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The gold immunochromatography assay (GICA), a new immunochromatography technique, uses a nitrocellulose membrane as a carrier and a colloidal gold-labeled antigen or antibody as a tracer (bioreceptor). This technology has many advantages over other immunoassays, including its simplicity, rapidity, cheapness, and the lack of a requirement for special training or expensive equipment, and it can be used to detect either antigens or antibodies. Therefore, we chose to develop this method for the diagnosis of candidiasis in Indonesia. The objective of the present study was to develop a diagnostic test for Candida albicans in rats using the GICA method. GICA bioreceptors were developed from biofilm antigens isolated from biofim Candida albicans grown on the surface of nitrocellulose membranes. The formation of biofilms was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. Antigen levels as bioreceptors were optimized by using the immuno dot method. The samples to be analyzed were antibody serum, in the form of blood serum samples from heart mice that have been induced to become candidiasis. To this end, we optimized the antigen and antibody volumes necessary to make this diagnosis. The results show that the optimum concentration of antigen to be used in the test is 2.5 μg/μL and the optimum volume of antibody is 10 μL. The control rats produced a single red stripe on the control line and the candidiasis rat samples produced a double red stripe, with the bottom line being the control line and the upper line the test line. The test chip was successfully used for the diagnosis of candidiasis in rats and given the name “Candiday Kit.”. We anticipate that this test will be suitable for the diagnosis of candidiasis in humans

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using tartaric acid as a capping agent have a great impact on the reaction kinetics and contribute significantly to the stability of AgNPs. The protective layer formed by tartaric acid is an important factor that protects the silver surface and reduces potential cytotoxicity problems. These attributes are critical for assessing the compatibility of AgNPs with biological systems and making them suitable for drug delivery applications. The aim of this research is to conduct a comprehensive study of the effect of tartaric acid concentration, sonication time and temperature on the formation of silver nanoparticles. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Face-Centered Central Composite Design (FCCD), the optimization process identifies the most favorable synthesis conditions. UV-Vis spectrum regression analysis shows that AgNPs stabilized with tartaric acid are more stable than AgNPs without tartaric acid. This highlights the increased stability that tartaric acid provides in AgNP ssssynthesis. Particle size distribution analysis showed a multimodal distribution for AgNPs with tartaric acid and showed the smallest size peak with an average size of 20.53 nm. The second peak with increasing intensity shows a dominant average size of 108.8 nm accompanied by one standard deviation of 4.225 nm and a zeta potential of -11.08 mV. In contrast, AgNPs synthesized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) showed a unimodal particle distribution with an average particle size of 81.62 nm and a zeta potential of -2.96 mV. The more negative zeta potential of AgNP-tartaric acid indicates its increased stability. Evaluation of antibacterial activity showed that AgNPs stabilized with tartaric acid showed better performance against E. coli and B. subtilis bacteria compared with AgNPs-PVP. In summary, this study highlights the potential of tartaric acid in AgNP synthesis and suggests an avenue for the development of stable AgNPs with versatile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Layanan Masyarakat is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi is the property of Publikasi Indonesia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Photodynamic inactivation has been developed to kill pathogenic microbes. In addition, some techniques have been introduced to minimize the biofilm resistance to antifungal properties in inhibiting cell growth. The principle of photodynamic inactivation different to antifungal drugs therapy which is resistant to biofilms. The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that generating in photodynamic inactivation mechanisms can be damaging of biofilm cells and the principle of light transmission that could be penetrating in matrix layers of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) until reaching the target cells at the base layers of biofilm. The present work aims to explore the potential of chlorophyll extract of papaya leaf as an exogenous photosensitizer to kill the Candida albicans biofilms after being activated by the laser. The potential of chlorophyll photosensitizer was evaluated based on the efficacy of inactivation C. albicans biofilm cell through a cell viability test and an organic compound test. Methods: The treatment of photoinactivation was administered to 12 groups of C. albicans biofilm for four days using the 445 nm laser and the 650 nm laser. The 445 nm and 650 nm lasers activated the chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf (0.5 mg/L) at the same energy density. The energy density variation was determined as 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 J/cm2 with the duration of exposure of each laser adjusted to the absorbance percentage of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf. Results: The absorbance percentage of chlorophyll extracts of the papaya leaf on wavelengths of 650 nm and 445 nm respectively were 22.26% and 60.29%, respectively. The most effective treated group was a group of the laser with the addition of chlorophyll, done by the 650 nm lasers with inactivation about 32% (P = 0.001), while the 445 nm lasers only 25% (P = 0.061). The maximum malondialdehyde levels by treatment of the laser 650 nm were (0.046±0.004) nmol/mg. Conclusion: The use of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf as a photosensitizer, resulted in the maximum spectrum of absorption at 414 nm and 668 nm, which produced a maximum reduction effect after photoinactivation up to 32% (with chlorophyll) and 25% (without chlorophyll). The utilization of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf would increase the antifungal effects with the activation by the diode laser in the biofilm of C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digestive juice of Achatinafulica shows hydrolase activities which are useful as an antibiofilm. Insidethe digestive system of snail many microorganisms live together as a normal flora. In this study, a