged from 871 to 2218 mg/kg oil, with β-sitosterol dominating (58% to 74%). Principal Component Analysis revealed that the geographical origin significantly influences BKO composition, emphasizing environmental factors, particularly water deficit and/or temperatures. Notably, Moroccan BKO collected from an area characterized by high aridity and relatively low winter temperatures, showcased a unique profile in fatty acid, phytosterols, and tocochromanols. The valorization of BKO presents an opportunity for local agricultural development in arid regions and a role model for plant development and agricultural practices in other parts of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Plants represents a huge source of bioactive materials that have been used since the old times in the treatment of many diseases. Balanites aegyptiaca, known as desert date, has been used in treatment of fever, diabetes and bacterial infection. Desert dates contains a hard seed that resembles 50–60% of the fruit. The seed extract contains many fatty acids, amino acids and other bioactive materials that gives the extract its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The study aimed to use Balanites seed extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SeEx-C NPs) for the treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in male Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were divided into two main divisions (healthy and diabetic rats). Each division contained seven groups (5 rats/group): control untreated group I, SeEx treated group II and group III (10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., respectively), C NPs treated group IV and group V (10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., respectively) and SeEx-C NPs treated group VI and group VII (10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., respectively). The therapeutical effects of SeEx-C NPs were evaluated through biochemical and immunological assessments in rats’ pancreases. The results showed that SeEx-C NPs (10 and 20 mg/kg b.w.) reduced the oxidative stress and inflammation in rats’ pancreases allowing the islets neogenesis. The loading of SeEx on C NPs allowed the delivery of fatty acids (oleic, lauric and myristic acid), amino acids (lysine, leucine, phenylalanine and valine) and minerals to pancreatic beta-cells in a sustainable manner. SeEx-C NPs administration successfully increased insulin secretion, allowed pancreatic islets neogenesis and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation.

Plants represents a huge source of bioactive materials that have been used since the old times in the treatment of many diseases. Balanites aegyptiaca, known as desert date, has been used in treatment of fever, diabetes and bacterial infection. Desert dates contains a hard seed that resembles 50–60% of the fruit. The seed extract contains many fatty acids, amino acids and other bioactive materials that gives the extract its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The study aimed to use Balanites seed extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SeEx-C NPs) for the treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in male Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were divided into two main divisions (healthy and diabetic rats). Each division contained seven groups (5 rats/group): control untreated group I, SeEx treated group II and group III (10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., respectively), C NPs treated group IV and group V (10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., respectively) and SeEx-C NPs treated group VI and group VII (10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., respectively). The therapeutical effects of SeEx-C NPs were evaluated through biochemical and immunological assessments in rats' pancreases. The results showed that SeEx-C NPs (10 and 20 mg/kg b.w.) reduced the oxidative stress and inflammation in rats' pancreases allowing the islets neogenesis. The loading of SeEx on C NPs allowed the delivery of fatty acids (oleic, lauric and myristic acid), amino acids (lysine, leucine, phenylalanine and valine) and minerals to pancreatic beta-cells in a sustainable manner. SeEx-C NPs administration successfully increased insulin secretion, allowed pancreatic islets neogenesis and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the potential of Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date) seed shells, an abundant renewable bio-waste product, as a precursor for producing low-cost activated carbon for the removal of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from aqueous solution via batch technique adsorption. The chemical activation process was carried out using ZnCl2 as an activating agent at 700°C and 1:2 impregnation ratio. The activated carbon was characterized by “Boehm” titration, measurements of pH of the point zero charge, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and specific surface areas (SMB) by methylene blue adsorption. The effects of initial herbicide concentration, contact time, solution pH, and solution temperature on the sorption capacity were investigated. Equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Redlich– Peterson, Sips, and Toth models. The highest correlation coefficient (R2) values were obtained from Temkin model, with values of 0.997, 0.999, and 0.996 at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K, respectively. The enthalpy change (ΔH°), entropy change (ΔS°) and free energy change (ΔG°) were also evaluated. The negative value of ΔG° shows that the adsorption process is spontaneous, and the positive value of ΔH° shows the endothermic nature of the process. The experimental data were tested through the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models. The pseudo- second-order kinetic model was the most fitting to the kinetics data (R2 > 0.981). Results showed that Balanites aegyptiaca seed shell activated carbon is very efficient for the removal of 2,4-D from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) is an African herb with traditional medical applications. Various pathogenic factors cause hepatic fibrosis and require novel treatment alternatives. Nanoformulation-based natural products can overcome the available drug problems by increasing the efficacy of natural products targeting disease markers. The current study investigated B. aegyptiaca methanolic extract using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and B. aegyptiaca/chitosan nanoparticles were prepared. In vivo, evaluation tests were performed to assess the curative effect of the successfully prepared B. aegyptiaca/chitosan nanoparticles. For 30 days, the rats were divided into six groups, typical and fibrosis groups, where the liver fibrosis groups received B. aegyptiaca extract, silymarin, chitosan nanoparticles, and B. aegyptiaca/chitosan nanoparticles daily. In the current investigation, phenolic molecules are the major compounds detected in B. aegyptiaca extract. UV showed that the prepared B. aegyptiaca /chitosan nanoparticles had a single peak at 280 nm, a particle size of 35.0 ± 6.0 nm, and a negative charge at − 8.3 mV. The animal studies showed that the synthetic B. aegyptiaca/chitosan nanoparticles showed substantial anti-fibrotic protective effects against CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats when compared with other groups through optimization of biochemical and oxidative markers, improved histological changes, and modulated the expression of Col1a1, Acta2 and Cxcl9 genes, which manage liver fibrosis. In conclusion, the current research indicated that the prepared B. aegyptiaca/chitosan nanoparticles improved histological structure and significantly enhanced the biochemical and genetic markers of liver fibrosis in an animal model.

