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To explore the antibacterial activity, a series of new 2-thioalkyl-3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives (5a-k) were synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) analyses. These compounds were obtained by interaction of 2-(3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)isothiouronium chloride salt 3 with functionalized alkyl chloride or bromide 4 in the presence of base. The synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213) and two others Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 933 C/21) by solid-state diffusion and liquid microdilution methods. None of the compounds showed any antibacterial activity on the bacteria tested.

This article investigates the challenge of basic service access in one of the world’s poorest regions. Using the Republic of Mali as a case study, the article provides a new perspective on the dominant paradigm of decentralized service provision with a focus on rural areas, where basic services remain persistently inadequate. Service provision in regions such as West Africa will represent one of the most important development challenges in coming decades. This article applies a new geographical framework to decentralized institutions and service provision that is necessary to understand why access to basic services is becoming a more difficult problem to solve. It introduces two new analytical concepts—livelihood extensification and service attenuation—as well as a novel geographic dataset of rural service accessibility to show how rapid population growth and continued dependence on agriculture are putting basic services out of reach for an increasing share of Mali’s population.

In recent years, there has been an unprecedented rise in the performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells. The lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have drawn much research interest due to the Pb toxicity of the lead halide perovskite. CH3NH3SnI3 is a viable alternative to CH3NH3PbX3. In this work, we designed a tin-based perovskite simulated model with the novel architecture of (TCO)/buffer (TiO2)/absorber (Perovskite)/hole transport material (HTM) and analyzed using the solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D), which is well adapted to study the photovoltaic architectures. In the paper, we studied the influences of perovskite thickness and the doping concentration on the solar cell performance through theoretical analysis and device simulation. The results are indicating that the lead-free CH3NH3SnI3 is having the greatpotential to be an absorber layer with suitable inorganic hole transport materials like CuI (PCE: 23.25%), Cu2O (PCE: 19.17%), organic hole transport materials like spiro-OMETAD (PCE: 23.76%) and PTAA (PCE: 23.74%) to achieve high efficiency. This simulation model will become a good guide for the fabrication of high efficiency tin-based perovskite solar. The results show that the lead-free CH3NH3SnI3 is a potential environmentally friendly solar cells with high efficiency.

In Europe migration has become a prevailing topic in the 21st century and integration policies play an important role. Yet, the current outcome of social integration lags behind the ambitions such as stipulated in various policy documents, hinting to a theory-practice gap. In order to reverse the most negative social and spatial implications resulting from ineffective integration management, it is necessary to adopt an approach that can bridge the theory practice gap. The approach forwarded in this paper is one that is pragmatic, process-oriented and place-based. Evidenced by two examples, it is argued that practical interventions that take place on the local scale and involve multiple and diverse actors, have the potential to positively influence the migrants’ integration. Additionally, an intercultural collaboration can foster capacity-building, thereby improving a cities capacity to deal with complex spatial problems.

This study was designed to evaluate the QBC ParaLensTM LED fluorescent microscope attachment and the QBC F.A.S.T.TM AFB staining system for the detection of Acid Fast Bacilli in pathological samples in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. A total of 50 patients were tested using direct smear specimens with both Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) light microscopy and LED fluorescence microscopy with QBC F.A.S.T. AFB stain. The samples were also cultured and tested using an immunochromatograpic test for detection of antigen MPT 64 and the results were compared to direct examination. ZN light microscopy detected 20 positive cases and LED fluorescent microscopy with QBC F.A.S.T. AFB stain detected 21. The sensitivity and specificity of ZN light microscopy was determined to be 84.2% and 87.1% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of LED fluorescent microscopy with QBC F.A.S.T. AFB stain was determined to be 94.7% and 90.3% respectively. Compared to ZN light microscopy, LED fluorescent microscopy with QBC F.A.S.T. AFB stain increased the sensitivity of direct examination without concentration by 10.5%.

Les infections dues a Mycobacterium ulcerans constituent un probleme de sante publique en Cote d’Ivoire. Le diagnostic etiologique par l’isolement de la bacterie par la culture se heurte a la lenteur et aux difficultes de realisation de celle-ci. Le but de cette etude a ete de mettre en routine la culture in vitro de M. ulcerans a partir d’exsudats et de biopsies cutanees de malades suspectes d’avoir un ulcere de Buruli. Une attention particuliere a ete portee sur le conditionnement de l’echantillon, depuis le prelevement jusqu’a son acheminement au laboratoire et l’ensemencement sur milieu Lowenstein-Jensen supplemente de glycerol. Quel que soit le type d’analyse realise, le taux de positivite obtenu a partir des biopsies est superieur a celui obtenu a partir des exsudats. L’application de trois techniques d’analyse a donne des taux de positivite de 26,7, 57,4 et 17,8 %, respectivement a l’examen microscopique, par nested-PCR (nPCR) IS2404 directement a partir de l’echantillon et par culture. Le taux de contamination global par l’envahissement des trois tubes de culture par les champignons est de 15,8 %, avec respectivement des taux de 14,3 et 19,4 % a partir des exsudats et des biopsies. Tous les echantillons positifs a la coloration de Ziehl-Neelsen et en culture ont ete aussi positifs par nPCR. La nPCR a permis la confirmation du diagnostic etiologique de l’agent responsable des ulcerations cutanees. Nos resultats montrent que la culture, malgre la croissance difficile de la bacterie peut etre realisee dans un laboratoire a moyens modestes sous les tropiques. L’approvisionnement en reactifs et consommables constitue l’une des difficultes majeures dans la mise en oeuvre de la culture. Seule sa mise en place permettra la realisation des tests de sensibilite in vitro et in vivo en vue d’une meilleure prise en charge des malades de l’ulcere de Buruli.

Bakary Coulibaly : « Interférences et français populaire au Burkina Faso » This paper tries to describe French spoken by illetarates in Burkina Faso, through phonological and morpho-semantical interferences with local languages. « Popular French », thus analysed, appears as the result of a linguistic hybridation, and presents itself as an original modality of appropriation., Coulibaly Bakary. Interférences et français populaire du Burkina. In: Langue française, n°104, 1994. Le français en afrique noire, fait d'appropriation, sous la direction de Carole de Féral et Francis-Marie Gandon. pp. 64-69.

The title compound, C16H17N3O4, was prepared by the reaction of 5-nitro-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)benzaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate. The molecular structure adopts an E conformation with respect to the C=C double bond. The five-membered ring has a half-chair conformation, with puckering parameters Q(2)= 0.399 (2) Å and ϕ = 93.1 (3)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers , linked by pairs of C—H...O interactions, are further connected through C—H...N hydrogen bonds. Weak slipped π-π interactions occur between symmetry-related benzene rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.785 (1)Å].