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Schools provide spaces for academic knowledge while also addressing children's social and emotional developmental needs. Because of the holistic development occurring within the education system, it is important to have an awareness of students' experiences and challenges both inside and outside of the classroom. Students with refugee backgrounds represent diverse cultures, languages, and experiences but often share some common challenges and traumas. While trauma can impact students' ability to learn and develop, classroom expectations, procedures, and rhythms can be adjusted to be trauma informed. Trauma-informed educational practices allow for a universal precautionary model for teachers and school staff to neutralize the environment for possible retraumatization, contributing to the creation of better educational experiences for students with refugee backgrounds as well as the rest of the student body. The aim of this article is to provide primary and secondary school staff—including teachers, administrators, and social workers—with practical information about trauma-informed educational practices to help them address the specific and unique needs of students with refugee backgrounds. Authors include examples of how school social workers, teachers, staff, and administrators can think about trauma-informed practices in the context of education and students with refugee backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuna fisheries provide over 5 million tonnes of seafood annually to the global market but have historically raised conservation concerns due to weak management measures and impacts on non‐target wildlife. The focus of the first environmental awareness campaigns in seafood focused on dolphin bycatch in tuna fisheries in the 1980s. Since then, the sustainable seafood movement has evolved considerably, with philanthropic foundations playing a key role as agenda‐setters and funders of work carried out by non‐governmental organizations (NGOs). Here, we used tuna as a case study and investigated how three US foundations and associated NGOs have affected tuna fisheries reform through two primary pathways: advocacy for improved fishery management at intergovernmental meetings, and engagement with fishing companies in fishery improvement projects (FIPs). We found a total of USD 28.65 million was allocated to tuna‐related work from 2013 to 2021. While each foundation had different funding profiles, 65% of all grant funds were directed to two key priority areas: market leverage and RFMO advocacy. Further, almost 60% of all funding was allocated to only three NGOs, all of which are central actors at RFMO meetings, and which are collectively engaged in over 85% of all tuna FIPs (by volume). We reflect on how this concentrated funding relates to the overarching sustainable seafood agenda of these foundations and provide recommendations to ensure financial support and objectives remain transparent and do not perpetuate inequities between tuna fishing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parent–child agreement on measures of child posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is moderate at best, and understanding of this discrepancy is limited. To address this, we conducted an item‐level investigation of parent–child symptom agreement to examine the potential influence of parental posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) on parents' reports of their child's PTSS. We also examined heart rate (HR) indices as possible independent indicators of child PTSD, examining patterns of association with parent versus child report. Parent–child dyads (N = 132, child age: 6–13 years, 91.7% White) were recruited after the child's hospital admission following an acute, single‐incident traumatic event. At 1‐month posttrauma, questionnaires assessing children's PTSS (self‐ and parental reports) and parental PTSS were administered. For a subset of participants (n = 70), children's HR recordings were obtained during a trauma narrative task and analyzed. Parent and child reports of child PTSS were weakly positively correlated, r =.25. Parental PTSS were found to be stronger positive predictors of parental reports of child PTSS than the children's own symptom reports, β = 0.60 vs. β = 0.14, and were associated with higher parent‐reported child PTSS relative to child reports. Finally, children's self‐reported PTSS were associated with HR indices, whereas parent reports were not, βs = −.33–.30 vs. βs = −.15–.01. Taken together, children's self‐reported PTSS could be a more accurate reflection of their posttrauma physiological distress than parent reports. The potential influence of parental PTSS on their perceptions of their child's symptoms warrants further consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has oftentimes been carried out in Indigenous communities for the sole benefit of the western researcher. As a result, feelings of distrust toward researchers and research institutions have become prevalent among Indigenous peoples. However, this distrust can be resolved through the use of research approaches and methods that reflect Indigenous perspectives, beliefs, and values and that centre the entire research process on the Indigenous community in question and their need for sustainable development. One such Indigenous research approach is rooted in relationality, whereby all living things and the natural world have a shared history and future. In this article, we explore the use of relational methods in research with Indigenous communities to decolonise the research process and capture Indigenous experiences using an inherently Indigenous approach. A systematic review of the extant literature to identify the key characteristics of relational methods used when conducting research with Indigenous peoples was conducted for the period 2012 to 2021. Five key characteristics of relational methods stood out, namely: collaboration, trusting and reciprocal relationships, flexibility, relational data, and reflexivity. These findings are discussed in the context of postcolonial theory and considerations for researching sustainable development in Indigenous communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UN Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) and one of the implementing agreements of the Convention—the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA)—mandates all states to cooperate in the management of highly migratory and straddling fish stocks. In doing so, the UNFSA specifies that the special requirements of developing states need to be taken into account. To date, except in the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), there is no formal mechanism to identify these differential responsibilities in tuna regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). Although some conservation and management measures exempt small‐scale and artisanal fishing vessels, power imbalances within RFMOs tend to favour the interests of more developed and larger distant water fishing nations over those of small developing coastal states. To facilitate the implementation of differentiated responsibilities as mandated in UNFSA, in this study we develop a three‐step framework that could be applied in the case of new conservation and management measure proposals. The