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Introduction: The colour stability of composites are important because of the aesthetic purposes. Composites are the large amorphous substance of quartz and silica. Composite offers excellent performance material for both anterior and posterior direct replacement restoration. Thermocycling requires a constant temperature in a water bath. The cycle influences the alternate high and low temperatures. This study aims to analyse the effect of thermocycling on colour stability of 2 commercially available composite restorative materials. Materials and Method: 2 different brand composite was selected. For this study, Te-Econom plus and Restofill were taken. Putty made of disc 1-2 mm was prepared and the composite was moulded into disc shaped and light cured. For each composite, 10 samples were made. The samples were placed in the thermocycler where 1000 cycles were done equating 6 months. The thermocycler used was CS4.4 -SD Mechatronik. Before and after thermocycling, color stability was observed using the spectrophotometer (Vita easy shade advance) and the results were tabulated. Result: Te-Econom plus samples had less delta e values when compared to restofill brand samples. T test was done and the p-value is found to be 0.550, hence not statistically significant. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Te-Econom plus was found to have a greater colour stability than the Restofill brand after thermocycling

Introduction: Bond strength can be explained, as the amount of adhesion between bonded surfaces. Splints are used to immobilize traumatized teeth that suffered damage in their structures of support, preventing their constant movement. The most frequently used technique is to use orthodontic stainless steel wire, bonded onto the inside surface of the teeth with composite which acts as a splint. Thermocycling is a laboratory method of exposing dental materials and teeth to temperature ranges similar to those occurring in the oral cavity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the bond strength of splinting material to the teeth after thermocycling. Materials and Methods: The experiment consisted of three main steps; namely, preparation of the testing samples, thermocycling and measurement of bond strength. 8 pairs of natural maxillary central incisors were splinted in pairs, using stainless steel orthodontic wire. The 8 pairs were divided in two groups; group 1: where the wire is splinted using bulk filled composite (BFC) and group 2: where the wire is splinted using flowable composite. Both groups were splinted in the same manner. 8 pairs were labelled and wrapped in gauze. Each group was put in the thermocycling machine. After completion of thermocycling, INSTRON E 3000 universal testing machine was used to measure the bond strength, by recording the amount of force it takes to detach the splint from the incisors. After recording the data, and obtaining graphs for the same, the data was analysed using SPSS statistical software. Data analysis was done using an independent sample t test and p value was set as 0.05 as level of significance. Results: In the BFC group, the mean and standard deviation values were 27.5300 and 16.26524. In the flowable composite group, the mean and standard deviation values were 86.2575 and 53.88458. Independent sample t test was done and p value was 0.031 which is less than 0.05, hence statistically significant. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the splinting of teeth with orthodontic wire using flowable composite shows higher bond strength than bulk filled composite resin after thermocycling.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Poorly controlled DM has been associated with increased susceptibility to oral infections including periodontal diseases. It is well documented that one of the main causes of diabetes mellitus is that it leads to periodontal destruction which eventually leads to furcation exposure. This leads to poor prognosis of the affected tooth. Thus the aim of this study is to determine the most common furcation site involved in patients with diabetes. Completed case sheets were collected from June 2019 to April 2020. Data was retrieved and evaluated by 2 reviewers. This university setting study involved 700 sample sizes. Data is tabulated the parameters which are age groups, gender, RBS value and furcation grade. Ranges of RBS values are from 150mg/dl to >551mg/dl. A total of 700 patients case sheets were evaluated and their periodontal status was evaluated. 500 molars were affected (3rd molars exempted). It was found that among all the age groups the most number of participants were seen in 41-60 years (66%). Majority of the affected molars has a grade II furcation involvement (45%). 35.40% had grade I furcation involvement followed by 15.60% of affected teeth with grade III furcation involvement and finally 4% had grade IV furcation involvement. Amongst the teeth with grade I and grade III it was found that 16 was the mostly affected. For grade II furcation involvement it was seen that 46 was mostly affected. Association between grade I, II and III furcation and age groups was statistically insignificant. Finally, 37 was the most affected among the teeth with grade IV furcation involvement. Association between grade IV furcation and age groups was statistically significant (p value=0.006) Thus we can conclude that diabetes mellitus is associated with periodontal disease and in this study it is evident that it involves the furcation area of molars. Diabetic patients are more prone to severe periodontitis with multiple furcation involvement.