Natural laterite fixed-bed columns intercalated with two types of layers (inert materials, such as fine sand and gravel, and adsorbent materials, such as activated carbon prepared from Balanites aegyptiaca (BA-AC)) were used for As(III) removal from an aqueous solution. Investigations were carried out to solve the problem of column clogging, which appears during the percolation of water through a natural laterite fixed-bed column. Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the hydraulic conductivities of several fixed-bed column configurations and the effects of various parameters, such as the grain size, bed height, and initial As(III) concentration. The permeability data show that, among the different types of fixed-bed columns investigated, the one filled with repeating layers of laterite and activated carbon is more suitable for As(III) adsorption, in terms of performance and cost, than the others (i.e., non-intercalated laterite; non-intercalated activated carbon, repeating layers of laterite and fine sand; and repeating layers of laterite and gravel). A study was carried out to determine the most efficient column using breakthrough curves. The breakthrough increased from 15 to 85 h with an increase in the bed height from 20 to 40 cm and decreased from 247 to 32 h with an increase in the initial As(III) concentration from 0.5 to 2 mg/L. The Bohart–Adams model results show that increasing the bed height induced a decrease in the kAB and N0 values. The critical bed depths determined using the bed depth service time (BDST) model for As(III) removal were 15.23 and 7.98 cm for 1 and 20% breakthroughs, respectively. The results show that the new low-cost adsorptive porous system based on laterite layers with alternating BA-AC layers can be used for the treatment of arsenic-contaminated water.

With the increasing impacts of climate change, establishing more sustainable and robust plants such as desert dates (Balanites aegyptiaca) seems to be necessary. Known for its resilience in arid conditions, this tree has the potential to become a more important food source, particularly for its potential to yield edible oil. This study characterized Balanites kernel oil (BKO) as a promising oil source in arid regions, studying the influence of geographical origin and environmental factors. Moroccan and Sudanese BKO samples were analyzed and compared with Mauritanian BKO. In the fatty acid profile, unsaturated fatty acids constituted over 70% of the BKO profile, with a predominance of linoleic acid (Li), oleic acid (Ol), palmitic acid (Pa), and stearic acid (St). Consequently, the predominant triacylglycerols were PaLiLi, PaLiOl, LiLiOl, OlLiOl, and StLiOl. α-Tocopherol dominated the tocochromanol composition (324 to 607 mg/kg), followed by γ-tocopherol (120 to 226 mg/kg), constituting 90% of the total tocochromanols. The total phytosterol content in BKO ranged from 871 to 2218 mg/kg oil, with β-sitosterol dominating (58% to 74%). Principal Component Analysis revealed that the geographical origin significantly influences BKO composition, emphasizing environmental factors, particularly water deficit and/or temperatures. Notably, Moroccan BKO collected from an area characterized by high aridity and relatively low winter temperatures, showcased a unique profile in fatty acid, phytosterols, and tocochromanols. The valorization of BKO presents an opportunity for local agricultural development in arid regions and a role model for plant development and agricultural practices in other parts of the world.

Several attempts have been made for green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using different plant extracts. The present study revealed that, antibacterial and CuO-NPs were synthesized using ecofriendly and non-toxic Balanites aegyptiaca stem bark extract. The biosynthesized CuO-NPs were characterized by using UV–Vis analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared analysis (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. In addition, the antibacterial activity of green synthesized CuO-NPs was tested using the agar well diffusion method against four bacterial pathogens “viz”: E. coli, V. cholerae, B. substilis and E. faecalis, which were responsible for causing severe infectious diseases in human being. CuO NPs exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity against the pathogen of B. subtilis i.e. 13 mm. Hence, CuO-NPs have the potential to be used as bactericidal component.

THE CURRENT study offers quantification of soil, vegetation structure, and species distribution in 44 samples related to Balanites aegyptiaca in the Egyptian Deserts (the Eastern and Western Deserts). Egypt's Deserts were very dry. Throughout the research sites, 132 different plant species were counted. They belonged to 105 genera and 43 different families, and they were made up of 49 annuals and 83 perennials. The three largest families by the number of documented species are Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae, which account for 33.33% of all recorded species. The most prevalent species, which represent a typical spectrum of desert life forms, were therophytes, phanerophytes, and chamaephytes. Six distinct vegetation groups, each with a distinct floristic composition, were identified after the classification of the vegetation was studied using the TWINSPAN technique. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) revealed that the first two DCA axes could distinguish these groups. Redundancy analysis (RDA) could also be used to effectively interpret and explain them. Sand, clay, water content, organic matter, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium contents all closely correlated with the first four redundancy axes and accounted for 76.1% of the species-environment relationships among the studied stands. The vegetation pattern in the study areas was clearly demonstrated by classification and ordination. Because this area of study seemed to have a simple xerophytic floristic composition with Saharan Arabian elements, it was relatively unaffected by human disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balanites Aegyptiaca is a medicinal plant used in Africa's folk medicines to treat wide range of diseases. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of balanites aegyptiaca revealed the presence of flavonoids, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Tannins, Anthraquinones, Terpenoids, phenols, saponins. However, steroids was found to be absent. The plant was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial and fungal strains. The antimicrobial activity was determined in the extracts using agar well diffusion method. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts in different concentrations 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/ml were tested against two Grampositive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus Epidermis; two Gram-negative, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two fungal strains, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans. The zones of inhibition of the extracts were compared with that of different standards like ampicillin 1mg/ml for antibacterial activity and fluconazole 1mg/ml for antifungal activity. The results showed that the extract exhibited a remarkable inhibition of the microbial growth against the tested organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenytoin-induced liver injury (PHT ILII) is a serious condition that may necessitate discontinuation of the drug. This study investigates the mechanisms of PHT ILII and evaluates the protective effects of Balanites Aegyptiaca (BA) fruit extracts on the liver. We focus on the Nrf2/MAPK/NF-κB/Beclin-1 signaling pathways involved in oxidative stress and inflammation from drug-induced liver injury. Phytochemical analyses of BA fruit extracts (Bu-F and EA-F) are conducted. Molecular docking techniques explore the interaction between phenytoin (PHT) and the Nrf2/MAPK/NF-κB/Beclin-1 pathways. Thirty-six male rats are divided into Control, Bu-F, EA-F, PHT, Bu-F/PHT, and EA-F/PHT groups, and they are observed for 45 days. EA-F extract is rich in phenolics/flavonoids, while Bu-F extract mainly contains saponins.PHT ILII causes histological damage in liver tissues and affects Nrf-2, MAPK, TNF-α, IL-1β, Mcp-1, Beclin-1, iNOS expression, and liver function markers (ALT, AST, ALP). However, EA-F/Bu-F extracts effectively improve the histological structure and significantly reduce biochemical/immunohistochemical parameters, restoring them to near-normal levels. EA-F extract is particularly effective.In conclusion, the Nrf2/MAPK /Beclin-1 pathways play a critical role in the development of PHT ILII. BA fruit extracts show promise as hepato-protective agents, with the EA-F extract demonstrating superior efficacy. These results lay the groundwork for new treatments for PHT ILII and drug-induced liver injuries.

