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The paper discusses the issue of unproductivity during the implementation of operations in inland container terminals. The authors hypothesize that the two main factors influencing the number of unproductive manipulations are the adopted operating strategy and the occupancy level of the storage yard. The presented model classifies the operation time and the waiting time for container handling separately, and also compares the impact of the terminal storage occupancy and selected strategies on the handling time. Based on the collected data, the impact of the number of occupied storage places and the frequency of repetition of operations on the average time of handling a freight unit are simulated. It is noticed that increasing the occupancy of the terminal area above 35% results in a significant increase in the frequency of repetition of operations. In the case of terminal area occupancy of about 50%, the average waiting time for service and the service of a freight unit itself may vary significantly, depending on the adopted strategies for the implementation of operations.

Croatia needs to find new sources of economic growth to attain income convergence with the EU; this was true before the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and it is an even more urgent challenge now. Improvements in freight logistics, which permeate the tradeable economy and domestic commerce, can become a catalyst of productivity growth, business resilience, and environmentally sustainable economic expansion for Croatia. Efficient logistics facilitate trade by improving access to markets through connectivity improvements and cost competitiveness. This report takes stock of Croatia’s logistics sector at the national level. It aims to describe the sector’s supply-demand composition, identify challenges and opportunities to improve sectoral performance, and recommend public policy measures to address these challenges and meet the opportunities at hand.

Reverse logistics processes generate significant logistics costs if not optimized continuously and are often being undetermined. Logistics companies emphasize the necessity for optimization and process uniformization to its highest possible extent, while disadvantages as process duration, educated personnel, and unsatisfied consumers are reverse logistics barriers. For the paper research, the focus has been directed to reverse logistics process analysis at the location of a supplier on the Republic of Croatia logistics market. The case study consists of highlighting reverse logistics issues, on-site analysis, and possibilities to optimize time-consuming processes. Analysis has been provided throughout time measurement of individual reverse logistics process with suggestions for optimization.

Engineering principle used in calculating efficiency of the picking process is guided by the phrase: “A process which you can measure, you can optimise”. The result of performance analysis is a key indicator of efficiency or inefficiency and it points to where cost reducing improvements can be made. The core subject of research is the warehouse layout and its influence on the picking process. Focus of paper is also directed to advantages, disadvantages and picking process efficiency calculations under multiple layouts.

In modern highly competitive business environment, the efficiency of warehouses can be critical for the efficiency of the overall supply chains they belong to, because warehouse storage accounts for significant part of logistics costs. As a result, new technologies are being tested and adopted in industry to improve the performance of warehouse operations. Order picking is the typical work pattern in warehouses and its optimization can help boost their efficiency. In this paper, we explore the opportunities arising from the usage of augmented reality in warehouses to support the order picking process as well as the barriers for its industrial implementation.

Reverse Logistics Warehouse Process Optimization

Warehouse processes are, from optimization viewpoint, significant to observe in supply chain regarding process optimization. If the warehouse activities are not well organized, in this important subject of the supply chain it can produce bottlenecks and increase logistics costs. The basic warehouse processes include goods receiving, storage, order picking and shipping. The paper will analyze problem of defining and measuring warehouse processes, in form of a case study. Aim of the paper is to describe the current state of certain warehouse processes in logistics distribution center at the Croatian market and finally suggest optimization possibilities for the benefit of reducing process time and reducing bottlenecks of this significant part of the supply chain.

Reverse Logistics Activities In Waste Management

Greening the Supply Chain By Reverse Logistics Process Modelling

As opposite to the distribution logistics, reverse logistics is intended to favor the return of the product, involved in evaluating and redistribution of single item and its current condition, which results in higher levels of management complexity in reverse chain. In order to research the Croatian market, existing activities of reverse logistics were explored that are used in reverse logistics systems. Noted activities actually represent the basic activities of reverse logistics, which are usually integrated in all logistics systems, and are often conditioned even by laws. This paper presents an overview of reverse logistics activities, research results and proposal for implementation of additional activities in reverse logistics systems.