We are living in an era where medicine and dentistry are evolving. Dental caries, tooth malalignment and periodontal diseases are being encountered by dental specialists in their daily practices. New digital technologies are emerging in dentistry for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Digitization enhances our efficiency and saves time. One of the recent smart technological innovation in healthcare field is the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT consists of a network of physical gadgets embedded with instrumentation electronics, mounted chips and sensors. Through cloud web technology and internet connectivity, the required data collection is enabled. Acquired data is then exchanged to the doctors and analysis is done. This review article deals about the concept of IoT and its futuristic role in dentistry. The review article is based on the electronic searching and analysis of various international and national publications on the IoT concept in dentistry, medicine and biomedical engineering. A bench marking analysis was made on various applications, pros and cons of IoT in dentistry. IoT will play a paramount role in the clinical advancement aspects of diagnosis and management of various oral diseases in the forthcoming decades.

Brushing is an important activity in a day to day life. It helps to keep our oral cavity healthy. A brushing simulator is a machine that holds the toothbrush and helps to check various activities done with it. Brushing helps to clean the teeth, tongue, gums, and place a major role in maintaining dental hygiene. Dental plaque is removed by this process. This is a computer program mission where everything is done using the software. The aim of the survey was to assess the knowledge about the brushing simulator among dentists in Chennai. A questionnaire regarding simulator was created and circulated to dentists in Chennai, a total of 13 questions were created and a total of 135 responses were received. The data obtained was with SPSS and represented with the help of pie charts and graphs. When comparing the awareness of brushing simulator with gender, it was shown that females had a higher level of awareness about the brushing simulator when compared with males (p = 0.029), which was statistically significant. When comparing the knowledge about the uses of brushing simulators with gender, it was shown that females had a higher level of knowledge about the uses of brushing simulators when compared with males. p = 0.013), which was statistically significant. When comparing the knowledge about the types of brushing simulator movements with gender, it was shown that females had a higher level of knowledge when compared with males.(p= 0.034), which was statistically significant. The knowledge and view varied for each question. Brushing force is usually higher for sonic toothbrush and with manual toothbrush dentin face the highest abrasion when compared to the enamel. People are aware of the simulation of brushing, but not about the brushing simulator machine.

The aim of the review is to raise awareness to synthesise hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals from eggshells. The development of hydroxyapatite crystals shows a systematic approach towards the development in various biomedical applications. The economic approach of the synthesis of crystalline hydroxyapatite crystals from the eggshells is done using ultrasound assisted technology. The study demonstrates the use of biowastes such as egg shells which is a promising technique to develop hydroxyapatite crystals due to its mechanical and osteogenic properties. The hydroxyapatite crystals are synthesised using biowastes such as egg shells which are rich in calcium and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. This is a viable substitute for bone regeneration and orthodontic appliances due to its properties such as fracture toughness, mechanical strength, elastic modulus, osteoconductivity, bioactivity and differentiation. These minerals are similar to the inorganic content of the bone and are used widely for complete or partial bone augmentation, filling bone and teeth. They are used as coatings in orthopaedics and dental implants. The organic components of the matrix of the egg shells are mainly composed of mucopolysaccharides, proteins, mainly composed of chondroitin sulphate A and B, glucosamine, galactosamine, galactose, mannose, fructose and sialic acid. They are widely used as the matrix fibres have a strong influence on the mechanical strength of the entire egg shells. These crystals are characterised for bone tissue engineering due to the following properties such as biocompatibility, bioactivity and other mechanical properties without getting rejected by the immune system.