Edible oils from Canarium schweinfurthii pulp, Balanites aegyptiaca seeds, Sesamum indicum seeds, and Cocos nucifera nuts were assessed for their physicochemical properties and fatty acids profiles using standard methods and GC-MS respectively. The physicochemical properties of the oils were as follows: 1.021 ± 0.36-1.029 ± 0.66 Kg/m3 for relative density, 140.25 ± 5.61-155.68 ± 1.34 mg KOH/g for saponification value, 1.45 ± 0.08-1.47 ± 0.35 for refractive index, 7.00 ±0.36-19.00 ± 1.64 mEq/kg for peroxide value, 0.75 ± 0.84-2.72 ± 1.26 mg KOH/g for acid value, and 39.97 ± 0.07-96.44 ± 2.53 mg I2/g for iodine value. The fatty acids composition revealed that C. schweinfurthii pulp, B. aegyptiaca seed, S. indicum seed, and C. nucifera nut oils contain 80.92%, 66.44%, 68.32%, and 24% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 7.89%, 18.44%, 21.84% and 6.50% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 11.18%, 15.15%, 10.19% and 69.49% of saturated fatty acids respectively. The results illustrated the abundance of unsaturated fatty acids compounds in C. schweinfurthii pulp, B. aegyptiaca seed, and S. indicum seed oils while C. nucifera nut oil contained more saturated fatty acid compounds. A good number of fatty acids have skin permeation potentiality, and this is derived from their chemical structure, these oils show great multiplicity in their fatty acids’ composition depending on the plant species, and upon further processing can be employed for diverse industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

The paper reports tests in the Adrar region of the promising woody species, Balanites aegyptiaca, in 2014. The species behaviour at different development stages (nursery, juvenile stage and adult stage) was monitored and evaluated. The evaluation took the criteria into account. The obtained results showed a significant correlation between the number of leaves and growth in height; showing that direct seeding is the most appropriate planting technique. Dendrometric parameters are positively related, resulting in a slenderness factor of 60% with a yield of 799.9 ± 481 fruits per tree. These preliminary results suggest that the work should be replicated, with a view to domesticating the species in southern Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of anthelmintic resistance and the high cost of conventional anthelmintics have led to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. In the current study, in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the possible anthelmintic effects of Balanites aegyptiaca stem bark aqueous extract on Strongyle larvae and the earthworm Pheretima posthuma. The in vitro studies revealed that the extract at graded concentrations of 300 mg/ml, 400 mg/ml, 500 mg/ml and 600 mg/ml exhibited larvicidal activity (p<0.05) against earthworms with 600 mg/ml having the highest activity causing paralysis and death. In a similar vein, a graded concentration response was observed against Strongyle larvae. The highest effective concentration on larvae was 250 mg/ml which had a larval mortality rate of 100% and a mortality index of one (1) comparable with that of albendazole. The IC50 and IC99 values for the time of paralysis were 442.7mg/ml and 767.80mg/ml respectively. The anthelmintic activity exhibited by the extract could be linked to the presence of phytochemicals present in the plant. These findings support the folkloric use of this plant in the control and management of gastrointestinal nematodes in humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In systematic botany, species delimitations are addressed most frequently. The desert date Balanites is a plant with the controversial membership in the Balanitaceae and Zygophyllaceae families. The morphological characters of Balanites showed close relationship with the members of Zygophyllaceae while barcode genes showed relatedness with the members of Celastraceae. On the other hand, Gymnosporia montana, a Celastraceae plant, showed close relatedness with Zygophyllaceae. In this study, cpDNAs (plastomes) of Balanites aegyptiaca and G. montana were extracted, sequenced, and annotated for the detailed analysis. These plastomes were compared and contrasted with plastomes of other members of allied groups from the NCBI databases. The comparative genomics study revealed that B. aegyptiaca related more with family Zygophyllaceae than Celastraceae. Detailed studies performed for molecular marker analysis showed distinction in marker patterns. It is concluded that B. aegyptiaca, assigned in a separate family, may be justifiable at genomic level, and screened markers can be used for identification and authentication. The nucleotide probes identified can be used for identification and authentication of these medicinally important plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, commonly known as desert date, is a thorny evergreen tree belonging to the family Zygophyllaceae and subfamily Tribuloideae that is widespread in arid and semiarid regions. This plant is an important source of food and medicines and plays an important role in conservation strategies for restoring degraded desert ecosystems. Results In the present study, we sequenced the complete plastome of B. aegyptiaca. The chloroplast genome was 155,800 bp, with a typical four-region structure: a large single copy (LSC) region of 86,562 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,102 bp, and inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 25,568 bp each. The GC content was 35.5%. The chloroplast genome of B. aegyptiaca contains 107 genes, 75 of which coding proteins, 28 coding tRNA, and 4 coding rRNA. We did not observe a large loss in plastid genes or a reduction in the genome size in B. aegyptiaca, as found previously in some species belonging to the family Zygophyllaceae. However, we noticed a divergence in the location of certain genes at the IR-LSC and IR-SSC boundaries and loss of ndh genes relative to other species. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree constructed from the complete chloroplast genome data broadly supported the taxonomic classification of B. aegyptiaca as belonging to the Zygophyllaceae family. The plastome of B. aegyptiaca was found to be rich in single sequence repeats (SSRs), with a total of 240 SSRs. Conclusions The genomic data available from this study could be useful for developing molecular markers to evaluate population structure, investigate genetic variation, and improve production programs for B. aegyptiaca. Furthermore, the current data will support future investigation of the evolution of the family Zygophyllaceae.