framework has also been tested based on two developing countries and compared with a developed state in the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission and the adopted resolutions in 2019. To facilitate better transparency and equitable decision‐making processes across RFMOs, this framework could be adapted based on member states' fisheries management objectives and target and non‐target species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alberta’s history with coal development goes back to 1874, but 21st century social, economic and environmental factors demonstrate that it’s not in the public interest to pursue coal mining on the Eastern Slopes of the Rocky Mountains. This paper uses a multiple account benefit-cost analysis to compare the positives and negatives of a hypothetical coal mine in the eastern foothills of the Rockies. We provide estimates of the economic, social and environmental impacts, and evaluate how coal mining affects different stakeholders. The economic benefits — $440 million in undiscounted incremental tax revenues and $35 million in undiscounted incremental employment earnings — are overshadowed by the costs arising from the displacement of ranching, tourism and the negative environmental effects on water, vegetation, air and wildlife. Compounding these effects is the non-zero probability that the Alberta government will pick up the tab for reclamation costs, and the adverse social impacts on local communities and on Indigenous Peoples’ rights and interests. Therefore, any new coal mine development is unlikely to provide the province with a net benefit. Following on the heels of the federal government’s rejection of the Grassy Mountain coal project in southwestern Alberta, the provincial government should consider banning coal mining in the Eastern Slopes. Any future coal development policy should include a public-interest test that examines both monetary and non-monetary impacts. This paper finds an estimated undiscounted profit before taxes and royalties of $511 million to the mine developer. Discounting that value by a rate of eight per cent, which would approximate the opportunity cost of investors’ capital, shows coal mines are at best a break-even proposition from a private perspective. Only under optimistic price and activity assumptions does the mine earn a net profit. Tax revenues would be marginal and additional labour income would accrue to only a few individuals. These benefits would be vastly outweighed by the adverse effects on a much greater population, including Indigenous Peoples. Further, the Eastern Slopes already suffer the effects of current forestry, oil and gas, ranching, road development and recreational activities. Water quality and habitat for such wildlife as the Westslope cutthroat trout would be significantly compromised. With coal markets in a long-term decline due to coal’s impact on climate change and the focus on transitioning to alternative energy sources, new coal mine projects in Alberta would be counter-productive in many ways. The comparatively small economic benefits derived from a new coal mine could not possibly justify the large and possibly irreversible damage done to the environment, local communities and to the rights and interests of Indigenous Peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuna support some of the world's largest, most valuable and spatially extensive fisheries, but effective management has been challenging due to their transboundary movements and the need for multilateral decision‐making. To address public concerns of over‐exploitation, fishing companies have sought to differentiate themselves through involvement in "sustainable seafood" eco‐certification programmes. Here, we show that the volume associated with such initiatives for tuna increased 237‐fold between 2007 and 2019. Today, 2.31 million tonnes (47%) of the global tuna catch comes from fisheries holding or seeking Marine Stewardship Council eco‐certification. This is due to a 57‐fold increase in the number of fisheries engaged in the eco‐certification process. Crucially, this growth is also correlated with a concurrent 14‐fold increase in the adoption of harvest strategies by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). Semi‐structured interviews with a broad range of RFMO stakeholders corroborate that the rapid uptake of harvest strategies is largely attributable to pressure from fishing companies needing to meet eco‐certification requirements; over 90% of respondents had directly observed or speculated on this type of advocacy. These results suggest the tuna fishing industry and associated seafood supply chain actors are now playing an unprecedented role in shaping the international governance of these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) tuna fishery is one of the world's largest in terms of both catch volume and value, providing over half of global tuna catch with a landed value of US $5.84 billion in 2017. Fishing is conducted by both large‐ and small‐scale fleets, with fisheries subsidies disproportionately benefiting the former. The primary objective of this study was to determine the optimal distribution of effort between two large‐scale fisheries (LSF) and two small‐scale fisheries (SSF) in the WCPO under three scenarios: to maximize industry benefits, minimize subsidization or maximize food supply. The objective was approached using a bioeconomic game‐theoretic model. Results indicate opposite distributions of effort to maximize industry benefits (all fishing conducted by LSF) or to minimize subsidization (all fishing by SSF), with more balanced effort distributions to maximize food supply. Total value of capacity‐enhancing subsidies in optimal scenarios ranged from $1.4 billion when industry benefits were maximized to $0.2 billion when subsidization was minimized. Investigation of suboptimal scenarios reveals the flexibility of these results, with wide ranges in outputted state variables for a given goal. Difficulty was encountered in modelling the SSF sector due to data deficiencies, a well‐recognized issue in managing SSF. Investments towards "data equity" to help ensure that management decision‐making can properly account for the SSF sector would be useful. This study has implications for the objectives we set in fisheries management, and the potential trade‐offs, often value‐driven in nature, that we must make explicit in that management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seafood certifications are a prominent tool being used to encourage sustainability in marine fisheries worldwide. However, questions about their efficacy remain the subject of ongoing debate. A main criticism is that they are not well suited for small‐scale fisheries or those in developing nations. This represents a dilemma because a significant share of global fishing activity occurs in these sectors. To overcome this shortcoming and others, a range of "fixes" have been implemented, including reduced payment structures, development of fisheries improvement projects, and head‐start programs that prepare fisheries for certification. These adaptations have not fully solved incompatibilities, instead creating new challenges that have necessitated additional fixes. We argue that this dynamic is emblematic of a common tendency in natural resource management where particular