U sustavu povrata proizvoda, jedan od ključnih elemenata lanca su sabirni centri koji se mogu organizirati kao zasebni elementi ili djelovati u okviru postojećih skladišnih kapaciteta. U sabirnim centrima, objektima u kojima se objedinjuju logističke usluge, pojednostavljuje se procedura pri procesiranju robe i odabir kanala u kojem će povrat u obliku većih količina zaliha distribucijskog lanca ili pojedinačnog artikla umjesto nepotrebnog odlaganja ostvariti najveću moguću vrijednost na određenim tržištima. U radu su istraženi kapaciteti i značajke postojećih sabirnih centara, količine, vrijeme dispozicije, skladišne operacije i postojeći procesi za proizvode u povratu u RH, te mogućnosti uspostave i optimizacije pri procesiranju i klasifikaciji proizvoda. Predložen je konceptualni model organizacije sabirnih centara s aspekta potrebnih skladišnih kapaciteta, organizacije prijema, sortiranja, vrednovanja, pohrane i otpreme. Koncept sabirnog centra formiran je u svrhu optimizacije procesiranja povrata sa svih razina opskrbnog lanca, primarno sa ciljem reduciranja količina robe nepotrebno usmjerenih u povratni sustav i na odlagališta. Uvođenje koncepta utječe na rasterećenje distribucijskog kanala, optimizaciju transportnih i manipulativnih procesa i skraćenje duljine vremena dispozicije. Prednosti predloženog modela sabirnog centra, osim u tehničko - tehnološkom obliku, očituju se i u ekološki prihvatljivom načinu poslovanja.

Scientific research regarding reverse logistics systems in developing logistics systems are complex, often not conducted by SMEs and are continuously generating certain logistics costs. Developed logistics systems are analyzing product returns and are tending to detect differences and oscillations in returned product flows. Developing logistics systems, as Croatian, reverse logistics issues, regarding product returns are not observing as issues of priority. Detailed research analysis implicated that majority of products in return is directed from different subjects in supply chains. Paper will detect amounts and processes regarding electric and electronic products directed to service from final consumers and retail chains. Collected relevant parameters will be base for simulation model of centralized service center on the Croatian market.

Promatranje tehničko-tehnoloških karakteristika opskrbnog lanca i svih njegovih strukturnih elemenata kroz prizmu procesa i aktivnosti iznimno je važno za potrebe kvalitativne i kvantitativne evaluacije. Kada je koncept mjerenja individualno koncipiran i dobro postavljen, detaljna dekompozicija poslovanja do razine aktivnosti rezultira potpunim, detaljnim i točnim podacima o osobitostima procesa i involviranim resursima. Spomenuti koncept u službi je podrške cjelokupnom poslovanju unutar opskrbnog lanca i prije svega se koristi u svrhu postavljanja i dostizanja strateških ciljeva poslovanja. Implementacija istog ostvaruje se uspostavom direktne veze između objekata mjerenja, performanci procesa i vezanih informacija. U radu je prikazana problematika definiranja logističkih pokazatelja uspješnosti te je predložen koncept dekompozicije procesa kao dijela metodologije upravljanja poslovnim procesima, s pozicije mjerenja njihove učinkovitosti u cilju jednostavnije identifikacije ključnih pokazatelja uspješnosti.

As a significant part of green logistics, reverse logistics suggests movement of goods from destination to origin to enable certain reverse logistics activities as reprocessing, remanufacturing, repairing, reusing, recycling, disassembling or disposing. Importance of reverse logistics activities is for some companies with high return rates crucial and those companies already started to elevate their services and competencies to manage a good reverse logistics. As reverse logistics presents certain number of activities, all of them should be used, when needed for the benefit of providing maximal possible value for the subject. Scientific paper provides results of a research where activity of reusing in Croatia is not activated enough, regarding products and waste.

