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7. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Ecosystem

Author

Fong, Allison A., Hoppe, Clara J. M., Aberle, Nicole, Ashjian, Carin J., Assmy, Philipp, Bai, Youcheng, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Balmonte, John P., Barry, Kevin R., Bertilsson, Stefan, Boulton, William, Bowman, Jeff, Bozzato, Deborah, Bratbak, Gunnar, Buck, Moritz, Campbell, Robert G., Castellani, Giulia, Chamberlain, Emelia J., Chen, Jianfang, Chierici, Melissa, Cornils, Astrid, Creamean, Jessie M., Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Droste, Elise S., Ebenhöh, Oliver, Eggers, Sarah L., Engel, Anja, Flores, Hauke, Fransson, Agneta, Frickenhaus, Stephan, Gardner, Jessie, Gelfman, Cecilia E., Granskog, Mats A., Graeve, Martin, Havermans, Charlotte, Heuzé, Céline, Hildebrandt, Nicole, Hill, Thomas C. J., Hoppema, Mario, Immerz, Antonia, Jin, Haiyan, Koch, Boris P., Kong, Xianyu, Kraberg, Alexandra, Lan, Musheng, Lange, Benjamin A., Larsen, Aud, Lebreton, Benoit, Leu, Eva, Loose, Brice, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Mavis, Camille, Metfies, Katja, Mock, Thomas, Müller, Oliver, Nicolaus, Marcel, Niehoff, Barbara, Nomura, Daiki, Nöthig, Eva-Maria, Oggier, Marc, Oldenburg, Ellen, Olsen, Lasse Mork, Peeken, Ilka, Perovich, Donald K., Popa, Ovidiu, Rabe, Benjamin, Ren, Jian, Rex, Markus, Rinke, Annette, Rokitta, Sebastian, Rost, Björn, Sakinan, Serdar, Salganik, Evgenii, Schaafsma, Fokje L., Schäfer, Hendrik, Schmidt, Katrin, Shoemaker, Katyanne M., Shupe, Matthew D., Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, Pauline, Stefels, Jacqueline, Svenson, Anders, Tao, Ran, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, Torstensson, Anders, Toseland, Andrew, Ulfsbo, Adam, Van Leeuwe, Maria A., Vortkamp, Martina, Webb, Alison L., Zhuang, Yanpei, Gradinger, Rolf R., Fong, Allison A., Hoppe, Clara J. M., Aberle, Nicole, Ashjian, Carin J., Assmy, Philipp, Bai, Youcheng, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Balmonte, John P., Barry, Kevin R., Bertilsson, Stefan, Boulton, William, Bowman, Jeff, Bozzato, Deborah, Bratbak, Gunnar, Buck, Moritz, Campbell, Robert G., Castellani, Giulia, Chamberlain, Emelia J., Chen, Jianfang, Chierici, Melissa, Cornils, Astrid, Creamean, Jessie M., Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Droste, Elise S., Ebenhöh, Oliver, Eggers, Sarah L., Engel, Anja, Flores, Hauke, Fransson, Agneta, Frickenhaus, Stephan, Gardner, Jessie, Gelfman, Cecilia E., Granskog, Mats A., Graeve, Martin, Havermans, Charlotte, Heuzé, Céline, Hildebrandt, Nicole, Hill, Thomas C. J., Hoppema, Mario, Immerz, Antonia, Jin, Haiyan, Koch, Boris P., Kong, Xianyu, Kraberg, Alexandra, Lan, Musheng, Lange, Benjamin A., Larsen, Aud, Lebreton, Benoit, Leu, Eva, Loose, Brice, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Mavis, Camille, Metfies, Katja, Mock, Thomas, Müller, Oliver, Nicolaus, Marcel, Niehoff, Barbara, Nomura, Daiki, Nöthig, Eva-Maria, Oggier, Marc, Oldenburg, Ellen, Olsen, Lasse Mork, Peeken, Ilka, Perovich, Donald K., Popa, Ovidiu, Rabe, Benjamin, Ren, Jian, Rex, Markus, Rinke, Annette, Rokitta, Sebastian, Rost, Björn, Sakinan, Serdar, Salganik, Evgenii, Schaafsma, Fokje L., Schäfer, Hendrik, Schmidt, Katrin, Shoemaker, Katyanne M., Shupe, Matthew D., Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, Pauline, Stefels, Jacqueline, Svenson, Anders, Tao, Ran, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, Torstensson, Anders, Toseland, Andrew, Ulfsbo, Adam, Van Leeuwe, Maria A., Vortkamp, Martina, Webb, Alison L., Zhuang, Yanpei, and Gradinger, Rolf R.