Amalgam is a very special type of alloy in which mercury is one of the components. It is a material of choice for dental restorations. There are various intriguing facts about dental amalgam that stand out from other materials—the dimensional changes of dental amalgam cause it to undergo initial contraction, expansion and delayed contraction. However, the usage is becoming lesser as the implementation of the dental composite material was introduced. Amalgam is usually indicated when aesthetics is of no concern and where occlusal contact is high. Mercury toxicity is the property which is considered negative as there have been debates and discussions of the hazards mercury can bring to health. There have been advancements in the dental amalgam to help improve its usage among restorative materials. Data collection was done in a university setting. One thousand cases were reviewed from the time period of June 2019 to March 2020. Excel tabulation and SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis. Chi-square test was used for the analysis of the data. There was no statistical significance between the variables that included types of base and the tooth number. (P-value>0.05). Zinc phosphate was the most commonly used base material in relation to lower molars, (p-value

Postoperative pain management comes with any treatment done in dentistry. Pain is considered as a complex experience that's invoked by an external stimulus. Safe and reliable methods of managing acute dental pain can be done with the administration analgesics. Common analgesics include Diclofenac sodium, Ketrolac, Tramadol, Paracetamol, etc. Dental implants are biologically and restoratively driven. A retrospective study was done in an institutional setting. The data for the study were retrieved from the college's patient record management software. All patients who underwent implant surgery at a given time frame of June 2019- March 2020 were taken into consideration. The patients PID, Name, Age, Gender and Analgesic prescribed were retrieved and tabulated. The data was then analysed using software (SPSS). Results: A total of 592 patients were involved in this study, 351 being male patients and 241 female patients. Majority of the patients who participated in this study were between 39.9 ± 12.58 years of age. The commonly prescribed analgesics included: Aceclofenac Paracetamol + Serratiopeptidase (93.2%), Acetaminophen +Hydrocodone (5.2%) and Piroxicam (20mg) (1.5%). Piroxicam was prescribed the least in the age group of 17-30 years. Conclusion: The most prescribed analgesic for patients who had undergone implant surgery was a combination of Aceclofenac, Paracetamol and Serratiopeptidase.

Periodontal diseases are triggered by an interaction between bacterial components of tooth associated biofilms and host immune response mechanisms. Candidate phyla radiation (CPR) bacterial group is a recently identified, but highly diverse and abundant group of ultrasmall bacteria. CPR group includes Absconditabacteria (SR1), Gracilibacteria (GN02) and Saccharibacteria (TM7). Real time PCR and metagenomics based techniques are also employed to detect CPR species. TM7 organisms has been detected in periodontitis patients, HIVpositive patients with necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, smokers with periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis cases and in mature plaque samples procured from orthodontic treatment undergoing individuals. It is found that TM7 isolate grow as short rods or cocci in dual-species biofilms with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Parvimonas micra or Streptococcus gordonii. The positive association of ultrasmall bacteria or CPR microorganisms with periodontal diseases spotlights the capacity of ultrasmall bacteria to modulate the immune response. The CPR microbiome is enriched with virulence factors and is adapted to a parasitic lifestyle that leads to disrupted host homeostasis. This makes the individual susceptible to periodontal tissue destruction. In future, we should instigate researches to know more about the actions and properties of ultrasmall bacteria and their association with periodontal diseases. KEYWORDS: ultrasmall bacteria, periodontitis, Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) group, periodontal microbiology

Direct pulp-capping is a procedure in which exposed vital pulp is treated by placing a dental material over dental pulp to maintain vitality and to facilitate reparative dentin formation. The most commonly used pulp-capping material for decades is calcium hydroxide. But due to a number of disadvantages, there is a need for an alternate ideal pulp capping material. Recently MTA and Biodentine have been suggested as promising candidates for use in direct pulp capping procedures. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practise of usage of MTA and biodentine as direct pulp capping agents. An online questionnaire consisting of 15 questions which included demographic details, and questions regarding their knowledge and awareness of direct pulp therapy and the properties of MTA and biodentine. The study was conducted among undergraduate students of a private dental institute. Data was collected from filled questionnaires and analysed using SPSS software. Majority of the respondents (40.1%) chose calcium hydroxide as the material of choice for direct pulp capping and only 30% of the study population chose both MTA and biodentine as a direct pulp capping agent, which was statistically significant (p=0.000). 52% of the respondents were not aware of the major drawbacks of MTA. Knowledge regarding properties of biodentine in comparison to MTA was higher. Within the limits of the study, it shows that the knowledge in regard to the use of MTA and biodentine as direct pulp capping was poor despite recent studies showing a growing number of advantages over calcium hydroxide.