tools and strategies are emphasized over the conservation outcomes they seek to achieve. This can lead to the creation of "hammers" in management and conservation. We use seafood certifications as an illustrative case to highlight the importance of diverse approaches to sustainability that do not require certification. Focusing on alternative models that address sustainability problems at the local level and increase fishers' adaptive capacity, social capital, and agency through "relational" supply chains may be a useful starting point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finfish net-pen aquaculture in Canada is an important economic industry that supports coastal rural livelihoods. However, aquaculture development faces several types of barriers, including technological, environmental, regulatory, and social. Public perceptions linked to the aforementioned barriers have largely influenced aquaculture development in Canada, where maintaining social acceptance and public trust have been an enduring challenge. Since the media is important for spreading information and shaping public opinion, this study explored how media defines aquaculture to better understand the public discourse and implications for policy. Using qualitative and quantitative content analysis to explore the coverage of major Canadian newspapers in 2015 and 2016, we found a complex discourse expressing a range of aquaculture attributes and stakeholders. Our results indicate that media frames finfish net-pen aquaculture in a mostly negative tone, although there are considerable regional variabilities and differences across specific attributes. Risk-oriented frames focused on environmental challenges and management responses, while positive aspects surrounded scientific and technological advances and economic benefits. Complex interactions between environmental, social, economic, and management attributes further emphasizes the multi-faceted nature of the public discourse surrounding finfish aquaculture in Canada. Media relied not only on environmental groups or scientists in their reporting, but also considerably on fish farmers and government to offer expert opinions or as proponents of the industry. This supports a shift away from an 'elitist' role of the media, towards a more 'deliberative' role of balancing perspectives and democratic dialogue. These findings have implications for private and public responses and highlight the need for interdisciplinary solutions that emphasize transparency, communication, and accountability to improve public trust and guide sector development. • Content analysis of Canadian media coverage of net-pen aquaculture • Media coverage mainly risk-oriented but not unanimous across topics or regions • Diverse stakeholders hold various roles and positions within media discourses • Aquaculture portrayed as a complex activity encompassing interlinking environmental, social, economic, and management issues • Potential shifting discourse marked by an interest in public awareness, scientific advancements, and improved sustainability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Approaches to counter the overfishing and aquaculture production crisis include those imposed by public governing bodies, as well as those implemented by businesses and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs). In the case of the latter, private actors govern fisheries consumption and production through corporate social responsibility (CSR). In this contribution, we focus on three key tools that businesses are increasingly turning towards in an effort to meet the one particular CSR goal of sustainable seafood sourcing. In this context, the key tools of certifications, fisheries improvement projects (FIPs) and traceability are reviewed, and their potential as well as limits in contributing to continual improvement in pursuit of global seafood sustainability are analyzed. We argue that seafood CSR has created its own whimsical and fantastical world, a Seussian world, in which company image has become more important than sustainability performance. We posit four important barriers that must be overcome to bring seafood CSR back to reality. Specifically, we suggest moving away from the business case for CSR, reducing accessibility barriers for small‐scale and developing world fisheries, reconciling different labels and sustainability concepts, and better recognizing the imperative role of the state in governing fisheries and seafood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the protection of marine diversity on the high seas. It mentions that high seas fisheries play a negligible role in addressing global food security; negative impact of restricting fishing access on the high seas such as food security; and United Nations guidance on addressing high seas conservation and governance issues.

• Family dynamics related to parental gambling are complex. • Parental gambling harm can lead to long term devastating consequences for children. • Child abuse and neglect can be direct consequences of parental gambling. • Parental absence and financial harm on children can lead to 'parentification' Child wellbeing is known to be negatively affected by parental gambling, but relatively little is known about the first-hand experiences of individuals exposed to parental gambling as children. This study involved in-depth interviews with 20 Australian adults who had experienced harm due to parental gambling as children to gain insights into the inter-generational psychological and social impacts of parental gambling. Findings highlight the significance of financial instability and parental absence, resulting in strained family relationships and sometimes conflict and violence. In particular, participants reported that, as children, they were at increased risk of abuse by the gambling parent due to constant stress, financial strain, short tempers and parental aggression, which were often trigged by sudden gambling losses. Many also reported being left at risk by a lack of adult supervision or being left with unsafe adults or peers. In some cases, participants had needed to adopt parental roles by taking responsibility of household chores, younger siblings and finances. The combination of financial strain and parentification made it challenging for the participants to complete their formal education. Insights were gained into how these earlier experiences contributed to ongoing relational and psychological difficulties for the participants. Taken together, the findings emphasise the need to recognise problem gambling in households as a child protection concern with long-term consequences for individuals growing up in problem gambling households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of Fair Trade certification is to contribute to sustainable development by offering trading conditions that are transparent and equitable. One important condition is improved market access and strengthened producer organizations. In regions like Southeast Asia this goal can be hard to achieve in value chains where local middlemen play a central role in not only trading fish, but also providing fishers with access to capital, infrastructure and essential services. Despite these contributions, Fair Trade principles presume that middlemen adversely control market benefits that should accrue to primary