Balanites aegyptiaca is a valuable resource for local African populations. However, this natural resource is managed in an irrational and abusive way by local communities. In order to contribute to the enhancement and sustainable management of B. aegyptiaca, an approach combining two methods has been adopted. The first is based on an ethnobotanical survey relating to local knowledge of B. aegyptiaca products and the second is focused on the surface survey in 4 Divisions of the Far North Region of Cameroon. In total, 400 people aged at least 15 years were chosen according to their knowledge of B. aegyptiaca, ie 100 people in each Division. The experimental design is a split-plot (4 x 4), then Sub-Divisions (Kalfou, Mindif, Moutourwa and Pette) constitute the main treatment. B. aegyptiaca is an agroforestry species that plays a very important role in the life of local communities. The main products used are leaves (100%), fruits (98.19%) and seeds (90.06%). They are used mainly in consumption (98.19%) and marketing (91.67%). Garawa Park in Moutourwa Sub-Division is the richest in taxonomic diversity, with 20 species, divided into 14 genera and 11 families. On the other hand, B. aegyptiaca park of Ourosambo located in Kalfou Division is the least diversified with 9 species, divided into 7 genera and 6 families. The other parks show intermediate specific diversity, with the number of species varying from 10 species (Doyang) to 18 species (Toutka). The Shannon diversity index varies in the parks from 1.77 bit (Ourosambo) to 2.86 bit (Maoudine). Parkland vegetation has an "L" structure based on crown diameter and diameter at breast height (DBH). Depending on the heights, the vegetation presents an inverted "U" structure. These results could serve as a reference for the elaboration of strategies for the development and sustainable management of B. aegyptiaca parks in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Cameroon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local forests and fruit trees in sub-Saharan Africa play an important role to improve food and nutrition security, health and incomes generation. The support and the economic value of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) from tropical forests in people life has been widely investigated but several tree species' uses and contribution to households' well-being are yet to deepen. Balanites aegyptiaca is a native multipurpose tree whose several parts/organs are widely used in diversified domains. To date, the permanent gap related to B. aegyptiaca is to link the species use diversity and its economical contribution with local climate conditions, and the assessment of endogenous strategies to promote its resource conservation. This study aimed to highlight the contribution of B. aegyptiaca NTFPs in the local economy and local strategies to promote its products for endogenous conservation practices. Hence, socio-economic surveys were conducted in 120 households, five markets and nine associations across two climatic zones. Use values, use domains, economic value and local strategies for the species conservation were assessed. Results showed the used organs, and the used intensity varies significantly across climatic zones (p = 0.03). Local manufactured products are mostly from leaves and fruit. Informants reported widely almonds processing (78%). The species NTFPs are more commercialized in the Sudano-Sahelian zone (85%) compared to the Sahelian zone (15%). Average value per tree was estimated at 154 ± 28 FCFA (0.27 USD) per season in the Sahelian zone and 426 ± 19 FCFA or (0.74 USD) in the Sudano-Sahelian zone based only on fruit collection. Given its importance in local people life, endogenous strategies are adopted to safeguard the resource and for sustainably the species products. The multipurpose uses of B. aegyptiaca reported, the NTFPs financial benefits and the high resilience of the species show a great necessity to promote its domestication and in-situ conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, microencapsulation has become a viable method of nutrient delivery for the food industry. This work microencapsulated the bioactive compounds extracted from two neglected species (Balanites aegyptiaca and Ziziphus mauritiana) by freeze-drying. A combination of wall materials (whey protein and pectin; soy protein and maltodextrin) was chosen to prepare the microcapsules. The phytochemical and physicochemical characterization of the microcapsules was then carried out. The encapsulation yield ranged from 82.77% to 96.05% for Balanites and Ziziphus, respectively, whereas the efficiency was 76.18 ± 1.39% and 80.93 ± 1.71%. The stimulated in vitro gastrointestinal test showed that encapsulation increased the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds. The total carotenoids were the most bioavailable compounds with 85.89 ± 0.06% for Ziziphus and 70.46 ± 1.10% for Balanites, followed by total flavonoids for Zizyphus with 63.27 ± 1.56%. Furthermore, regardless of species or wavelengths, the HPLC analysis resulted in the identification of 17 bioactive metabolites. The predominant one was epicatechin, whose level ranged from 231.52 ± 5.06 to 250.99 ± 3.72 mg/100 g DW in Ziziphus and 91.80 ± 3.85 to 116.40 ± 4.09 mg/100 g DW in Balanites. In estimating the enzyme inhibition and antioxidant power, both studied fruits showed antidiabetic, inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. These findings suggest that natural bioactive compounds are abundant in the fruits of Z. mauritiana and B. aegyptiaca and could be a valuable source for the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out in Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank (EDGB), North Sinai Research Station, Desert Research Centre, Egypt. The present study investigated the responses of Balanites aegyptiaca seeds to some chemical and physical factors, such as mechanical scarification, chemical scarification, GA3 (gibberellic acid), dry heat treatment, potassium nitrate (KNO3) in solutions of water, sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), tap and hot water. Results indicated that the highest germination percentage 73.50% was achieved with dry heat treatments at 60 °C for 15 minutes. Treated seeds with dry heat treatments at 60 °C for 15 minutes enhanced standard germination percentage to 70.62 % and germination rate to 1.3. GA3. Hot water and mechanical scarification gave the best results in germination percentage, germination rate and standard germination. Some treatments were found to decrease germination percentage, standard germination and germination rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichophyton rubrum is one of the major disease causing pathogens in human; mainly it causes tinea pedis, tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Cytochrome P450 which considered to be an important protein that can impact ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. B. aegyptiaca is rich source of secondary metabolites with tremendous medicinal values and it has sweet pulp, leaves with spine, strong seed and oily kernel. The epicarp of the fruit was taken for this study to inhibit T. rubrum using in vitro and in silico techniques. The epicarp portion was extracted using various solvents and water. The anti-dermatophytic activity on T. rubrum of these extracts was assessed utilizing poison plate technique with 5 individual concentrations. The fractioned chloroform extract of epicarp had fully inhibited the growth of T. rubrum at 3 mg/ml. Further, the chloroform extract was subjected to LC-MS analysis, in total, 40 compounds were elucidated. Then, the derived compounds were included for predicting ADMETox properties using Qikprop module. From the analysis 40 compounds were identified to be eligible for docking process. Then the desirable compounds, drug Ketoconazole were subjected to docking analysis using Glide module of Schrödinger. It shows that Platyphylloside has better docking result than other compounds and drug Ketoconazole. Further, MD simulation was carried out for Ketoconazole-Cyp450 and Platyphylloside-CYP450 complexes using Desmond, Schrödinger. MD simulation study also confirmed that the Platyphylloside-CYP450 complex more stable. This study suggests that Platyphylloside may act as potential inhibitor and it could be further subjected to experimental analysis to inhibit the T. rubrum growth.