Although a new segment of logistics activities, reverse logistics activities in Croatia are improving customer satisfaction, ecological conscience and level of profit, but are in its very beginnings. Reverse logistics is characterized by the fact that returned products in Croatian companies are a problem that is solved as an issue at a time. The uniformed procedure very rarely exists and every product is handled differently, by different person and often just preceded to someone else to solve it. Development of reverse logistics uniformed systems based on researches could improve routing of different goods that entered reverse direction in a channel that will provide proper activity for each of those goods. The right decision and the right routing about every case (product) can be critical for the firm and affect amounts unnecessarily directed to landfills.

In its very beginnings sustainability was referred only as environmental issue. Supply chain strategies nowadays are green strategies, and the result of the need for a perfectly closed supply chains. Greening the supply chain is a tendency to minimize environmental impact of all activities in supply chain, and can be observed as a foundation for sustainable one. Reversing the supply chain includes activities based on tendency to capture value or to properly dispose goods that were returned to logistic distribution chain. Reverse logistics can provide improved customer satisfaction, raise level of environmental conscience and to keep profit inside company (by reducing costs). Reverse logistics activities are also implemented to keep up with new law regulations. When returning the products, company can implement a return centre, in a form of a new facility or a part of existing warehouse. Development of a return centre can result in optimized processes and can provide maximal possible value for each returned product.

Globalization and the global trend of greening imposed the implementation of different environmentally conscious strategies into existing supply chains. Green strategies are the result of the need for a perfectly closed supply chains and ground for sustainable one. Greening the supply chain is a tendency to minimize environmental impact of all activities in supply chain, when reversing it includes activities based on tendency to capture value or to properly dispose goods that entered again logistic distribution chain. When implementing reverse logistics activities into existing logistics system, one will expect to improve customer satisfaction (to have bonded and returned loyal consumers), to raise level of environmental conscience (as a matter of thinking and a marketing strategy on competitive global market), to keep profit inside company (by reducing costs) and to keep up with new law regulations. Besides reverse logistics, when observing from higher perspective, one can define reducing logistics costs by organizing a better and upgradable green logistics.

Strategy of designing a green supply chains is to raise the level of environmental conscience, as a matter of thinking and as a marketing strategy on competitive global market. This strategy is a result of the need for a perfectly closed green supply chain. Reverse logistics is a part of green logistics that sugest movement of goods from destination to origin to enable reprocessing, remanufacturing, repairing, reusing, recycling, disassembling or disposing. As forward logistics procceses include an organization of warehouse procceses based on market and optimization requirements, reverse logistics warehouse requirements depend on organization of evaluation and specific procceses for each returned product. When combined with forward logistics, reverse logistics flow comes of secondary matter, so interaction while warehousing and evaluation should be strictly separated. Developing logistics systems often combine forward and reverse warehouse procceses, which results with ununiformed flow and not optimized reverse logistics concept.

Reverse logistics activities are starting to be a must have accessory in today’s companies development strategy. Activities are implemented into existing systems for many reasons ; only basic or sophisticated approach makes a significant impact on company’s profit. Implementing only basic activities into companies strategy assures that the companies profit will not be lost and customer would have an option of returning a product if it does not meet his needs. Basic activities would grant that the returned product will provide some return of the invested costs to the company and offer an option for upgrading them. Demanding consumers, globalization, shortened life cycle of the product, social responsibility and environmental issues are only some of the actual impacts that are affecting company’s strategies to implement reverse logistics processes. Implementing these activities into existing companies system can be of crucial matter for the company. Choosing a right form of processes can affect future companies development and can also form a position of the company on today’s competitive market.

Transportni procesi u sustavu zelene logistike

The dimension of reverse logistics impress the companies to change the way of business with the aim of understanding and implementing reverse logistics strategies in their systems. Although yet recently management of the logistics companies tried to deny significance of the reverse logistics, today good reverse logistics management can be a marketing strategy to keep customers loyal. Activities of backward logistics are activities based on tendency to capture value or to properly dispose goods that entered logistic distribution chain. Interaction of forward and backward logistics should be strictly separated because when combined forward logistics issues are always primer. This is one of the reasons why reverse logistics requires the development of transport modes that are compatible with the already existing forward logistics system. The disposition includes the return of goods to the warehouses for storage purposes, return of goods to the original manufacturer for the return purposes, sales of goods on a secondary market, recycling of goods or combination thereof which will result in maximal value of the key product. Reverse logistics is a new segment that Croatian logistics operators provide in offers for their final consumer and companies. In this paper will be shown proportion of reverse logistics in Croatia and definition of disposition channels of returned goods. Definition will be proven by interviews with the logistic companies that provide this type of services.