Abstract

The international and interdisciplinary sea-ice drift expedition “The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate” (MOSAiC) was conducted from October 2019 to September 2020. The aim of MOSAiC was to study the interconnected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics and processes from the atmosphere to the deep sea of the central Arctic system. The ecosystem team addressed current knowledge gaps and explored unknown biological properties over a complete seasonal cycle focusing on three major research areas: biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles, and linkages to the environment. In addition to the measurements of core properties along a complete seasonal cycle, dedicated projects covered specific processes and habitats, or organisms on higher taxonomic or temporal resolution in specific time windows. A wide range of sampling instruments and approaches, including sea-ice coring, lead sampling with pumps, rosette-based water sampling, plankton nets, remotely operated vehicles, and acoustic buoys, was applied to address the science objectives. Further, a broad range of process-related measurements to address, for example, productivity patterns, seasonal migrations, and diversity shifts, were made both in situ and onboard RV Polarstern. This article provides a detailed overview of the sampling approaches used to address the three main science objectives. It highlights the core sampling program and provides examples of habitat- or process-specific sampling. The initial results presented include high biological activities in wintertime and the discovery of biological hotspots in underexplored habitats. The unique interconnectivity of the coordinated sampling efforts also revealed insights into cross-disciplinary interactions like the impact of biota on Arctic cloud formation. This overview further presents both lessons learned from conducting such a demanding field campaign and an outlook on spin-off projects to be conducted over the next

Published
2024
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20. Potential Contributions of Ammonia‐Oxidizing Microorganisms to the Distributions of Nitrous Oxide in the Northern Bering Sea.

Author

Liu, Jian, Chen, Liqi, Ling, Minghuang, Zhuang, Yanpei, Zhang, Jiexia, Ye, Wangwang, Bai, Youcheng, Wen, Jianwen, Wu, Man, and Zhan, Liyang

Subjects
AMMONIA-oxidizing bacteria, NITROUS oxide, AMMONIA-oxidizing archaebacteria, NITROGEN cycle, OZONE layer depletion, ARCTIC exploration, DENITRIFYING bacteria, ATMOSPHERIC ozone
Abstract

Oceanic N2O is a major source of atmospheric N2O gas and is involved in global warming and ozone depletion. It is thought to be mainly produced by nitrification, denitrification and nitrifier denitrification processes mediated by ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria, ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and denitrifying bacteria. The Bering Sea, especially its continental shelf area, is considered a typical source of atmospheric N2O. During the 7th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE2016), the distributions of N2O and ammonia‐oxidizing microorganisms (AOOs) in the Bering Sea continental shelf and abyssal basin water were investigated. At a depth of 50∼900 m within the abyssal basin, the in‐situ ammonia oxidation process, particularly performed by AOA, exhibits considerable potential for the formation of supersaturated N2O. Meanwhile, beneath the oxygen minimum zone (depth range is approximately 800∼1,000 m), supersaturated N2O is primarily driven by mixing processes, while the ammonia oxidation mediated by AOA also contributes to a certain extent. In addition, the N2O distribution characteristic exhibits a substantial disparity between the southern and northern Bering Sea shelves, with the former characterized as a mild sink and the latter as a weak source. The water column of the Bering Sea demonstrates a considerable potential for generating supersaturated N2O through ammonia oxidation, as corroborated by the current study. Plain Language Summary: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important trace greenhouse gas that also acts as an ozone destroyer. The ocean is one of the main sources of N2O to the atmosphere. As a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean with high productivity, the distribution mechanism of N2O is very complex affected by water masses mixing and intricate biogeochemical cycle processes. And the N2O flux of Bering Sea has distinct spatio‐temporal variability. In this study, by incorporating previous research conclusions on the nitrogen cycle, we investigate the distribution mechanism of N2O and functional genes of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms in the Bering Sea to elucidate the potential contribution of individual nitrogen cycle processes to N2O supersaturation and which kinds of ammonia oxidation microorganisms are involved in this contribution, thus illustrating the distribution mechanisms of N2O in the northern Bering Sea. The flux of Bering Sea in summer was estimated based on the distribution mechanism of N2O. This findings were helpful to understand the mechanism of N2O metabolism in the Bering Sea and improve the accuracy of Marine N2O flux estimation. Key Points: The source‒sink characteristics of N2O in Bering Sea express obvious spatial and temporal variabilityAmmonia oxidation could potentially play a crucial role in the formation of N2O in the deep waters of the Bering Abyssal BasinThe distribution mechanisms of N2O in the southern and northern shelves of the Bering Sea exhibit distinct characteristic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Latitudinal distribution of biomarkers across the western Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea: an approach to assess sympagic and pelagic algal production.