Biodiesel is a domestically produced, clean-burning, renewable substitute for petroleum diesel. Using biodiesel as a vehicle fuel increases energy security, improves air quality and the environment, and provides safety benefits. . This study extracted, characterized and determined the physicochemical properties of biodiesel produced from Desert date (B. aegyptiaca) seed oil using Soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as the extraction solvent. The oil obtained was characterized using FTIR and GC-MS analyses and its physicochemical properties determined. The oil obtained was subsequently transesterified using methanol and KOH catalyst. The obtained biodiesel was characterized and its physicochemical properties determined. The result showed that B. aegyptiaca seed oil had density of 0.9 g/cm³, viscosity of 6 cSt at 40 °C and viscosity of 2.5 cSt at 100 °C. The cloud and pour points of the oil was 21 and 9 °C respectively. The oil comprised of eleven fatty acids; predominantly linoleic acid (21.88 %), vaccenic acid (13.90 %) and palmitic acid (10.96 %). The biodiesel had density of 0.88 g/cm³, kinematic viscosity of 4.2 cSt, cloud and pour points of 16 °C and 7 °C respectively. The biodiesel also had free fatty acid (FFA) of 0.79 %, iodine value of 42 mgI2/100g and saponification value of 176. The biodiesel primarily consisted of 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (45.46 %), Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (20.12 %), Butyl-9,12-Octadecadienoate (12.43 %) and Heptadecanoic acid-16-methyl ester (10.43 %). The properties obtained for the biodiesel were comparable to those of biodiesels reported in literature and thus, shows remarkable potentials to be used as substitute to fossil-based diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic importance of Balanites aegyptiaca in folk medicine for the treatment of several common human diseases has led researchers to conduct phytochemical and pharmacological studies on extracts from various parts of the plant. In the current study, the phytochemical composition of the B. aegyptiaca methanolic fruit extract was characterized, and its antimicrobial activity was evaluated together with the cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, PC-3, and Caco-2, compared with normal Vero cells. Further, its effects on cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction and expression of apoptosis-related genes were assessed. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of fatty acids and their esters in addition to phytosterols, steroid derivatives, and bioflavonoid glycosides with oleic and palmitic acids being the prevalent components (24.12 and 21.56%, respectively). The results showed considerable cytotoxic activity of the extract against the three cancer cell lines (MCF-7, PC-3, and Caco-2) with a selectivity index ranging from 5.07 to 6.52. This effect was further confirmed with the accompanied increased total apoptosis of treated PC-3 cells (19.22% of the total number of cells) compared to the control cells (0.64% of the total number of cells) with cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and the increased transcription of pro-apoptotic genes including P53 (3.69) and BAX (3.33) expressed as fold change (2^ ΔΔCT). The calculated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was similar (62.5 µg/mL) against the three tested bacterial strains (Acinetobacter johnsonii, Serratia marcescens and Agrobacterium tumefaciens), while it was higher than 1000 µg/mL for the fungal species (Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium italicum, and Fusarium oxysporium). Our findings suggest a promising anticancer activity for B. aegyptiaca, which paves the way for more detailed future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Haemonchosis is a serious disease affecting ruminants’ productivity worldwide. Medicinal plants are deemed one of the most natural bio-products safely used as alternatives to the synthetic anthelmintics. In the present study, comparative efficacy of crude ethanolic extracts (CEEs) of Artemisia herba-alba (A. herba-alba), Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) and Allium sativum (A. sativum) as alternative treatments was tested on Haemonchus contortus ( H. contortus). An in vitro test to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of various concentrations of extracts at 25, 30 and 50 mg/ml was accomplished on motility and viability of adult worms in comparison with albendazole, reference drug at 10 μg/ml at various time intervals. An in vivo test was carried out in lambs experimentally infected with H. contortus to detect anthelmintic activity of CEEs of A. herba-alba and B. aegyptiaca compared to albendazole. Fifteen parasite-free Baladi Egyptian lambs aged 4–8 months old were categorized into five groups, each of three lambs as follows: G1 was kept as uninfected untreated one, G2 was utilized as infected untreated group, G3 was given CEE of A. herba-alba, G4 was received CEE of B. aegyptiaca, and G 5 was treated with albendazole. Results The in vitro test revealed that CEE of B. aegyptiaca had the most significant anthelmintic activity on adult H. contortus followed by A. herba-alba, while A. sativum was of the lowest effect. The in vivo test showed that the CEE of B. aegyptiaca achieved an excellent faecal egg reduction (100%) at the 7th day post-treatment. The most efficient treatments that improved the haematological parameters and regained the level of serum total protein, albumin and A/G ratio, serum globulin, SGoT, SGPT, urea and creatinine to the almost normal levels were CEE of B. aegyptiaca, albendazole and CEE of A. herba-alba, respectively. Conclusions This study highlighted the marked anthelmintic potency of the CEEs of B. aegyptiaca and A. herba-alba on H. contortus and the superiority of CEE of B. aegyptiaca as a talented anti-parasitic medicinal plant for sheep.