Implementing reverse logistics activities in companies business became an important strategic variable. To manage return with the highest return rate and ensuring the maximal recovered value of returned product is a strategic weapon that can be provided with higher quality service and educated personnel. To have a satisfied consumer is strategic variable that depends not only on a knowledge or tendency to make a highest profit for a company, but to fasten up all the processes in whole reverse logistics chain. Consumers that returned the product created new reverse logistic operation, and are significant part of it. Consumer can make a difference and be more important part of reverse logistics chain if they interact in these activities.

Importance of reverse logistics activities is for some companies with high return rates crucial and their economic strategies are based on service expansion and possibilities for returned goods. Those companies already started to elevate their services and competencies to manage a good reverse logistics. Right decisions about condition of the products in reverse logistics channel can be of high importance for capturing value of each good. Logistics companies with highly positioned image of „know – how“company can survive in these conditions of global competition. Article will propose activities that can lead to reduced cycling time, capturing value and optimization of the return processes inside the company with “know - how“ employees.

Contemporary flows of goods are all less likely used in direct sales from manufacturers to the final consumer goods. Between the end points of social reproduction - the production and consumption more agents are set, and their mediating function is called by different names. The choice of distribution channels has a strategic character and not only logistical tasks, although it is closely associated with the distribution logistics. The article explaines the distribution channels and defines factors of channel distribution in terms of manufacturers and the retail aspect.

The efficiency, with which the information technology has connected the world, has made possible the production of new products that affect the market structure. Social changes caused by the third technological revolution have also brought about the changes in the urban space usage. Developed with the first division of labour, oversupplies and the need to gather people at one place because of joint production, exchange of products and trade, cities have become a very important part of the entire human history. Sometimes bigger, sometimes smaller, with constant economic development as condition of survival, the cities begun their sudden expansion with the industrial revolution, the development of manufactures and industrialization. Stimulated by the needs of industry, the cities concentrated raw materials, production means and labour at one place and in great volumes. The last hundred years of city development were the most important in the history, since, owing to technological revolution and industrialization, cities were no longer dependent on the economic successes of their environment, but rather sufficiently strong to take over the role of the development promoters, dictating the development conditions according to their needs. Logistics, “ relying” on the city road traffic as one of the sources of constant and sustainable growth of the efficiency of enterprises and networks in the urban environment, and defined by the development of technology and implementation in practice (especially in telecommunications and information technology). It is necessary to identify the integrity of the relevant aspects of city transport logistics in the process of the technological development in order to identify the footholds and lever processes of creating and functioning of successful enterprises and the society in general.

In the organization and realization of logistics activities in the field of logistics different operators and service providers occur and their basic division can be considered through the levels of logistics outsourcing: 1PL, 2PL, 3PL, 4PL and 5PL. The logistics service customers require from their operators maximally fast, good and accurate delivery of goods, which cannot be performed by forwarders in their own organization. Therefore, the goods deliverers (manufacturers, wholesalers) need the logistic service providers (logistic operators) who can successfully perform the delivery, i.e. receive the shipments and the flow of information regardless of the geographic borders. Third Party Logistics (3PL) operators, specialized logistic service providers, improved the efficiency of managing logistics chain of delivery and expanded the range of logistic services. For their customers they organize and manage the material and information flows, offer higher quality of delivery and supply, and additional services (Cross docking, JiT… ). A more advanced method of logistic service provision is called 4PL (Fourth Party Logistics). Globalization has resulted in stronger demand for 4PL service. 4PL service was created as a comprehensive solution of the supply chain combining the authority of 3PL services, connecting the consultant companies and the service provider technology. The improvement of the operator activity has resulted in the creation of a new logistics concept 5PL, oriented to insuring complete logistic solutions of the entire supply chain (Supply Chain Management). Such concept represents an advanced management of the entire supply chain as integration of all activities related to the flows and transformations of the assets in modern logistics networks.

