Search

Solar rooftop photovoltaic technology has matured enough to fulfil the decentralised electricity needs for India in a sustainable way. In the present study, four rooftop solar photovoltaic systems of different capacity have been selected to evaluate the energy, economic and environmental performance. It has been observed that the PR of rooftop PV systems lies from 75.70–84.81% and EPBT ranges from 5.31–6.14 years. The minimum cost of electricity of rooftop PV system calculated 2.88 INR/kWh at the 5% interest rate considering the 30-year of lifespan. It has been concluded that annual energy generation and system cost influence the payback period and the cost of electricity. It has been seen that rooftop PV systems have great potential for emission reduction from the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a NMR strategy to resolve temperature-gradient-monitored real-time chemical reaction involving a [3 + 3]-cyclocondensation reaction between alkynone and ethyl 2-amino-1H-indole-3-carboxylate toward the synthesis of pyrimido[1,2-a]indole catalyzed by Cs2CO3. The in situ NMR study clearly indicates that the reactant undergoes [3 + 3]-cyclocondensation reaction through a concerted mechanism, resulting in the product formation. The detailed NMR spectroscopic data led to the optimization of the reaction conditions and quantitative analysis of the product accurately and efficiently. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition ofSynthetic Communications® to view the free supplemental file. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waste generated in temples is presently piled at one place and then disposed off in water bodies or dumped on land to decay which causes several environmental problems such as water, soil pollution, etc. The aim of the paper is to determine the biogas yield by using temple waste as a raw material. A prototype experimental setup has been developed to find the quality of biogas produced by flower waste with the help of gas chromatographer. The experiment was conducted during cold months in the composite climatic conditions of Lucknow, India. Prototype digesters of 2 m3 capacity were used and fed with flower waste which was digested in daily feeding for a retention period of summer and winter seasons. Preliminary results indicate that the process is effective in reducing the pollution potential of the flower waste. The process removed a lot of environmental pollutants as total solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), etc. respectively, along with biogas production. The results of the biogas from flower waste were compared as 43%-50% methane (CH4) and 44%-50% carbon dioxide (CO2) during winter season (December to February) and 50%-54% methane (CH4) and 40%-43% carbon dioxide (CO2) during summer season (March to May). © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is required for every aspect of our daily life. At present, commercial energy consumption makes up about 65% of the total energy consumed in India. This includes coal with the largest share of 55%, followed by oil at 31%, natural gas at 11% and hydro energy at 3%. Non-commercial energy sources consisting of firewood, cow dung and agriculture wastes account for over 30% of the total energy consumption. The critical feature of India's energy sector and linkages to economy is the import dependence on crude and petroleum products. Import bill is likely to grow to more than 100% in the near future because of population explosion and improved living standard in the country. Being a tropical country India has unlimited potential for producing renewable energy sources. These sources of energy can play an important role in the sustainable development by providing basic energy needs of rural and remote areas. A survey of energy consumption pattern has been carried out in different sector domestic, agricultural, transport, rural industries and miscellaneous uses in a cluster of 3 villages, district Ballia, Uttar Pradesh India during 2008. The questionnaires have been filled by gram pradhan, respective old persons and head of the family of the surveyed households. This paper discusses the current energy status, choice of energy options and potential of renewable energy systems for creating sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. The outline plan at decentralized level was prepared with the objective of providing energy security in villages by meeting total energy needs for cooking, lighting and motive power through various forms of available renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]