producers. The social and economic contributions of middlemen, and the potentially dependent relationship fishers have with them, is therefore a controversial issue if Fair Trade fish is going to be marketed as a product capable of improving fisher livelihoods. In this paper, we explore the role of middlemen in the first ever Fair Trade USA fishery: handline-caught yellowfin tuna from Molucca in Indonesia. Interviews with fishers, middlemen, the local processor and those involved in Fair Trade implementation were conducted and analzed to understand changes to the organization of the value chain and of the community by defining how middlemen contribute to the assets and capabilities of fishers. The results indicate that middlemen contribute but also control the full range of assets required to enable fishers to fulfill their value chain functions. Introduction of Fair Trade has facilitated a rapid reorganization of value chain structure in the fishery with notable impacts on fisher perceptions of the resource and the market. However, it remains unclear what this value chain reorganization means for community structure. The opportunities and challenges for Fair Trade USA fish to be an empowering force depend heavily on fisher-middlemen dynamics being adequately considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisheries are complex social–ecological systems, meaning that the achievement of 'sustainable' fisheries demands a multifaceted approach, involving ecological, economic, social, and institutional dimensions. Addressing these diverse concerns requires the collection and synthesis of new sources of information by science-advising bodies and the engagement of multiple knowledge types from rightsholders and stakeholders. The 'modernized' (2019) Fisheries Act in Canada allows for a diverse range of considerations to form the basis of fisheries management decisions, including knowledge from community or industry groups, but it remains unclear where and when such information is available, how this information is prioritized, who contributes to information-gathering processes, and what the management consequences of information use might be. The present study uses a selection of science-advising documents and briefing notes for decision makers to explore the information and priorities informing fisheries management decisions in Atlantic Canada, with a focus on how rightsholders and stakeholders contribute to the process. These findings can inform efforts to adopt an inclusive and participatory approach to evidence-based decision making to achieve sustainable fisheries, in the broadest sense of the word. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynein motors move the mitotic spindle to the cell division plane in many cell types, including in budding yeast, in which dynein is assisted by numerous factors including the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) She1. Evidence suggests that She1 plays a role in polarizing dynein-mediated spindle movements toward the daughter cell; however, how She1 performs this function is unknown. We find that She1 assists dynein in maintaining the spindle in close proximity to the bud neck, such that, at anaphase onset, the chromosomes are segregated to mother and daughter cells. She1 does so by attenuating the initiation of dynein-mediated spindle movements within the mother cell, thus ensuring such movements are polarized toward the daughter cell. Our data indicate that this activity relies on She1 binding to the microtubule-bound conformation of the dynein microtubule-binding domain, and to astral microtubules within mother cells. Our findings reveal how an asymmetrically localized MAP directionally tunes dynein activity by attenuating motor activity in a spatially confined manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long recognized as the site of an important Civil War battle, considerable energy has been invested in educating the public about Monocacy National Battlefield. In the past decade, archaeologists have pursued multiple research projects at Monocacy in order to expand interpretation of the site and provide broader context for the battle. Most recently, excavations were undertaken to explore the slave village associated with an 18th- and 19th-century plantation, L'Hermitage. Though the data have not yet been fully incorporated into Monocacy's interpretive materials, they form the basis of an alternative to the traditional battlefield narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One important component in determining the market value of fish is freshness, essentially the time period from capture to consumer. By shortening the time from harvest to landing, freshness can be improved and thus the market value may increase. The opportunistic nature of the marine capture fisheries sector, however, can encourage fishers to extend their time at sea to catch additional fish, while retaining already harvested fish. Here, fishers face a tradeoff: extending the duration of their operations, but compromising their ability to maintain product freshness. This study estimates the freshness premium for two fish species, swordfish and blue shark, landed at Kesennuma, Japan. Swordfish is generally destined for the raw market, while blue shark is first processed into several products. Our results suggest substantial heterogeneity in the freshness premium, depending on the likelihood of a product being consumed fresh or after processing. This work is an important investigation in the Kesennuma region, which suffered devastating damage from the tsunami following the Tohoku Earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hunting of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) and beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) in Hudson Bay is an important activity, providing food and income in northern communities, yet few studies detail the economic aspects of these hunts. We outline the uses of narwhal and beluga and estimate the revenues, costs, and economic use value associated with the hunt on the basis of the harvests in 2007. We also explore the effects of cost sharing and inclusion of opportunity cost of labour on model outputs. For the communities participating in each hunt, the average economic use value was negative (-$9399) for beluga and positive ($133 278) for narwhal. The corresponding per capita value estimates were -$1 for beluga and $44 for narwhal. Including the effects of cost sharing with one other hunting activity in the model increased the economic use values to $266 504 for beluga and $321 500 for narwhal. Narwhals provide a higher value per whale, in addition to a higher per capita total economic value to the community, compared to belugas because resources are shared among fewer communities. However, the beluga hunt overall provides greater revenue because more belugas are harvested. In keeping with literature on other hunting activities in the Arctic, our results indicate that the value of whales to communities is largely due to their food value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Thirty years have passed since Munro published his 1979 work on the potential applications of game theory to fisheries. It is pertinent to ask now: has this potential been realized, and in what forms? This paper highlights progress in the field over the past three