The Human Resources Management (HRM) function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Human resources management policies-compensation and performance measurement, re¬cruitment and career development, and promotion and termination-play a major role in deter¬mining the behavior and capabilities of the employees in a company. As business processes are becoming global, competition is turning fierce, and information technology is advancing continuously, companies are looking for business schemes, such as supply chain management, to establish an edge over competitors and respond to new market challenges. A logistics centre acts as an impulse for business and economic development. Since not all companies are able to build their own logistics centres or acquire the latest support technologies (software, radio frequency identification systems, real time communication network, etc.) and management skills, logistics centres offer these services without the added risk or infrastructure costs. Logistics professionals must learn to harness the power of human resources management to ef¬fect sweeping programs of change, not only in their own companies but in other companies in their supply and distribution channels as well.

Ergonomski pristup istraživanju utjecaja ljudskog čimbenika u zrakoplovnim nesrećama vrlo je važan za daljnji razvoj povećanja sigurnosti unutar okruženja zračnog prometa. Iako se prometna tehnologija neprestano i vrlo dinamično razvija, ona ne prati čovjeka, odnosno pilota, koji se u sadašnjim uvjetima visoko sofisticirane tehnologije i dalje koristi istim bazičnim tjelesnim osjetima koja su ostala ne promijenjena od samih početaka razvoja zrakoplovstva. Ljudska pogreška, je kao primarni uzrok, evidentirana u više od 70 % nesreća komercijalnih zrakoplova. Unutar ovog rada navest će se osnovni ljudski čimbenici koji razmjerno učestalo dovode do nesreća, najčešće kombinacijom niza nepravilnosti uzrokovanih ljudskom pogreškom.

Stalna i rastuća konkurencija u poslovnom svijetu neprestano tjera poduzeća na rapidne promjene kao i na stalno preispitivanje svojih prednosti kako bi se fokusirale na glavne sposobnosti i kompetencije. Iz tih razloga poduzeća donose odluku u ovisnosti o tržišnim promjenama kako bi se moglo fokusirati na osnovnu djelatnost, dok sporedne djelatnosti odlaze u Outsourcing. Prednosti koje donosi outsourcing se mogu promatrati kroz omogućavanje menadžmentu poduzeća da se fokusira na važna i strateška pitanja i zadatke, povećanje konkurentnosti poduzeća, smanjenje troškova i uvođenje naprednih tehnologija. Poduzeća koja svoju energiju i resurse ne žele ulagati u razvoj logističkih funkcija raduju se pojavi specijaliziranih poduzeća (3PL i 4PL) koja mogu ispuniti sve njihove logističke potrebe. Prednost 3PL dobavljača je u njihovom operativnom iskustvu i stručnosti, odnosno pojednostavljeno rečeno, oni znaju kako se pojedine radnje obavljaju i što poduzeti u slučaju pogreške. S druge strane, konzultantske tvrtke dominiraju kada je riječ o upravljanju, organizaciji, nadzoru, analizi, poboljšanjima i inovacijama. Tko će u nekom konkretnom slučaju bolje obavljati posao 4PL-a stoga zavisi o specifičnostima potreba i očekivanjima klijenta.

In order for business organizations to meet the increasing expectations of users, a quality transport organization is one of the most important factors in the overall process chain and cost optimization. The service user wants a quality, favorable and fast service and therefore it is extremely important to rationalize the transportation. One of the ways to make the service faster, cheaper and better in implementing the technological process is by using mathematical models and software routing tools. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the different ways of determining the route and how they affect the overall delivery process of delivery to the ultimate recipient in the urban area. Concrete comparisons, along with certain route parameters, will also show the delivery results

The implementation of the new military training areas and aerodrome operating procedures is based on several researches of the airspace characteristics, flight safety, traffic flow, evaluation of legislative, traffic demand and air traffic control and surveillance. This paper contains an analysis of airspace characteristics in the vicinity of Zadar airport, present military training areas and proposal for the implementation of new military training areas for operational air traffic (OAT). The factors which affect flying operations and complexity of creating new military training areas and aerodrome operating procedures are defined and analysed. Conducted research is based on the aerodrome operating procedures for Pilatus PC - 9M aircraft an d parameters of various regimes. The efficiency analysis is done using flight time and fuel consumption.