Biodiesel is a domestically produced, clean-burning, renewable substitute for petroleum diesel. Using biodiesel as a vehicle fuel increases energy security, improves air quality and the environment, and provides safety benefits. . This study extracted, characterized and determined the physicochemical properties of biodiesel produced from Desert date (B. aegyptiaca) seed oil using Soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as the extraction solvent. The oil obtained was characterized using FTIR and GC-MS analyses and its physicochemical properties determined. The oil obtained was subsequently transesterified using methanol and KOH catalyst. The obtained biodiesel was characterized and its physicochemical properties determined. The result showed that B. aegyptiaca seed oil had density of 0.9 g/cm3, viscosity of 6 cSt at 40 0C and viscosity of 2.5 cSt at 100 0C. The cloud and pour points of the oil was 21 and 9 0C respectively. The oil comprised of eleven fatty acids; predominantly linoleic acid (21.88 %), vaccenic acid (13.90 %) and palmitic acid (10.96 %). The biodiesel had density of 0.88 g/cm3, kinematic viscosity of 4.2 cSt, cloud and pour points of 16 0C and 7 0C respectively. The biodiesel also had free fatty acid (FFA) of 0.79 %, iodine value of 42 mgI2/100g and saponification value of 176. The biodiesel primarily consisted of 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (45.46 %), Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (20.12 %), Butyl-9,12-Octadecadienoate (12.43 %) and Heptadecanoic acid-16-methyl ester (10.43 %). The properties obtained for the biodiesel were comparable to those of biodiesels reported in literature and thus, shows remarkable potentials to be used as substitute to fossil-based diesel fuel.

This study describes the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) leaf extract. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy with (SEM-EDS). The AgNPs showed an average size of 10–20 nm, spherical shape, and crystalline nature. The application of these synthesized AgNPs to dye degradation showed that the AgNPs removed the two organic pollutants methylene blue (MB, 93.47%) and congo red (CR, (78.57%). In vitro investigation of the antifungal activity of the AgNPs against Fusarium oxysporum, a phytopathogenic fungus, showed a maximum percent radial growth inhibition of 82.00 ± 1.00% and a spore percent inhibition of 73.66 ± 3.94 for 150 μg/ml of biosynthesized AgNPs.

The fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca, a wild savannah tree, constitute a promising source of steroidal sapogenins, chemicals in demand by the pharmaceutical industry, in addition to an untapped source of an edible fixed oil. Large guantity of the fruit (ca. 400 000 tons per annum) are traditionally collected and marketed in Sudan due to their edible mesocarp. This study is concerned with accumulation of the fixed oil as well as of steroidal sapogenins in 11 fruit developmental stages, from the young immature to the fully ripe, dry stages. The fruits were separated into "kernels" and combined "epicarp+ mesocarp" tissues. An infra-red spectrophotometric method was used for sapogenin quantification. Total sapogenin contents expressed per tissue was 0.5 mg in kernels and 2.5 mg in "epicarp=mesocarp" in the first stage (S1). Thereafter, these values rose sharply in later fruit developmental stages so that by stage S7 (a mature but still green stage), they contained maximum values of 22.0 and 60.0 mg/tissue, respectively. Similarly, balanites kernel oil (BKO) dramatically increased in amount with fruit development; from < 5.0% in the first two very young stages to over 45.0% of kernel dry weight by stages 7 and 8. Thus, harvesting fruits at the still green 7th stage would minimize losses of the dry, sapogenin-rich epicarp encountered during traditional harvesting and handling of dry fruits. "Epiarp+mesocarp" tissue contained both 25a and 25b sapogenins, the proportion of 25b increased with fruit maturation. On the other hand, kernel tissue contained only 25a (diosgenin type) sapogenin till the very late fruit stage, when plastid degradation occurred. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid of balanites kernel oil in all fruit developmental stages. Linolenic and palmitoleic acids were present in the kernel oil of very young fruits but disappeared with the degradation of plastid-membrane lipids on further fruit maturation and desication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, commonly known as desert date, is a thorny evergreen tree belonging to the family Zygophyllaceae and subfamily Tribuloideae that is widespread in arid and semiarid regions. This plant is an important source of food and medicines and plays an important role in conservation strategies for restoring degraded desert ecosystems. Results: In the present study, we sequenced the complete plastome of B. aegyptiaca. The chloroplast genome was 155,800 bp, with a typical four-region structure: a large single copy (LSC) region of 86,562 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,102 bp, and inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 25,568 bp each. The GC content was 35.5%. The chloroplast genome of B. aegyptiaca contains 107 genes, 75 of which coding proteins, 28 coding tRNA, and 4 coding rRNA. We did not observe a large loss in plastid genes or a reduction in the genome size in B. aegyptiaca, as found previously in some species belonging to the family Zygophyllaceae. However, we noticed a divergence in the location of certain genes at the IR-LSC and IR-SSC boundaries and loss of ndh genes relative to other species. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree constructed from the complete chloroplast genome data broadly supported the taxonomic classification of B. aegyptiaca as belonging to the Zygophyllaceae family. The plastome of B. aegyptiaca was found to be rich in single sequence repeats (SSRs), with a total of 240 SSRs. Conclusions: The genomic data available from this study could be useful for developing molecular markers to evaluate population structure, investigate genetic variation, and improve production programs for B. aegyptiaca. Furthermore, the current data will support future investigation of the evolution of the family Zygophyllaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichophyton rubrum is one of the major disease causing pathogens in human; mainly it causes tinea pedis, tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Cytochrome P450 which considered to be an important protein that can impact ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. B. aegyptiaca is rich source of secondary metabolites with tremendous medicinal values and it has sweet pulp, leaves with spine, strong seed and oily kernel. The epicarp of the fruit was taken for this study to inhibit T. rubrum using in vitro and in silico techniques. The epicarp portion was extracted using various solvents and water. The anti-dermatophytic activity on T. rubrum of these extracts was assessed utilizing poison plate technique with 5 individual concentrations. The fractioned chloroform extract of epicarp had fully inhibited the growth of T. rubrum at 3 mg/ml. Further, the chloroform extract was subjected to LC-MS analysis, in total, 40 compounds were elucidated. Then, the derived compounds were included for predicting ADMETox properties using Qikprop module. From the analysis 40 compounds were identified to be eligible for docking process. Then the desirable compounds, drug Ketoconazole were subjected to docking analysis using Glide module of Schrödinger. It shows that Platyphylloside has better docking result than other compounds and drug Ketoconazole. Further, MD simulation was carried out for Ketoconazole-Cyp450 and Platyphylloside-CYP450 complexes using Desmond, Schrödinger. MD simulation study also confirmed that the Platyphylloside-CYP450 complex more stable. This study suggests that Platyphylloside may act as potential inhibitor and it could be further subjected to experimental analysis to inhibit the T. rubrum growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Essential oils found frequently in plants are well known for their activities against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to analyze egg yolk replacement by seed oils of Gossypium spp. (cotton), Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date), and Sesamum indicum (sesame) in semen extender, on ram sperm quality chilled at 4°C and frozen-thawed. Materials and Methods: Ejaculates were collected from adult rams and refrigerated at 4°C in a Tris-based extender containing 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% of Gossypium spp., B. aegyptiaca, and S. indicum seed oils, to evaluate which were the two best extenders for comparison with BIOXcell, a commercial extender for deep freezing ram semen. Results: The data showed that sperm movements analyzed by the CASA system were faster in extenders supplemented with 2.5-5% of cottonseed oil and 1.25-10% of sesame oil, whereas in the extender containing B. aegyptiaca oil, all seminal parameters studied had the worst values. During the sperm-freezing process, 5% of cottonseed oil and 5% sesame seed oil were selected from the first study, with sesame oil reaching the best sperm quality. Thus, sperm motility and velocity were 44.14±13.99%, 24.44±12.6%, and 25.92±11.50%; and 20.26±9.56%, 8.76±6.38%, and 9.42±5.40%, respectively, for sesame oil, cottonseed oil, and BIOXcell. Conclusion: In summary, 2.5-10% of cottonseed oil and 1.25-10% of sesame seed oil can replace egg yolk in a Tris–egg yolk–based extender. Moreover, a Tris-based extender supplemented with 5% sesame seed oil could be an alternative for deep freezing ram semen, even though these results need to be confirmed with semen collected from rams with appropriate sexual rest.