decades. We begin our review with the early two-player dynamic game-theoretic analyses. Next, we illustrate how coalition theory has been brought in over the past decade to allow the modeling of games with greater than two players, and how coalitional externalities, a major issue in international and shared fish stocks management, have been incorporated recently. Finally, we highlight new areas for game theory to come into its own in fisheries, which will most definitely include the potential for catch rights in international shared-stock fisheries, as well as ecosystem dynamics to be modeled in a game-theoretic context. As game theory can offer insights into the challenges of achieving cooperative fisheries management, we hope the next decade of fisheries economics research will include a bigger leap from academic game theory exercises to impacting policy decisions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Utilizing qualitative methodologies, we interviewed 25 cancer patients whose disease currently was in remission. We gave attention to the impact of personal faith (particularly Christian beliefs) on coping methods. Results showed percepts of God altering views toward their cancer in the following ways: a release of control, ushering in a sense of peace, and serving as a foundation in which to trust. In addition, the cancer experience enabled participants to gain hope in an eternal perspective and served as a faith-strengthening catalyst. These Christians, who were cancer patients in remission, also emphasized the sizable impact of others in their cancer journey. Of note, others served as a source of pouring-in, and family members, friends, and church contacts provided physical, emotional, and spiritual support through all phases of the cancer process. These social networks also served as a source of pouring-out. After receiving support, participants wished to reciprocate in the lives of loved ones and in the lives of others with cancer. Implications for health-care providers, family members, and researchers also are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past 30 years, nonnative mute swan (Cygnus olor) populations have greatly increased, and continue to increase, in the eastern United States and within the lower Great Lakes (LGL) region. As a result, there is much concern regarding impacts of mute swan on native waterfowl, aquatic plants, and marsh habitats. There are presently only limited dietary data for mute swans in North America and none exist for birds in the LGL region. Thus, in 2001, 2002, and 2004 we collected 132 mute swans from LGL coastal marshes in Ontario, Canada, to determine dietary composition and to evaluate 1) seasonal and sex-related variation in adult diets and 2) age-related dietary differences. Adult diets did not differ among years, collection sites, or seasons, but female diets contained more pondweed spp. (Potamogeton spp,) and less slender naiad (Najas flexilis) and common waterweed (Elodea canadensis) than did diets of males. Adult males, adult females, and cygnets had similar diets during summer and autumn. Overall, mute swan diets mainly consisted of above-ground biomass of pondweed spp., muskgrass (Chara vulgaris), coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum), slender naiad, common waterweed, wild celery (Vallisneria americana), and wild rice (Zizania paluatris); below-ground parts of wild celery, sago pondweed (Stuckenia pectinatus), and arrowhead spp. (Sagittaria spp.) were eaten infrequently. Comparison of our findings with those of other diet studies suggested considerable dietary overlap between mute swans and several other species of native waterfowl. Thus, we suggest that mute swans have potential to compete with native waterfowl and impact aquatic plants that are important waterfowl foods within LGL coastal marshes. Further, our results can he used to assess which aquatic plant species may be most impacted by foraging activities of mute swans at other important waterfowl stopover and wintering sites in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study related to seafood mislabeling conducted by C. C. Stawitz. It mentions that seafood mislabeling occurs when a product labeled as one species is in fact actually a different species, and can be the result of intentional product substitution. It also mentions use of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for data pertaining to conservation status.

This study investigated a regional foundation's Co-Creating Well-Being initiative, a multi-year effort to increase human service agencies' capacity in trauma-informed care, human-centered design, and diversity, equity, and inclusion. This research examined the change promotion process inspired by an innovative grantmaking model and the barriers and facilitators for organizational change. A stratified sampling approach was applied to recruit representatives from N = 33 agencies. Thematic analysis was used to develop a change promotion model featuring four main themes: pre-existing conditions, receptivity to opportunities for change, adoption to change, and early outcomes. Macro-level influences of COVID-19 and calls for racial justice accountability are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) sets a standard by which sustainable fisheries can be assessed and eco-certified. It is one of the oldest and most well-known fisheries certifications, and an estimated 15% of global fish catch is MSC-certified. While the MSC is increasingly recognized by decision-makers as an indicator for fishery success, it is also criticized for weak standards and overly-lenient third-party certifiers. This gap between the standard's reputation and its actual implementation could be a result of how the MSC markets and promotes its brand. Here we classify MSC-certified fisheries by gear type (i.e. active vs. passive) as well as by length of the vessels involved (i.e. large scale vs. small scale; with the division between the two occurring at 12 m in overall length). We compared the MSC-certified fisheries (until 31 December 2017) to 399 photographs the MSC used in promotional materials since 2009. Results show that fisheries involving small-scale vessels and passive gears were disproportionately represented in promotional materials: 64% of promotional photographs were of passive gears, although only 40% of MSC-certified fisheries and 17% of the overall catch were caught by passive gears from 2009–2017. Similarly, 49% of the photographs featured small-scale vessels, although just 20% of MSC-certified fisheries and 7% of the overall MSC-certified catch used small-scale vessels from 2009 to 2017. The MSC disproportionately features photographs of small-scale fisheries although the catch it certifies is overwhelmingly from industrial fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisheries are supposed to be for the benefit of society, producing food, providing livelihoods and enabling cultural continuity. Biological productivity goals for fish stocks operationalised through Harvest Control Rules (HCRs) are central to contemporary fisheries management. While fisheries policies often state socio‐economic objectives, such as enhancing the livelihoods of coastal communities, those are rarely, if ever, incorporated into operationalised management procedures. The lack of articulation of social objectives