Nanoparticles are nowadays widely used in dentistry. They have an essential role in the prevention diagnosis and treatment of the patients. There are different types of novel approaches in the use of nanoparticles in dentistry. Introduction of nanorobots has wider benefits and has consequently led to other major uses of nanoparticles in different aspects of dentistry. Nanomaterials have further been used in delivering oral fluid or drugs, preventing and curing some oral disease and maintaining oral health care up to a great extent. The objective was to review their use in nanocomposites, implant coatings, its antimicrobial activity against cariogenic pathogens, periodontal biofilm, fungal pathogens and endodontic bacteria and other applications such as treatment of oral cancer and local anaesthesia. This survey consisted of 200 participants, and the structured questionnaire was circulated through online access. A set of 15 questions about the basic idea, knowledge and awareness about the implant coated with nanoparticles was prepared and circulated, and the results were analyzed. Development of modified nanoparticles is surely going to help in our practice. Therefore it is essential to create awareness about the implant coated with nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity. This article summarises the benefits of using implants coated with nanoparticles over the conventional implants and its awareness among the practitioners.

Self etch adhesives are one of the most recent advancements the field of dentistry has seen recently. Adhesive frameworks today are either an "etch and rinse or total etch" or "self-etch" approach, which contrast by the way they interact with the tooth structures. Total etch frameworks include phosphoric etchants to pretreat the dental hard tissues before the ensuing use of a bonding agent. Self-etch type of adhesives are generally consisting of acid type monomers, that perform the actions of etching and rinsing the tooth structures at the same time. The former type of total etch adhesives are consistent with step frameworks, contingent upon the primer and bonding agent being independent or joined in a solitary container. Thus, self etch systems seem to be easily accessible as they are a couple of phase framework. Both the framework systems structure a mixed layer because the resin is infiltrating the permeable dentin or enamel. In spite of current patterns leaning in the direction of less straightforward clinical application steps, one-step holding frameworks seem to have lower bonding qualities and appear to be less foreseeable than multi-step etch and rinse, or self etch systems. They have a variety of advantages and disadvantages which are discussed in this article. They are more popular nowadays, and this review also includes its advantages over the etch and rinse system and as well as its disadvantages compared to the etch and rinse system. It also includes the types of self etch adhesives based on the steps and range of acidity as well as some of its properties.

Tea is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. Majority of people consume black tea more than green tea. Green tea is prepared from the dry leaves of Camellia sinensis bush. The extent of oxidation of the leaves determines the type of tea prepared. Green tea is made from the un-oxidised tea leaves and is a type of less processed tea. Therefore, it contains the most number of antioxidants and beneficial phenols. These polyphenols prevent the acid production of bacterial species like Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which are solely involved in the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Around 30 articles from Pubmed and other Scopus indexed journals were collected and the data was extracted from them. The articles were selected based on their relevance to the topic and characteristics. The review methods, applications of green tea in various systems, applications of green tea in dentistry and their risk and side effects were discussed. The above topics were discussed accurately and the data was selected accordingly. The topic was discussed to see whether green tea can be used in dentistry.

