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The main achievements of the huge research on the history of the Hungarian Protestantism show that at the beginning of the Protestantism the local reformers and preachers were interpreting Luther’s ideas, but from the 1550s Calvin’s doctrines became decisive. The reception of the great reformers’ ideas was far from being evident in the practice. It means pastors and preachers in Hungary did not cite directly from the written heritage of Luther (Pelikan Helmut 1955-1986), Calvin (Calvin 1863–1900) or Beza. They used to use the Bible itself. Nevertheless, many new and unknown problems raised, which deserved prompt and clear theological and moral advice. Most of the challenges were related to the burning, everyday questions of sexual sins and of family life. Therefore, it is not surprising that contemporary preachers were trying to commit everything to renew the public morality of people. The article intends to illuminate the evolution of the early Protestant marriage law system and theological thinking in Hungary after the temporary ’collapse’ of the Roman Catholic Church and its canon law in the 1550s. At the same time, it is raising the question, how did the ’great reformers’ influence the early Protestant marriage law system and theological thinking in Hungary. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article is based on the field of systematic theology. The study intends to understand the development of Hungarian Reformed regulations of marriage in the 16th and 17th century from theological, judicial and historical perspectives.

To be sure, the more productive field of the international research on Protestantism is related to the subject of social history. In the case of the Calvin studies, for instance, readers will see, much has been written about the operation of the Genevan civil-church administration, consistorial discipline, sexual sins, and family-marital life. Their authors’ outstanding effort was to consult with the original manuscripts of the Genevan Archives. However, the early generations of Protestant preachers not only in Western, but in Central East Europe were trying to commit everything to renew the public morality of people, still the illumination of the Hungarian pastors’ views on the new spiritual and religious dimensions of family life, is still a neglected part of the research. Consequently, it would be interesting to scrutinize, for instance, the public morality related to the sexual crimes of local townsfolk of the city of Debrecen which apparently was the center of the Hungarian Reformation since 1562/63. Doing so, the present research deals with the operation of the law court, the number of cases, the crimes, and motives represented in the Registers of the Magistracy of Debrecen during the period of 1547–1625. Figures and statistics presented by the article point out how important was the practice of forgiveness in the religious life in Debrecen. It is taken for granted that the main results of the study permit to take a brief comparison of the sexual morality of the two Calvinist towns, namely: Debrecen and Geneva. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article is based on the field of systematic theology. The study offers an attempt to understand sexual sins/crimes in their 16th and 17th century theological, judicial, and historical context.

In 2017, the huge outpouring of articles and monographs concerning the study of the Reformation made explicitly clear how important social renewal was for the reformers. Doing so, they contributed much to resacralise the spiritual and religious dimensions of family and marital life. Nevertheless, a careful examination of Calvin’s bibliographies shows that there are a great number of articles on Calvin’s social thoughts, but the illumination of his views on sexuality and sexual crimes is still a neglected part of the research. On the basis of Calvin’s Institutes, biblical commentaries and sermons, this article intended to give a case study of his arguments concerning the punishment of sexual immorality. However, Calvin did not expound his detailed evaluation related to sodomy, but the ethical considerations of Apostle Paul (1 Cor 6:9–11) give opportunity to reconstruct his ‘moral codex’. To be sure, in his works Calvin accepted in theory that serious fornication (adultery, homosexuality) should be punished severely; still, he knew well the importance of forgiveness in practice. His pastoral calling was to preach from the hope of mercy; therefore, in the case of fornication – except for abuse, incest or paedophilia – wrongdoers could experience the grace of God. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article is based on the field of systematic theology. The study did not want to inquiry into any direct way into modern or postmodern interpretations of homosexuality but offered an attempt to understand ‘homosexuality’ in its 16th century theological, judicial and historical context.