and lack of monitoring of social outcomes around HCRs amounts to poor public policy. In this article, we explore the potential for social HCRs (sHCRs) with reference points and agreed predefined actions to make the social dimensions of fisheries explicit. sHCRs cannot cover all social dimensions, so should be considered as one tool within a broader framework of fisheries governance. Moreover, successful sHCRs would require sound deliberative and participatory processes to generate legitimate social objectives, and monitoring and evaluation of fisheries management performance against those objectives. We introduce two potential types of sHCRs, one based on allocation of catch within biological limit reference points, and one for when fishing exceeds biological limit reference points. The application of sHCRs, we argue, can foster accountability and help avoid non‐transparent negotiations on size and distribution of the catch. Our proposal is a call to action for policy makers and fisheries managers to properly integrate social criteria into fisheries governance, and for both biophysical fisheries scientists and social scientists to do better in practical collaboration for methods and knowledge development to support this integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After this article [[1]] was published, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) raised concerns that the article's competing interests and funding statements are not complete, and that the article includes claims that are not supported by the reported data or published literature. FLM and CN listed their affiliations with BLOOM in the article's "About the Authors" section but the published Competing Interest statement says, "The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.". [Extracted from the article]

Kinetochores are multiprotein machines that drive chromosome segregation by maintaining persistent, load-bearing linkages between chromosomes and dynamic microtubule tips. Kinetochores in commonly studied eukaryotes bind microtubules through widely conserved components like the Ndc80 complex. However, in evolutionarily divergent kinetoplastid species such as Trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness, the kinetochores assemble from a unique set of proteins lacking homology to any known microtubule-binding domains. Here, we show that the T. brucei kinetochore protein KKT4 binds directly to microtubules and maintains load-bearing attachments to both growing and shortening microtubule tips. The protein localizes both to kinetochores and to spindle microtubules in vivo, and its depletion causes defects in chromosome segregation. We define a microtubule-binding domain within KKT4 and identify several charged residues important for its microtubule-binding activity. Thus, despite its lack of significant similarity to other known microtubule-binding proteins, KKT4 has key functions required for driving chromosome segregation. We propose that it represents a primary element of the kinetochore-microtubule interface in kinetoplastids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly there is recognition of the need for new governance and decision-making models in natural resource management that uphold the rights and knowledge systems of Indigenous peoples. These models would support access to and sovereignty over natural resources including fisheries and wild harvested foods. However, research in northern Indigenous communities continually focuses on country foods and subsistence harvests and does not consider the important role of commercial fisheries. It is key to investigate how Inuit cultures and commercial fisheries are linked to understand how fisheries governance should be directed. Through an iterative interview process, we identify values and principles held by Labrador Inuit fishers and fisheries managers regarding the commercial fishing industry, outlining an interconnected set of values that ground how Labrador Inuit relate to the fisheries today. Drawing on the literature, we contrast the current fisheries management paradigm with the values that arise from this study. By identifying and articulating a system of values held by Labrador Inuit in relation to the commercial fishing industry, we articulate a set of principles to inform a desirable and just future for commercial fisheries. This represents a new conceptual model for Inuit commercial fisheries, one that speaks to the resilience of Labrador Inuit, and frames the industry as having value beyond its material dimensions, to include political self-determination, traditional use, and cultural identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is one of the most common causes of bacterial food-borne illnesses in the world. Despite the SE’s ability to colonize and infect a wide-range of host, the most common source of infection continues to be the consumption of contaminated shell eggs and egg-based products. To date, the role of the source of SE infection has not been studied as it relates to SE pathogenesis and resulting disease. Using a streptomycin-treated mouse model of human colitis, this study examined the virulence of SE grown in egg yolk and Luria Bertani (LB) broth, and mouse feces collected from mice experimentally infected with SEE1 (SEE1 passed through mice). Primary observations revealed that the mice infected with SE grown in egg yolk displayed greater illness and disease markers than those infected with SE passed through mice or grown in LB broth. Furthermore, the SE grown in egg yolk achieved higher rates of colonization in the mouse intestines and extra-intestinal organs of infected mice than the SE from LB broth or mouse feces. Our results here indicate that the source of SE infection may contribute to the overall pathogenesis of SE in a second host. These results also suggest that reservoir-pathogen dynamics may be critical for SE’s ability to establish colonization and priming for virulence potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the extent to which sustainability governance has been integrated into the literature on sustainable chains and networks. The analysis brings together four main approaches to chains and network studies – supply chain management (SCM), global commodity chains (GCC), global value chains (GVCs) and global production networks (GPNs) – to examine how and the extent to which sustainability and sustainability governance are conceptualised and incorporated into their analytical frameworks. The results point to a shift in this combined literature from conceptualising the formation of global chains and networks as sites of inequality under conditions of globalisation, towards a renewed vision on the potential of chains as a site for social and environmental reform. Overall, however, we conclude that the literature on global chains and networks has not adequately conceptualised distinct modes of sustainability governance. In response, we offer an amended typology for identifying how firm and non-firm actors govern sustainability in chains, of chains and through chains in globalised commodity production and consumption. The paper finishes with an exploration of the research frontiers, challenges and continuing potential of chain and network studies to understand the governance of sustainability and a call for further academic debate on the kinds