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing the planet today. It is important to ensure access to energy to promote quality of life and economic development. It is therefore essential to address this problem in sustainable development. Advances in the development of new technologies have given hope that the goals will be attainable in the field of energy. Currently, biotechnological processes make it possible to promote this fruit of the desert date tree and make available to citizens a new generation of products with high added value such as bioethanol. In this context, various alcoholic fermentation tests at the laboratory level are carried out to determine the dilution rate, in order to optimize the process. We compared the degree of crude alcohol of four dilutions, i.e. the dilution by (six, nine, ten and eleven times) of the mass (110) g of the Balanites fruits pulp. We obtained after the distillation step, the following optimization results for the fermentation of the four substrates at different dilution than the 10-fold dilution of the substrate gave the best yield.

Currently, microencapsulation has become a viable method of nutrient delivery for the food industry. This work microencapsulated the bioactive compounds extracted from two neglected species (Balanites aegyptiaca and Ziziphus mauritiana) by freeze-drying. A combination of wall materials (whey protein and pectin; soy protein and maltodextrin) was chosen to prepare the microcapsules. The phytochemical and physicochemical characterization of the microcapsules was then carried out. The encapsulation yield ranged from 82.77% to 96.05% for Balanites and Ziziphus, respectively, whereas the efficiency was 76.18 ± 1.39% and 80.93 ± 1.71%. The stimulated in vitro gastrointestinal test showed that encapsulation increased the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds. The total carotenoids were the most bioavailable compounds with 85.89 ± 0.06% for Ziziphus and 70.46 ± 1.10% for Balanites, followed by total flavonoids for Zizyphus with 63.27 ± 1.56%. Furthermore, regardless of species or wavelengths, the HPLC analysis resulted in the identification of 17 bioactive metabolites. The predominant one was epicatechin, whose level ranged from 231.52 ± 5.06 to 250.99 ± 3.72 mg/100 g DW in Ziziphus and 91.80 ± 3.85 to 116.40 ± 4.09 mg/100 g DW in Balanites. In estimating the enzyme inhibition and antioxidant power, both studied fruits showed antidiabetic, inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. These findings suggest that natural bioactive compounds are abundant in the fruits of Z. mauritiana and B. aegyptiaca and could be a valuable source for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Background: Haemonchosis is a serious disease affecting ruminants' productivity worldwide. Medicinal plants are deemed one of the most natural bio-products safely used as alternatives to the synthetic anthelmintics. In the present study, comparative efficacy of crude ethanolic extracts (CEEs) of Artemisia herba-alba (A. herba-alba), Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) and Allium sativum (A. sativum) as alternative treatments was tested on Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus). An in vitro test to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of various concentrations of extracts at 25, 30 and 50 mg/ml was accomplished on motility and viability of adult worms in comparison with albendazole, reference drug at 10 μg/ml at various time intervals. An in vivo test was carried out in lambs experimentally infected with H. contortus to detect anthelmintic activity of CEEs of A. herba-alba and B. aegyptiaca compared to albendazole. Fifteen parasite-free Baladi Egyptian lambs aged 4–8 months old were categorized into five groups, each of three lambs as follows: G1 was kept as uninfected untreated one, G2 was utilized as infected untreated group, G3 was given CEE of A. herba-alba, G4 was received CEE of B. aegyptiaca, and G 5 was treated with albendazole. Results: The in vitro test revealed that CEE of B. aegyptiaca had the most significant anthelmintic activity on adult H. contortus followed by A. herba-alba, while A. sativum was of the lowest effect. The in vivo test showed that the CEE of B. aegyptiaca achieved an excellent faecal egg reduction (100%) at the 7th day post-treatment. The most efficient treatments that improved the haematological parameters and regained the level of serum total protein, albumin and A/G ratio, serum globulin, SGoT, SGPT, urea and creatinine to the almost normal levels were CEE of B. aegyptiaca, albendazole and CEE of A. herba-alba, respectively. Conclusions: This study highlighted the marked anthelmintic potency of the CEEs of B. aegyptiaca and A. herba-alba on H. contortus and the superiority of CEE of B. aegyptiaca as a talented anti-parasitic medicinal plant for sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was conducted in order to investigate the effect of auxin type (2,4-D and NAA) and concentration (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg/l) on Balanites aegyptiaca callus cultures growth and production of secondary metabolites. Obtained results demonstrated that supplementation MS medium with 2,4-D at 2.0 mg/l could enhanced and recorded the ultimate values of callus fresh weight, antioxidant activity (%), total flavonoids, total phenolic compounds and total saponins contents and yields of Balanites aegyptiaca L. callus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The persistent problem of canine infection with Dipylidium caninum, in spite of the wide accessibility of drugs proposed essentially to kill cestodes, recommends the need to discover other effective alternative therapy. The present study aimed to explore the role of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits against the adult D. caninum, and whether its methanolic extract had any effect on the tegument of adult cestode which is essential for the protective function, following 12- and 24-h incubation in vitro. The tegumental alterations were assessed by using both light and scanning electron microscopic studies. Results The Balanites extract exhibited cestocidal effect in vitro on D. caninum, and the tegument of the adult worm appeared to be its primary target. This finding was supported by differences in extract response depending on the exposure period. After 12-h incubation in vitro with Balanites extract, the tegumental changes concerned the scolex other than the proglottides, while by 24-h incubation, the changes in the adult cestodes concerned the whole body surface. Conclusion The tegumental distortion appeared to be the main changes induced by treatment with the tested extract. This alteration would obviously disrupt the protective function of the tegument and facilitate expelling of the adult cestode from the dog’s intestine.