Our recently developed conventional, explicitly correlated, and local natural orbital (LNO) based coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] methods are utilised to closely approach the basis set limit of interaction energies between medium-sized molecular complexes. The study is partly motivated by our previous finding that state-of-the-art diffusion Monte Carlo and CCSD(T) interaction energies are not in complete agreement even for some of the dimers in the popular S66 compilation [Al-Hamdani and Nagy et al. Nat. Commun. (2021) 12:3927]. We improve upon the previous S66 CCSD(T) reference by using up to the quadruple-ζ (QZ) level CCSD(T) contributions, utilising our recent (T+) approach and suggesting a more robust explicitly correlated CCSD reference. Our efficient LNO-CCSD(T) method allowed us to also compute tightly converged, quintuple-ζ level interaction energies for the S66 set. Moreover, the new CCSD(T)/QZ references enabled the so far most rigorous benchmark of the LNO and other popular local correlation approaches on the S66 set. The accuracy of local approximations was found in the few 10 to few 100 cal/mol interaction energy error range, assuming sufficiently tight settings, such as the Tight and the Normal settings of LNO-CCSD(T) threshold combinations, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical pesticides and fertilizers are used in agricultural production worldwide to prevent damage from plant pathogenic microorganisms, insects, and nematodes, to minimize crop losses and to preserve crop quality. However, the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers can severely pollute soil, water, and air, posing risks to the environment and human health. Consequently, developing new, alternative, environment-friendly microbial soil treatment interventions for plant protection and crop yield increase has become indispensable. Members of the filamentous fungal genus Trichoderma (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Hypocreales) have long been known as efficient antagonists of plant pathogenic microorganisms based on various beneficial traits and abilities of these fungi. This minireview aims to discuss the advances in the field of Trichoderma-containing multicomponent microbiological inoculants based on recent experimental updates. Trichoderma strains can be combined with each other, with other fungi and/or with beneficial bacteria. The development and field performance of such inoculants will be addressed, focusing on the complementarity, synergy, and compatibility of their microbial components., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the occurrence and characteristics of pre-eruptive intracoronal resorptions in a clinical orthodontic patient population., Materials and Methods: Patients treated in an orthodontic department (University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary) were included. Unerupted teeth on panoramic radiographs were analyzed for intracoronal radiolucent lesions. For each patient, the demographic data, jaw localization, number of unerupted teeth with pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption lesions, number of lesions per tooth, size and localization of pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption defects, affected tooth's surface, pulp involvement and ectopic position of the tooth with defects were recorded., Results: In the 3,143 patients investigated, 55 teeth in 49 patients showed pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption lesions (subject incidence: 1.56%). The incidence on unerupted teeth was 0.25%. Pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption was significantly more common in mandibles (43 mandibular vs. 12 maxillary lesions) with an odds ratio of 12.84 (95% Confidence Interval: 5.19-31.74) and no gender differences were found (p = 0.746). The occurrence of pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption was highest in the youngest (7-10 years) mixed dentition status group (p < 0.001). Most of the lesions (44 of 55, or 80.0%) were localized in the dentin, occupying two-third or less of the dentin thickness. Only 12.73% (7/55) of the lesions were not localized on the occlusal surface. Of the lesions, 89.1% (49/55) showed no obvious size increase over an average follow-up of 36.4 ± 8.1 months., Conclusions: Pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption may occur mainly in the mixed dentition stage in orthodontic patients. Careful and attentive radiographic evaluations may facilitate early detection and follow-up of the lesions' possible dimensional changes, especially when resorption influences orthodontic extraction therapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Although the cyanate and thiocyanate anions belong to the most known textbook examples of ambident nucleophiles, the electronic factors that determine their markedly differing reactivities are still unclear. The recently discovered P- and As-containing [PCX] - and [AsCX] - analogues (X: O, S, Se), whose ambident nature is practically unexplored, may serve as ideal basis for comparison to clarify these differences. This study presents comprehensive theoretical investigations on the nucleophilic behaviours of the whole set of so far known [ECX] - (E: N, P, As, X: O, S, Se) anions, aiming for a systematic understanding of the reactivity patterns and identifying the factors that govern the nucleophilic substitutions. The results indicate that the S N 2 reactions of the O-containing [ECO] - ions are thermodynamically preferred at the pnictogen centres E, while the kinetic contributions are only substantial for the N-containing [NCX] - anions. The ambident reactivities of the congeners that contain N or O significantly differ from those with P, As, S, or Se heteroatoms, in line with the inert s-orbital effect, characteristic for the heavier elements. By analysing the electronic structures and bonding patterns of the anions and relevant transition state structures, clear explanations are offered for the differing reactivities of the whole set of [ECX] - anions. To serve for synthetic investigations, possible outcomes of nucleophilic substitutions are predicted, and the target molecules are expected to be versatile and useful synthons., (© 2023 The Authors. Chemistry - A European Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Integrated disease management and plant protection have been discussed with much fervor in the past decade due to the rising environmental concerns of using industrially produced pesticides. Members of the genus Trichoderma are a subject of considerable research today due to their several properties as biocontrol agents. In our study, the peptaibol production of Trichoderma longibrachiatum SZMC 1775, T. longibrachiatum f. bissettii SZMC 12546, T. reesei SZMC 22616, T. reesei SZMC 22614, T. saturnisporum SZMC 22606 and T. effusum SZMC 22611 were investigated to elucidate structure-activity relationships (SARs) between the properties of peptaibols and their 3D structures. The effects of peptaibol mixtures obtained from every Trichoderma strain were examined against nine commonly known bacteria. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC, mg ml -1 ) were exerted by T. longibrachiatum f. bissettii SZMC 12546 against Gram-positive bacteria, which was also able to inhibit the plant pathogenic Gram-negative Rhizobium radiobacter . Accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulations were performed in aqueous solvent to explore the folding dynamics of 12 selected peptaibol sequences. The most characteristic difference between the peptaibols from group A and B relies in the 'Gly-Leu-Aib-Pro' and 'Gly-Aib-Aib-Pro' motifs ('Aib' stands for α-aminoisobutyric acid), which imparted a significant effect on the folding dynamics in water and might be correlated with their expressed bioactivity. In our aMD simulation experiments, Group A peptaibols showed more restricted folding dynamics with well-folded helical conformations as the most stable representative structures. This structural stability and dynamics may contribute to their bioactivity against the selected bacterial species., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Trichoderma species are widely used as biofungicides for the control of fungal plant pathogens. Several studies have been performed to identify the main genes and compounds involved in Trichoderma -plant-microbial pathogen cross-talks. However, there is not much information about the exact mechanism of this profitable interaction. Peptaibols secreted mainly by Trichoderma species are linear, 5-20 amino acid residue long, non-ribosomally synthesized peptides rich in α-amino isobutyric acid, which seem to be effective in Trichoderma -plant pathogenic fungus interactions. In the present study, reversed phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to detect peptaibol profiles of Trichoderma strains during interactions with fungal plant pathogens. MS investigations of the crude extracts deriving from in vitro confrontations of Trichoderma asperellum and T. longibrachiatum with different plant pathogenic fungi ( Fusarium moniliforme , F. culmorum , F. graminearum , F. oxysporum species complex, Alternaria solani and Rhizoctonia solani ) were performed to get a better insight into the role of these non-ribosomal antimicrobial peptides. The results revealed an increase in the total amount of peptaibols produced during the interactions, as well as some differences in the peptaibol profiles between the confrontational and control tests. Detection of the expression level of the peptaibol synthetase tex1 by qRT-PCR showed a significant increase in T. asperellum /R. solani interaction in comparison to the control. In conclusion, the interaction with plant pathogens highly influenced the peptaibol production of the examined Trichoderma strains., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