of integrated governance arrangements necessary for future sustainability reform through hybridised public-private economic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telling stories can be an empowering exercise, providing important insights into the values and priorities of the storytellers. This article shares stories told during a participatory scenario planning process among Inuit, an Indigenous People of northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska, USA. This research takes place in Nunatsiavut, a land claim area in Labrador, Canada, to explore how visions provide insights into postcolonial futures for the fishing industry. Beginning in 2019, a group of fisheries stakeholders and managers came together to create a visioning process that would help them to develop consensus around priorities for the industry. Facilitated by university researchers, Inuit in the commercial fishing industry participated in an iterative data-collection process that involved interviews and a workshop. This article shares what was found during the scenario-planning process and position stories of the future within the context of Indigenous sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this commentary we introduce the BESTTuna research programme which addresses the challenges of governing sustainable and equitable tuna fisheries in the Western Pacific. The research in this programme attempts to build an inter-disciplinary understanding of the complex social-ecological interactions in tuna fisheries in order to contribute to the design of effective and equitable governance arrangements that can steer public and private interests in the fishery to more desirable outcomes. In addition, the programme aims to develop an effective long-term science-governance network for sustainable tuna fisheries in the Western Pacific, which generates, disseminates and uses knowledge on tuna ecology, tuna fisher behaviours, and tuna fisheries management and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly migratory fishes, such as tunas, present conservation challenges because their ranges span the high seas and jurisdictional waters of coastal states. Governments are mandated to manage tuna fisheries through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs), so RFMO meetings have subsequently become one focal point for non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) seeking to influence the management process. Here we ask: how have the agendas of NGOs at RFMO meetings changed over time and where are they currently most effective at reforming tuna fisheries management? We systematically analyzed 216 advocacy statements submitted by NGO observers to RFMOs from 1999–2019 and interviewed 26 meeting attendees. We find that target tuna stock management measures accounted for over 20% of total advocacy over time and there has been a 26‐fold increase in calls for science‐based harvest strategies since 2010. We also find that 77% of policymakers were receptive to RFMO advocacy, but 57% of interviewees believe the most effective way to influence RFMO decisions was through engagement external to RFMO meetings. Relations between industry and environmental NGO observers are also improving due to sustainable seafood movement collaborations and we suggest these emerging cross‐sectoral partnerships could substantially improve the management of pelagic species if their efforts remain credible and transparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) was created as a conservation tool – intended to provide “the best environmental choice in seafood” to consumers and to create positive incentives that would improve the status and management of fisheries. During its 15years, the MSC, which has an annual budget of close to US$20 million, has attached its logo to more than 170 fisheries. These certifications have not occurred without protest. Despite high costs and difficult procedures, conservation organizations and other groups have filed and paid for 19 formal objections to MSC fisheries certifications. Only one objection has been upheld such that the fishery was not certified. Here, we collate and summarize these objections and the major concerns as they relate to the MSC’s three main principles: sustainability of the target fish stock, low impacts on the ecosystem, and effective, responsive management. An analysis of the formal objections indicates that the MSC’s principles for sustainable fishing are too lenient and discretionary, and allow for overly generous interpretation by third-party certifiers and adjudicators, which means that the MSC label may be misleading both consumers and conservation funders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Resource allocation is a fundamental and challenging component of common pool resource governance, particularly transboundary fisheries. We highlight the growing importance of allocation in fisheries governance, comparing approaches of the five tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (tRFMOs). We find all tRFMOs except one have defined resources for allocation and outlined principles to guide allocation based on equity, citizenship, and legitimacy. However, all fall short of applying these principles in assigning fish resources. Most tRFMOs rely on historical catch or effort, while equity principles rarely determine dedicated rights. Further, the current system of annual negotiations reduces certainty, trust, and transparency, counteracting many benefits asserted by rights-based management proponents. We suggest one means of gaining traction may be to shift conversations from allocative rights toward weighting of principles already identified by most tRFMOs. Incorporating principles into resource allocation remains a major opportunity, with important implications for current and future access to fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oceanic ecosystem services support a range of human benefits, and Canada has extensive research networks producing growing data sets. We present a first effort to compile, link, and harmonize available information to provide new perspectives on the status of Canadian ocean ecosystems and corresponding research. The metadata database currently includes 1094 individual assessments and data sets from government ( n = 716), nongovernment ( n = 320), and academic sources ( n = 58), comprising research on marine species, natural drivers and resources, human activities, ecosystem services, and governance, with data sets spanning 1979-2012 on average. Overall, research shows a strong prevalence towards single-species fishery studies, with an underrepresentation of economic and social aspects, and of the Arctic region in general. Nevertheless, the number of studies that are multispecies or ecosystem-based have increased since the 1960s. We present and discuss two illustrative case studies - marine protected area establishment in Canada and herring resource use by the Heiltsuk First Nation - highlighting the potential use of multidisciplinary data sets drawn from metadata records. Identifying knowledge gaps is key to achieving the comprehensive, accessible and interdisciplinary data sets and subsequent analyses necessary for new sustainability policies that meet both ecological and socioeconomic needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NZ's Indigenous