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Objectives. Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with congenital cardiovascular defects (CCVDs), most commonly bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and aortic coarctation (COARC), congenital renal anomalies, and fetal lymphedema. It has been theorized that compressive or obstructive effects of fetal lymphedema may actually cause cardiovascular and renal dysmorphogenesis in TS. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a specific association between a history of fetal lymphedema and CCVDs in monosomy X, or TS, independent of karyotype or general severity of the phenotype. Methods. This was a prospective study of 134 girls and women who have TS (mean age: 30 years) and were clinically evaluated for evidence of fetal lymphedema, classified as central (signified by the presence of neck webbing) or peripheral (current or perinatal, or dysplastic fingernails). The presence of BAV and/or COARC was detected by magnetic resonance imaging combined with echocardiography, and renal anomalies were determined by ultrasound. Results. There is a strong association between developmental central lymphedema, signified by neck webbing, and the presence of BAV ([chi square] = 10) and COARC ([chi square] = 8). The association between webbed neck and CCVDs was independent of karyotype. There was, in contrast, no significant association between renal anomalies and webbed neck or CCVDs. Conclusions. The strong, statistically significant association between neck webbing and the presence of BAV and COARC in TS suggests a pathogenetic connection between fetal lymphatic obstruction and defective aortic development. The presence of neck webbing in TS should alert the clinician to the possibility of congenital cardiovascular defects. Pediatrics 2005;115:732-735; X-chromosome, aortic coarctation, bicuspid aortic valve, lymphedema., ABBREVIATIONS. CCVD, congenital cardiovascular defect; BAV, bicuspid aortic valve; COARC, coarctation; TS, Turner syndrome. Congenital cardiovascular defects (CCVDs), including most commonly bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and coarctation of the aorta [...]

Abstract Background Premature Ovarian Failure (POF), defined as the development of hypergonadotropic amenorrhea before the age of 40 years, occurs in about 1% of all women. Other than karyotype abnormalities, very few genes are known to be associated with this ovarian dysfunction. Recently, in seven patients who presented with POF and white matter abnormalities on MRI (ovarioleukodystrophy) eight mutationswere found in EIF2B2, 4 and 5. Methods To further test the involvement of known mutations of EIF2B genes in POF, we screened 93 patients with POF who did not have identified leukodystrophy or neurological symptoms. We evaluated these eight mutations and two additional mutations that had been found in patients with milder forms of eIF2B-related disorders. We used restriction enzymes and direct sequencing. Results None of the known mutations in EIF2B genes, either homozygous or heterozygous, were identified in our 93 patients with pure 46,XX POF. The upper 95 % confidence limit of the proportion 0/93 is 3.2%. Conclusions We conclude that eIF2B mutations, already described in cases of POF associated with white matter abnormalities, are an uncommon cause of pure spontaneous premature ovarian failure.

BACKGROUND. We recently reported that electrocardiographic abnormalities are common in adults with monosomy X (Turner syndrome), but this issue has not been investigated in girls with Turner syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS. We analyzed electrocardiograms in 78 girls with Turner syndrome and 50 age-matched control girls. The girls with Turner syndrome had additional cardiac and metabolic evaluations. RESULTS. Girls with Turner syndrome were more likely to demonstrate [greater than or equal to] 1 electrocardiographic findings including right axis deviation, right ventricular hypertrophy, accelerated atrioventricular conduction, T-wave abnormalities, and a prolonged rate-corrected QT interval. The right-sided findings were associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, but the etiology of the other findings remains unknown. The rate-corrected QT interval was significantly longer in girls with Turner syndrome (431 [+ or -] 22 vs 407 [+ or -] 21 milliseconds). Twenty-eight girls with Turner syndrome but only 2 controls had a rate-corrected QT interval above the reference range. We found no correlation between body habitus, cardiac dimensions, or metabolic parameters and the rate-corrected QT interval duration in girls with Turner syndrome. CONCLUSIONS. Cardiac conduction and repolarization abnormalities seem to affect both young girls and adults with Turner syndrome equally, suggesting that electrophysiologic defects are intrinsic to the syndrome and indicating that electrocardiogram analysis should be included in evaluating and monitoring even the youngest patients with Turner syndrome. Attention to the rate-corrected QT interval is important, because some common medications may further prolong this interval and increase the risk of arrhythmias. KEYWORDS. electrophysiology, Turner syndrome, heart disease, long QT. URL: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2006-0776

Background: Premature Ovarian Failure (POF), defined as the development of hypergonadotropic amenorrhea before the age of 40 years, occurs in about 1% of all women. Other than karyotype abnormalities, very few genes are known to be associated with this ovarian dysfunction. Recently, in seven patients who presented with POF and white matter abnormalities on MRI (ovarioleukodystrophy) eight mutationswere found in EIF2B2, 4 and 5. Methods: To further test the involvement of known mutations of EIF2B genes in POF, we screened 93 patients with POF who did not have identified leukodystrophy or neurological symptoms. We evaluated these eight mutations and two additional mutations that had been found in patients with milder forms of eIF2B-related disorders. We used restriction enzymes and direct sequencing. Results: None of the known mutations in EIF2B genes, either homozygous or heterozygous, were identified in our 93 patients with pure 46,XX POF. The upper 95 % confidence limit of the proportion 0/93 is 3.2%. Conclusions: We conclude that eIF2B mutations, already described in cases of POF associated with white matter abnormalities, are an uncommon cause of pure spontaneous premature ovarian failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the findings of a study that aims to determine whether the Turner syndrome (TS) is due to impaired glucose sensing or to a more fundamental cell defect. It notes that type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are common in TS. The researchers compared insulin responses to glucose and arginine in TS and age-matched control women.

The article discusses a study on the effect of growth hormone (GH) treatment on glucose tolerance in girls with Turner Syndrome (TS). It states that since GH is known to promote insulin resistance, it is expected to increase the propensity for impaired glucose tolerance. The glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were investigated by means of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The reason for the improvement of glucose tolerance in girls with TS is given.