This study examined the structural diversity and bioactivity of peptaibol compounds produced by species from the phylogenetically separated Longibrachiatum Clade of the filamentous fungal genus Trichoderma , which contains several biotechnologically, agriculturally and clinically important species. HPLC-ESI-MS investigations of crude extracts from 17 species of the Longibrachiatum Clade ( T. aethiopicum, T. andinense, T. capillare, T. citrinoviride, T. effusum, T. flagellatum, T. ghanense, T. konilangbra, T. longibrachiatum, T. novae-zelandiae, T. pinnatum, T . parareesei, T. pseudokoningii, T. reesei, T. saturnisporum, T. sinensis , and T. orientale ) revealed several new and recurrent 20-residue peptaibols related to trichobrachins, paracelsins, suzukacillins, saturnisporins, trichoaureocins, trichocellins, longibrachins, hyporientalins, trichokonins, trilongins, metanicins, trichosporins, gliodeliquescins, alamethicins and hypophellins, as well as eight 19-residue sequences from a new subfamily of peptaibols named brevicelsins. Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase genes were mined from the available genome sequences of the Longibrachiatum Clade. Their annotation and product prediction were performed in silico and revealed full agreement in 11 out of 20 positions regarding the amino acids predicted based on the signature sequences and the detected amino acids incorporated. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed for structural characterization of four selected peptaibol sequences: paracelsins B, H and their 19-residue counterparts brevicelsins I and IV. Loss of position R6 in brevicelsins resulted in smaller helical structures with higher atomic fluctuation for every residue than the structures formed by paracelsins. We observed the formation of highly bent, almost hairpin-like, helical structures throughout the trajectory, along with linear conformation. Bioactivity tests were performed on the purified peptaibol extract of T . reesei on clinically and phytopathologically important filamentous fungi, mammalian cells, and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Porcine kidney cells and boar spermatozoa proved to be sensitive to the purified peptaibol extract. Peptaibol concentrations ≥0.3 mg ml -1 deterred the growth of A . thaliana . However, negative effects to plants were not detected at concentrations below 0.1 mg ml -1 , which could still inhibit plant pathogenic filamentous fungi, suggesting that those peptaibols reported here may have applications for plant protection.