The popularity of various roundabout types has driven substantial efforts to optimize their de-sign procedures. Implementing effective roundabouts is a highly demanding task and requires op-timizing traffic (operational) efficiency (TE) and traffic safety (TS) while considering various geome-try factors and constraints. The turbo roundabout concept has emerged as a viable alternative to conventional multi-lane roundabouts, aiming to improve exclusively TS. In multi-lane roundabouts driver indecision and misunderstanding of the driving rules and traffic situations can lead to weav-ing conflicts and frequent accidents. To capture a relationship between turbo roundabout design, TS and TE parameters brief overview of the latest guidelines and studies correlating Croatian case studies is presented here.

Current tools in air traffic control are not sufficient to support the advanced conflict detection that has arisen from implementation of free route airspace. Free route airspace has proven to be more efficient for airline companies, but the effects on air traffic controllers have not yet been tested in full. It is attempted to solve that problem in this paper and to see what kind of impact free route airspace has on the air traffic controllers. It is concluded that with the implementation of specific free route airspace (SEAFRA), traffic complexity is increased and that controllers have a hard time detecting conflict in advance since there are no more old “hotspots” to concentrate on. Hence, the whole airspace is considered as a hotspot. At the end of the paper, several steps have been proposed for future work and for solving some of the issues that the air traffic controllers have emphasized.

Aviation industry is a complex industry in which significant technological progress has been made. Huge demands are placed on experts working in aviation industry and therefore their responsibilities are great. Educational system should be created in a way to serve aviation industry and to predict further developments in the industry, and not only to be in line with the contemporary needs and requirements. This paper gives an outline of general structure and Sectoral Qualifications Framework in aviation industry based on current key competences and qualifications. An overview of aviation market is also presented in relation to future job requirements. Categories of qualifications in the sector are to be further analyzed in terms of required knowledge, skills, and key competences.

Fright transport in the cities has a mayor role, and it depends on successful flow of motorized and non-motorized fright vehicles in a sustainable ecological and economical way. In order to achieve sustainable mobility in cities, one of the solutions imposed by the exclusion of motorized freight vehicles, and the introduction of bicycle logistics. Bicycle logistics is one of the ways of developing goods and goods delivery in urban areas of cities using bicycles and freight bicycles. Such a delivery system is one of the ways of achieving a new organization of traffic in cities with the aim of reduction in urban areas from motorized personal and delivery vehicles. This paper analyses the purpose and objectives of bicycle application in delivery, and types of bicycle delivery in urban areas. Examples of two European cities are given and their way of bicycle delivery organization. A research has been conducted in the urban area of Zagreb, which will include the analysis of motorized delivery traffic and a new concept, based on the research, of bicycle freight delivery. Also, the paper includes an example of delivery organization by bicycle in the centre of Zagreb through a commercial company.

The implementary plan of train traffic in railway transport - the timetable - is the foundation of the technological process of traffic management. Due to the necessity for making it easier for passengers to memorise the timetable, and ensure a higher operationality of operators, this new type of schedule, referred to as clock-face timetable (based on the German word Taktfahrplan), runs at consistent intervals. This paper examines the experiences and utilisations of such a timetable in railway transport, and outlines its benefits and drawbacks. The case study of adjusting to a clock-face timetable was made on the technological process of the main railway station in Zagreb (Zagreb GK) together with a comparative analysis of the previous and current state indicators. In the end, proposals for future research from the standpoint of clock- face scheduling were put forward.

External costs in transportation present an all the more present problem that requires actions for reduction. With that in mind this paper gives a comparative look into the differences between intermodal and road transport in terms of external costs. It gives an insight into the contributing factors of intermodal transport external costs.