recognition process has not achieved distributional, procedural, and recognition-based justice. • Despite treaty rights, Māori lack political authority to mitigate the biophysical effects of agricultural expansion upstream. • Government policies that support intensified forms of agricultural production mitigate crises of overaccumulation. • The recurring nature of these crises indicates a rationale for continued engagement with state bodies to advance justice. • Government claims that Māori grievances are "settled" obscure logics for resistance. How is it that the New Zealand government's process for re-establishing Indigenous fishing rights has failed to deliver thriving Māori fisheries? This paper examines why, at Te Waihora, a coastal lake, and site of one of the nation's longest running and best-funded state-Māori co-governance agreements, Māori fishers have been unable to use their rights to support their fishery. As of 2018, the lake's culturally and ecologically significant eel population was no longer commercially viable, a decline fishers have attributed to rampant dairy industry expansion upstream. Drawing on environmental justice literatures, we deploy a multi-dimensional framework to identify factors shaping possibilities for justice in the wake of rights reconciliation, as experienced by Māori fishers, scientists, and leaders. We engage theories of political economic relations to interpret the implications of these experiences for environmental justice theory and politics. Ethnographic accounts demonstrate that the New Zealand government's process for re-establishing Māori rights falls short of achieving distributional, procedural, and recognition-based dimensions of environmental justice, and that these effects are interlinked. In particular: (i) downstream fishers are placed to bear disproportionate costs of runoff from upstream land use change; (ii) Māori fishers have little influence over governance decisions that affect land use; and (iii) government claims, including that Māori should, "move beyond grievance mode," obscure logics for resistance. We suggest that the government's support for dairy industry expansion represents an attempt to mitigate crises of overaccumulation, characteristic of competitive markets. Unlike those who identify persistent injustice as a logic for turning away from the state, we argue that the recurring nature of these crises, and the role state organizations play in directing responses, indicates a rationale for continued engagement with state governing bodies to advance justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High fishing effort remains in many of the world’s fisheries despite a variety of policies that have been implemented to reduce it. These policies have predominantly focused on models of cause and effect that ignore the possibility that the intended outcomes are altered by social behavior and bounded rationality of autonomous agents. This paper presents a spatially explicit agent-based model for the Philippine tuna purse seine fishery that specifically includes social factors and bounded rationality in the decision making of agents. The model has been informed by interviews, and is verified and validated against data. Sensitivity analysis is used to determine the effects of social factors and bounded rationality on macro-level outcomes (fishing effort, fish stock and industry profit). Three social factors are identified to have considerable effect on these outcomes. These factors are a culturally and personally motivated resistance to exit the business, a social norm regarding the spatial distribution of vessels, and the use of imperfect information by potential entrants in their investment decisions. Existing fishery policies do not explicitly consider these social factors. The results suggest that both research and the management of fishing effort could be improved by viewing fisheries as Complex Adaptive Systems, in which social factors and bounded rationality have a considerable effect on the decision making of fishers (fishermen and fishing companies) and on the macro-level outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The size of dendritic spines and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) is well known to be correlated with molecular and functional characteristics of the synapse. Thus, the development of microscopy methods that allow high throughput quantification and measurement of PSDs is a contemporary need in the field of neurobiology. While the gold standard for measurement of sub-micrometer structures remains electron microscopy (EM), this method is exceedingly laborious and therefore not always feasible. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a much faster technique for identifying biological structures such as PSDs, but the fluorescent images resulting from it have traditionally been harder to interpret and quantify. Here, we report on two new image analysis tools that result in accurate size and density measurements of fluorescent puncta. Anti-PSD-95 staining was used to target synapses. The new technique of vamping, using Volume Assisted Measurement of Puncta in 2 and 3 Dimensions (VAMP2D and VAMP3D) respectively, is based on stereological principles. The fully automated image analysis tool was tested on the same subjects for whom we had previously obtained EM measurements of PSD size and/or density. Based on highly consistent results between data obtained by each of these methods, vamping offers an expedient alternative to EM that can nonetheless deliver a high level of accuracy in measuring sub-cellular structures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Agrobacterium VirB7, VirB9, and VirB10 form a "core complex" during biogenesis of the VirB/VirD4 type 1V secretion system (T4SS). VirBl0 spans the cell envelope and, in response to sensing of ATP energy consumption by the VirB/D4 ATPases, undergoes a conformational change required for DNA transfer across the outer membrane (OM). Here, we tested a model in which VirBl0 regulates substrate passage by screening for mutations that allow for unregulated release of the VirE2 secretion substrate to the cell surface independently of target cell contact. One mutation, G272R, conferred VirE2 release and also rendered VirB10 conformationally insensitive to cellular ATP depletion. Strikingly, G272R did not affect substrate transfer to target cells (Tra+) but did block pilus production (Pil-). The G272R mutant strain displayed enhanced sensitivity to vancomycin and SDS but did not nonspecifically release periplasmic proteins or VirE2 truncated of its secretion signal. G272 is highly conserved among VirBl0 homologs, including pKMI01 TraF, and in the TraF X-ray structure the corresponding Gly residue is positioned near an α-helical domain termed the antenna projection (AP), which is implicated in formation of the OM pore. A partial AP deletion mutation (AAP) also confers a Tra+ Pil- phenotype; however, this mutation did not allow VirE2 surface exposure but instead allowed the release of pilin monomers or short oligomers to the milieu. We propose that (i) G272R disrupts a gating mechanism in the core chamber that regulates substrate passage across the OM and (ii) the G272R and ΔAP mutations block pilus production at distinct steps of the pilus biogenesis pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]