Dental implants provide a strong foundation for fixed or removable prosthetic teeth that are made to match natural dentition. It has become an ideal method of oral rehabilitation after missing natural dentition has been recognised as a reliable tool for dental reconstruction and aesthetics. Marginal bone loss is characterized by a reduction in bone loss is characterized by a reduction in bone level both vertically and horizontally. The levels at which dental implants are placed include sub-crystal, equi-crestal, and supra-crestal. The crestal levels affect bone height significantly. Failure to do so will lead to peri-implant bone loss which will affect the implant function and ultimately implant failure. A retrospective study was conducted based on a university setting. 615 patients with 1141 implant sites were reviewed from June 2019 to March 2020. Excel tabulation and SPSS analysis were done for data analysis. There was a statistically significant difference between the variables that included tooth region, crestal relation and site (jaw)—[p-value

The expression "Smart restorative material" alludes to those that can be changed in controlled style for example, stress, temperature moisture, pH and electrical or attractive fields. The need of great importance is to present dental materials that have biomimicking properties of regular tooth structure. Different biocompatible materials have been presented and generally utilized in numerous fields of dentistry. Smart restorative behaviour of substances occurs while it detects a few improvements from the overall circumstance and responds to it in a helpful, reproducible and for the maximum element reversible way. A key component of smart conduct incorporates its capacity to come back to the first state. A portion of these materials utilized are altered glass ionomers, calcium phosphate discharging pit and fissure sealants, smart composites, smart ceramic, compomers, orthodontic shape-memory alloys, amalgams, smart impression materials, smart sutures, smart burs, smart endodontic files and so forth. These materials have changed the dentistry and are the start of another part in Biosmart Dentistry.

Oral habits in children is considered to be one of the most common etiology for orthodontic malocclusion, the prolonged effect of these habits can result in alternation of orofacial structures. Habits are acquired by automatism, represented by an altered pattern of muscle contraction with complex characteristics. In very young children some habits are considered to be a normal process of development at least till 3yrs of age. Oral habits could be parafunctional or functional. It has been observed that there has been an ascending trend in the prevalence of oral habit in children. Thus the aim of this study is to determine the effects of oral habits on dentition. Completed case sheets were collected from a private dental college. Case sheets were taken from June 2019 to April 2020. Data was retrieved and evaluated by 2 reviewers. Once the data was collected, it was then tabulated based on the parameters which are habits, molar relation, malocclusion, age and gender. Correlations between the parameters are determined. The study showed that a total of 50 children ages from 5-15 years old had oral habits. Tongue thrusting was found to be the most common oral habit (44%) Class II Div I malocclusion was mostly seen in thumb sucking patients (31,6%). The 9 year old children were found to be the highest number of children with oral habits. In this study, we observed that children with habits may result in malocclusion if they persist with the habit.

In the year 1930s, acrylic resins were established. The materials used for denture base are vulcanite, celluloid & phenol-formaldehyde. The limitations were founded those were high coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal shrinkage, poor colour stability of self-cured resins, porosity, crazing, warpage, poor adhesion to metal and porcelain retention. Denture base resins are widely used till date as it has its own significance. But recently there has been much advancement in the denture base resin field to control and to invent a new denture base resin. Methyl methacrylate chemical compound of denture base resins was changed with many monomers to attain higher physicomechanical properties while not compromising the biocompatibility. However, there is not any consensus on the most effective strategy to attain the best changed chemical compound, to identify and evaluate the variations within the properties between typical and changed monomers and to verify the effect of many variables on the properties of dental plate base acrylic. The present review shows the different advancements in the area of denture base resins.

Introduction: There are numerous procedures to stabilize the traumatized teeth with different splinting materials. Bond strength is defined as the amount of adhesion between bonded surfaces. It is measured by the stress needed to separate the bonded layers from each other. Brushing simulator machines are capable of running programmable three-dimensional brushing patterns. The aim of the study is to evaluate the bond strength of wire splinting material to the teeth after brushing simulation using fluoridated and herbal toothpaste. Materials And Methods: In this study the bond strength was evaluated of the wire splinting material after introducing them to the brushing simulator machine. The materials used were, 10 pairs of maxillary central incisors, ligature wire, composite, etchant, bonding agent. The splinted samples were subjected to the brushing simulator machine after the splinting process and the bond strength of wire splinting material was evaluated post brushing simulation using Instron E 3000 universal testing machine. Results: Colgate toothpaste group had mean value of 161.25 followed by herbal toothpaste group with mean value 52.53. The standard deviation for colgate group was 187.67 followed by herbal toothpaste group with 57.14. Independent sample t test was done and p value was 0.12, which is more than 0.05, hence statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that the wire splinting material exposed to brushing simulation with fluoridated toothpaste showed higher bond strength than that of herbal toothpaste