metagenomicbased-activity technique was carried out to construct the metagenomic expression library of digestive gland ofAchatinafulica. The metagenomic library was screened for the recombinant harbouring genes encoding beta-glucanase again the specific substrate of laminarin. The metagenomic cloning was carried out by using λTriplEx2 as vector and E.coli XL1-Blue as host. The longer than 0.5 cDNAs ligated to vector and the total ligation solution were 1000 μL.Circularization of each recombinant phage inserted the target sequence were conducted in E.coli BM25.8, to become recombinant phagemids. Recombinant phagemids screening were carried out by using restriction method to analyse the DNA insert. We produced 2.8x108 plaques and 1.1x1010 library amplification titer. Seventeen hallo plaques from 100 μL of the ligation solution positive screening with laminarin substrate. Eight recombinant phagemids were randomly picked and analysed using restriction method showing different fragment. A high quantity cDNA library from digestive gland Achatinafulica was successfully constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normally, Candida albicans is found in the gastrointestinal tract, the upper respiratory tract and the genital mucosa of mammals. Candida albicans can form biofilm because of the increasing population and the resistance of the existing antifungal. Silver loaded zeolite A is an anti-fungal material that is effective in inhibiting the pathogen microorganism. This study aims to demonstrate the preparation of silver loaded zeolite A from bagasse ash and its antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Silver loaded zeolite A was obtained by ion exchange mechanism on zeolite A. It was characterized using XRD and XRF. The inhibition of the growth of Candida albicans by silver loaded zeolite A was observed from cell viability of Candida albicans. The optimum concentration of silver loaded zeolite A to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans was 4.5 g/L at 60 hours. This inhibition mechanism was resulted from the releasing of silver from zeolite A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans is a fungus that causes opportunistic infections in humans. It secretes toxic metabolites and induces the formation of biofilms. Fully developed C. albicans biofilms consist of planktonic yeast cells, pseudohyphae, and hyphae. The hyphae can invade tissues and bring toxic metabolites deep inside the organs and into the bloodstream. Biofilms cannot be identified by culture methods from feces or blood samples, necessitating the development of biomarkers to detect them. Here we show that the acetaldehyde level in serum can be used as a biomarker of gastrointestinal Candida biofilm formation. An in vitro C. albicans biofilm model is set up by culturing C. albicans in an Erlenmeyer flask, while an in vivo model is created in the rat gastrointestinal mucosa. A lack of nutrients induces biofilm formation in vitro, while in vivo biofilm formation is induced by treatment with antibiotics and corticosteroids. Identification of C. albicans biofilms is carried out macroscopically and microscopically using scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of acetaldehyde levels is performed by gas chromatography. The in vitro acetaldehyde level in the supernatant of the C. albicans culture is 0.9 ± 0.3 % (v/v) after a period of 48 h incubation, at which time biofilms start to form. The serum mean acetaldehyde level is 0.011 ± 0.003 % and 0.005 ± 0.001 % in the experimental and the control groups, respectively. The t-test results show that this difference is significant at p < 0.05, indicating that serum acetaldehyde can be used as a biomarker of C. albicans biofilm formation in the intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this research were to identify and characterize bacteria isolated from petroleum contaminated soil, P2(1) isolate. This isolate was able to grow on glucose containing medium and produce biosurfactant. This isolate was identified by morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analysis by 16S rDNA sequences. Morphological characteristics observed were colony and cell morphology. Physiological characteristics were observed by microbact kit 12A, 12B. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing 16S rDNA sequences. The results showed that P2(1) isolate was classified into Genus Arthrobacter based on some characteristics, Gram negative in young culture and Gram positive in old culture, rod coccus cycle, and has cream colony on Nutrient Agar medium. The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences showed that P2(1) isolate has similarity with Arthrobacter sp. XBGRY2 (HQ891968.1) with 95% similarity. It can be concluded that the isolate was identified as Arthrobacter sp. P2(1) (KU361211). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are commonly known to have the potential to increase binding of carbohydrate-active enzymes to target polysaccharides, thus the catalytic module can easily contact the substrate via CBM. Laccase is one of the most important enzymes used for delignification step in paper industry. This enzyme improves the product's quality, industrial process, and environmentally sound technologies. In this study, we have constructed the fusion gene encoding a novel CBM36 from β-Xylosidase B (GbtXyl43B) of Geobacillus thermoleovorans IT-08 and laccase (LCC2) of Pleurotus salmoneostramineus using overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and inserted into expression vectors pET-32a and pYHM1 for Escherichia coli BL21 codon plus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BJ1824, respectively. The fusion protein, Cbm36-Lcc2, was successfully expressed both in E. coli and S. ceerevisiae and optimum pH and temperature were determined to be 5.0 and 60 °C, and 6.0 and 60 °C, respectively, with 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate; ABTS) as the substrate. The thermostability and pH stability indicated that Cbm36-Lcc2 expressed in S. cerevisiae BJ1824 was more stable than in E.coli BL21 codon plus. The laccase activity for Cbm36-Lcc2 was two to three times higher than that for Lcc2 itself. This study developed the new insight that fusion of novel Cbm36 into Lcc2 could improve the thermostability of Lcc2 in its chimeric laccase form of Cbm36-Lcc2 compared to Lcc2 itself. • Laccase is one of enzymatically innovations for delignification processes that are more efficient and eco-friendly. • The novel CBM36 gene was successfully fused to LCC2 using an overlapping PCR, and could be expressed in heterologous host. • New insight displayed that the chimeric laccase could improve its thermostability and activity than that for Lcc2 itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]