The therapeutic importance of Balanites aegyptiaca in folk medicine for the treatment of several common human diseases has led researchers to conduct phytochemical and pharmacological studies on extracts from various parts of the plant. In the current study, the phytochemical composition of the B. aegyptiaca methanolic fruit extract was characterized, and its antimicrobial activity was evaluated together with the cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, PC-3, and Caco-2, compared with normal Vero cells. Further, its effects on cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction and expression of apoptosis-related genes were assessed. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of fatty acids and their esters in addition to phytosterols, steroid derivatives, and bioflavonoid glycosides with oleic and palmitic acids being the prevalent components (24.12 and 21.56%, respectively). The results showed considerable cytotoxic activity of the extract against the three cancer cell lines (MCF-7, PC-3, and Caco-2) with a selectivity index ranging from 5.07 to 6.52. This effect was further confirmed with the accompanied increased total apoptosis of treated PC-3 cells (19.22% of the total number of cells) compared to the control cells (0.64% of the total number of cells) with cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and the increased transcription of pro-apoptotic genes including P53 (3.69) and BAX (3.33) expressed as fold change (2^ ΔΔCT). The calculated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was similar (62.5 µg/mL) against the three tested bacterial strains (Acinetobacter johnsonii, Serratia marcescens and Agrobacterium tumefaciens), while it was higher than 1000 µg/mL for the fungal species (Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium italicum, and Fusarium oxysporium). Our findings suggest a promising anticancer activity for B. aegyptiaca, which paves the way for more detailed future studies.

Balanites fruit pulp and seed kernel contain considerable amount of steroidal saponins, which are used as raw material for the production of pharmaceutical drugs. However, insect and avian pests are the key limiting factors in balanites production. This study was conducted to record the causal insect and avian pests and level of their infestation. Balanites fruits fallen on the ground were collected at regular intervals for two fruiting seasons at Keren, Eritrea. The fruits were put in polybags and stored at room temperature. The emerging insects were counted and percent infestation was calculated. The insects identified were balanites stone borer, Eublemma (= Eupsoropsis) robertsi (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) and carob moth, Apomyelois (=Ectomyelois) ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Eublemma robertsi larva consumed the kernel and bored into the stone with one exit hole (ca. 3 mm) at pre-pupal stage whereas A. ceratoniae larvae infested and contaminated fruit pulp with faecal waste. More than 70% of fruits collected during October and November were infested by E. robertsi and oviposition of 1–3 eggs were found on 73% of examined fruits. Damage from A. ceratoniae was unnoticeable in field-collected fruits but larval infestation was observable after one month of storage. The speckled mousebird, Colius striatus (Coliiformes: Coliidae), was the most frequent avian visitor, which not only nibbled on fruits attached to branches but also caused drop of fruits to the ground. Fruit damage caused by birds ranged 58 to 95% during the two fruiting seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Essential oils found frequently in plants are well known for their activities against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to analyze egg yolk replacement by seed oils of Gossypium spp. (cotton), Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date), and Sesamum indicum (sesame) in semen extender, on ram sperm quality chilled at 4°C and frozen-thawed. Materials and Methods: Ejaculates were collected from adult rams and refrigerated at 4°C in a Tris-based extender containing 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% of Gossypium spp., B. aegyptiaca, and S. indicum seed oils, to evaluate which were the two best extenders for comparison with BIOXcell, a commercial extender for deep freezing ram semen. Results: The data showed that sperm movements analyzed by the CASA system were faster in extenders supplemented with 2.5-5% of cottonseed oil and 1.25-10% of sesame oil, whereas in the extender containing B. aegyptiaca oil, all seminal parameters studied had the worst values. During the sperm-freezing process, 5% of cottonseed oil and 5% sesame seed oil were selected from the first study, with sesame oil reaching the best sperm quality. Thus, sperm motility and velocity were 44.14±13.99%, 24.44±12.6%, and 25.92±11.50%; and 20.26±9.56%, 8.76±6.38%, and 9.42±5.40%, respectively, for sesame oil, cottonseed oil, and BIOXcell. Conclusion: In summary, 2.5-10% of cottonseed oil and 1.25-10% of sesame seed oil can replace egg yolk in a Tris-egg yolk-based extender. Moreover, a Tris-based extender supplemented with 5% sesame seed oil could be an alternative for deep freezing ram semen, even though these results need to be confirmed with semen collected from rams with appropriate sexual rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing plant extracts to obtain nanomaterials is an ecofriendly and highly appreciated synthetic approach. In this work a simple, green chemistry method, based on sol–gel, was used for ZnO nanoparticles synthesis by using two Sudanese medicinal plant extracts: Adanosia digitata (ZnO-A) and Balanites aegyptiaca (ZnO-B) under ultrasonic energy. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the formation of wurtzite hexagonal ZnO nanostructures, while the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis displayed their diverse morphologies. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data showed the impact of extract via the variation in of the O1s and Zn2p3/2 and Zn2p1/2 orbitals binding energy of Zn–O. The UV-visible investigation indicated a variation of bandgap energy (Eg), where the ZnO nanoparticles displayed the lowest Eg. The synthesized nanomaterials have exhibited high photocatalytic efficiency towards the methylene blue (MB) dye. The findings revealed the possibility of obtaining nanoparticles with tailored properties by using plants extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]