This study evaluates the success of dental implants placed in the maxillary posterior region and whether an association exists regarding length and implant success. Dental implants are a surgical component that interfaces with jaw bone to support dental prostheses. In 1978, Brandmarks presented a two-stage threaded titanium root-form implant that has become the best-maintained dental implant. Differences in anatomy make treatment for posterior quadrants more challenging than that for anterior quadrants. The need for dental implants includes partial/complete edentulousness, tooth loss during a mixed dentition period, and immediate replacement due to trauma. This retrospective study was conducted as an institutional setting, and all patients undergoing implant surgery in the maxillary posterior region were considered. We performed Excel tabulation and data analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM, Armonk, NY). Results show that posterior maxilla bone height was greater in females than males. Patients aged 41-50 yr with bone height of 12-14 mm occurred most often. For implant placement, females showed significant bone height in the posterior maxillary region, and age did not play a significant part in posterior bone height.

A dental implant is a surgical fixture that forms an interface with the jaw bone to support dental prostheses, including crowns, bridges, dentures, and facial prostheses; it can also act as an orthodontic anchor. A treatment for replacing missing teeth, a dental implant can last for the long term and requires adequate care and hygiene compared to fixed partial dentures (FPDs). Implant success relies on the strength of the individual who accepts this treatment, drugs that influence osseointegration odds, and oral tissue health. FPDs are prone to various complications including debonding, gingivitis, periodontitis, secondary caries, occlusal trauma, pulpal necrosis with associated periapical disease, and prosthesis fracture that usually occurs due to the porcelain material. In cases for which a fixed or nonremovable bridge has been planned, a temporary replacement is used until the permanent bridge is inserted. The aim of this study is to provide knowledge and awareness regarding dental implant treatment versus FPDs. A 15-question survey was completed by 250 Chennai, India participants; results were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software; and each output variable is depicted with a pie chart and bar graph. Results of the questionnaire show that 68.4% of participants are aware of dental implants, and 62.8% are moderately informed. For 62.4%, the source of information about implants or FPDs was from dentists. Our results find that the majority of questioned subjects are aware of dental implant treatment for replacing missing teeth, including implant uses, advantages, and disadvantages.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a breakthrough in the field of technology which is rapidly progressing andhas captivated the minds of researchers across the globe. Ever since its discovery, dentistry has witnessedsome of the exceptional achievements. Hence, this technology as the future of dentistry is abutting theimplementation of its application. While, in no ways, AI can replace the role of the dentist, it is of primeimportance to be aware of the possibilities to integrate this technology in the future of a gratifying andsuccessful practice. The aim of this review is to analyse the role and applications of artificial intelligencein dentistry. The field of artificial intelligence has transformed medicine and dentistry in several ways. AIcan only assist the clinician in performing the tasks efficiently, but in no way, the intellect of the humanknowledge skill and treatment planning

Current technological developments in the field of wireless communications has enabled the use of ultra-low power, lightweight, miniature types of smart health monitoring devices which are integrated into a Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN). Vital signs in humans such as temperature, heartbeat, and pulse can be tracked and detected from a remote location with help of biomedical wireless sensors. This article proposes a method to securely encrypt the patient’s data and transmit it to the authorized doctor using wireless devices with in the hospital premises. This article is aimed at generating electrocardiogram (ECG) based key agreement scheme for the sake of generating a common key in a body area network. This kind of smart health information communication method by means of sensors and internet connection to servers is more confidential and encrypted to protect the patient’s health data. Security and Privacy mechanisms use a significant part of the available energy and should therefore be energy efficient and light weight. The Proposed work in this article is implemented in Telosb running ContikiOS. The TelosB mote is designed for experimentation with low-power personal wireless area network (LoWPAN) with IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee/Telosb compliant RF transceiver. By using iris or fingerprints, the security of this technique can be further improved.