Introduction: Distinct structural characteristics of gambling may affect the development of gambling addiction differently. The current study is dealing with the frequency of near-miss outcomes which works like secondary reinforcement and thus may contribute to gambling addiction. Authors of this paper argue that different near miss configurations should specifically alter the experiences of the player and this phenomenon can be proved experimentally Methods: Participants played with a computer-simulated slot machine. They had to evaluate how close they felt to winning in a given round. Evaluation was carried out on a scale in which the "not at all" and "very close" options signified the two endpoints (0 to 100) of the scale. Participants were grouped by delay times in the game. They were randomly assigned to a100ms or a 1000ms delay groups, where longer delay made participants feel themselves closer to a win in case of specific outcomes., Results: There was a clear pattern of the close-to-win evaluations in the study. The quantitative analysis indicated heterogenity in the evaluations of "near-miss" outcomes. Evidently winning outcomes were rated to be closest to a win. Losing outcomes' ratings on the other hand, were more heterogenous. The first type of "near-miss" configuration caused the feeling of close-to-win significantly more in the participants than the second type of "near-miss" configuration or full loss outcomes. The second type of "near-miss" configuration also significantly elevated the feelings of close-to-win than the full loss outcomes. The delay time in itself did not prove to have a major effect, but the first type of the near-miss configuration influenced the feeling of close-to-win significantly more., Consequences: These results stress the importance to reconstruct patients' cognitive distortions during cognitive therapy of gambling addictions.

The 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) is a highly conservative molecular chaperone, that has important role in cell integrity. Recently considerable amount of data are accumulating on the potential role of Hsp70 in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Most papers are focusing on intracellular or membrane bound protein, however very limited data exist on serum Hsp70, that can also induce innate and adaptive immune response. Previously we have published data on the correlation between coloretal cancer progression and serum Hsp70 concentration. The objective of this study was to compare the serum Hsp70 level in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC n = 70) and age matched healthy controlls (n = 121) and correlate Hsp70 level with other known serum biomarkers (LDH and NSE) of the disease. We found that the serum level of Hsp70 was significantly higher in SCLC patients compared to control subjects (mean value 6.91 vs 2.47 ng/ml, p = 0.001). The highest Hsp70 concentration was measured in stage IV advanced SCLC (Stage IV versus Stage I-III disease: 9.91 vs 4.38 ng/ml, p = 0.003). The serum Hsp70 level correlated with serum LDH (r = 0.426, p < 0,001) and NSE level (r = 0.455, p < 0,001). We found that high serum Hsp70 level predicted unfavorable survival, risk of death within 1 year was more than 3 times higher in patients with high baseline Hsp70 level (HR:3.509, CI: 1.066-11.562; p = 0.039). Our observations indicate that serum Hsp70 could be a valuable diagnostic and prognostic marker in small cell lung cancer.

There is an accumulating evidence for a transmitter role of l-aspartate (l-Asp) in various brain regions. Recent studies from our laboratory have indicated that l-Asp is present in excitatory synapses of the striatum/nucl. accumbens of domestic chicks where it is co-released with l-glutamate (l-Glu) from axon terminals. Here we provide data on the postsynaptic effects of l-Asp alongside with l-Glu in striatal slices from chicken (1- to 10-day-old) using visually guided patch-clamp technique. l-Asp and l-Glu produced similar dose-dependent inward currents and an increase in spontaneous synaptic activity in all of the recorded striatal neurons. In the presence of TTX both the NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 and the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist CNQX reduced and the co-application of these two antagonists almost abolished the postsynaptic effects of l-Asp and l-Glu in a reversible manner. Testing the interactions of l-Asp and l-Glu in these striatal neurons we found that co-application of l-Asp and l-Glut produced significantly larger inward currents than l-Asp or l-Glut alone. Our data are the first to demonstrate that l-Asp can induce postsynaptic effects on the chicken striatal neurons. These effects are mediated by both NMDA and non-NMDA type ionotropic glutamate receptors and are similar to those evoked by l-Glu. In addition our results show that co-application of l-Asp and l-Glut facilitates each other's effect, which is at least in part an excitatory amino acid (EAA) transporter dependent process. This phenomenon may explain the biological importance of the two EAAs with apparently similar postsynaptic activities in the same brain region., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A retrospective (1985-2005) multicentric evaluation of the pathological diagnoses of GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor) in Hungary was performed. A large cohort of 463 patients with abdominal mesenchymal tumors was reevaluated with the help of immunohistochemistry for CD117, CD34, desmin and S100. Prognostic groups have been established based on international criteria. Two hundred fifty five GISTs have been found in 245 patients during the evaluated period. Beside GIST, 81 leiomyogenic and 25 neurogenic tumors were the primary pathological diagnosis and in 74/255 cases the primary diagnosis was a benign tumor. In our cohort high-risk GIST cases were found to be the predominant. Based on our experience, in case of abdominal tumors of uncertain localization, immunohistochemical markers of CD117, CD34, S100 and desmin provide a proper tool for precise identification of the tumor entity including GIST.