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Interleukin-1beta induces the biosynthesis of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in mesangial cell cultures from rat kidneys. This induction is enhanced in the presence of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) by inducing the translation of inducible nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase. Both IGF-I and insulin also enhances the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase. The implications of these findings on the inflammatory processes taking place in the kidneys are discussed.

Research shows that the delta-isoform of the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC)stimulates the production of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX), prostaglandin E2, inducible nitric oxide synthase within rat mesangial cells. A retroviral vector was used to overexpress the enzyme and the results compared with mesangial cells under the influence of control retroviral vectors and untransfected mesangial cells. PKC's stimulation of COX-2 may have a direct role in inflammatory reactions.

Signal transduction by interleukin-1 beta in the renal mesangial cells is mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase subtype JNK. The role of JNK in activating histidine-c-jun was investigated by exposing JNK to an amino terminal c-jun domain and a mutant form alanine-substituted c-jun. Interleukin 1-beta was found to increase JNK activity, and JNK phosphorylated the amino-terminal c-jun but not the mutant c-jun.

A study of the impact of the cycloxygenase (COX) suppression and exogenous prostoglandin (PG) on the generation of nitric oxide and activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in rat mesangial cells reveals that the activation of NOS by interleukin 1 is downregulated by PGE2. This inhibition by PGE2 is independent of adenylated cyclase stimulation. COX inhibition decreases PGE2 release, thereby enhancing NO and NOS levels. Crosstalk between NOS and COX pathways regulates glomerular function and inflammatory process.

Presents information on a study which shows that overexpression of protein kinase isoform increases cycloogenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Description of the methods used to conduct the study; Information on results of the study: What results of the study indicated.

Investigates the effects of protein kinase c (PKC)-zeta isoform on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). PCK-zeta overexpression in mesangial cells and fibroblasts; COX-2 and iNOS expression in mesangial cells; Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in mesangial cells and fibroblasts.

Purpose: The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate how the basic tenants of restorative dentistry can be applied to effectively and comprehensively treat a prosthetic rehabilitation after left maxillectomy for a maxillary squamous cell carcinoma., Materials and Methods: A 55-year-old female presenting with a T1 NOMO left maxillary squamous cell carcinoma was treated surgically and restored over a 3-year period., Results: Restorative treatment involved treatment planning with mounted diagnostic casts and diagnostic wax-up to aid sequencing and execution of treatment, including the placement of surgical and interim obturators, endodontic therapy, fixed prosthodontic restorations, and placement of a definitive obturator., Conclusion: By using the basic principles of restorative dentistry including occlusion and prosthodontics, the restorative rehabilitation of a patient presenting with extensive restorative needs in addition to an acquired maxillary defect was successful in re-establishing esthetics and function.