Author

Bai, Youcheng, Sicre, Marie-Alexandrine, Ren, Jian, Klein, Vincent, Jin, Haiyan, and Jianfang Chen

Subjects
TUNDRAS, SEA ice, BIOMARKERS, CARBON cycle, PARTICULATE matter, GLOBAL warming, OCEAN
Abstract

The drastic decline of Arctic sea ice due to global warming and polar amplification of environmental changes in the Arctic basin profoundly alter primary production with consequences for polar ecosystems and the carbon cycle. In this study, we use highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs), brassicasterol, dinosterol and terrestrial biomarkers (n-alkanes and campesterol) in surface sediments to assess sympagic and pelagic algal production with changing sea ice conditions along a latitudinal transect from the Bering Sea to the high latitudes of the western Arctic Ocean. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) was also collected in surface waters at several stations of the Chukchi basin to provide snapshots of phytoplankton communities under various sea ice conditions for comparison with underlying surface sediments. Our results show that sympagic production (IP25 and HBI-II) increased northward between 62°N and 73°N, with maximum values at the sea ice edge in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) between 70°N and 73°N in southeastern Chukchi Sea and along the coast of Alaska. They were consistently low at northern high latitudes (>73°N) under perennial sea ice and in the Ice-Free Zone (IFZ) of the Bering Sea. Enhanced pelagic sterols and HBI-III occurred in the IFZ across the Bering Sea and in southeastern Chukchi Sea up to 70°N-73°N in the MIZ conditions that marks a shift of sympagic over pelagic production. In surface water SPM, pelagic sterols display similar patterns as Chl a, increasing southwards with higher amounts found in the Chukchi shelf pointing out the dominance of diatom production. Higher cholesterol values were found in the mid-Chukchi Sea shelf where phytosterols were also abundant. This compound prevailed over phytosterols in sediments, compared to SPM, reflecting efficient consumption of algal material in the water column by herbivorous zooplankton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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24. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical oceanography

Author

Rabe, Benjamin, Heuzé, Céline, Regnery, Julia, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Allerholt, Jacob, Athanase, Marylou, Bai, Youcheng, Basque, Chris, Bauch, Dorothea, Baumann, Till M., Chen, Dake, Cole, Sylvia T., Craw, Lisa, Davies, Andrew, Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Doglioni, Francesca, Ebert, Falk, Fang, Ying-Chih, Fer, Ilker, Fong, Allison A., Gradinger, Rolf, Granskog, Mats A., Graupner, Rainer, Haas, Christian, He, Hailun, He, Yan, Hoppmann, Mario, Janout, Markus, Kadko, David, Kanzow, Torsten, Karam, Salar, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Koenig, Zoe, Kong, Bin, Krishfield, Richard A., Krumpen, Thomas, Kuhlmey, David, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Lan, Musheng, Laukert, Georgi, Lei, Ruibo, Li, Tao, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, Lin, Lina, Lin, Long, Liu, Hailong, Liu, Na, Loose, Brice, Ma, Xiaobing, McKay, Rosalie, Mallet, Maria, Mallett, Robbie D. C., Maslowski, Wieslaw, Mertens, Christian, Mohrholz, Volker, Muilwijk, Morven, Nicolaus, Marcel, O’Brien, Jeffrey K., Perovich, Donald, Ren, Jian, Rex, Markus, Ribeiro, Natalia, Rinke, Annette, Schaffer, Janin, Schuffenhauer, Ingo, Schulz, Kirstin, Shupe, Matthew D., Shaw, William, Sokolov, Vladimir, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stanton, Timothy, Stephens, Mark, Su, Jie, Sukhikh, Natalia, Sundfjord, Arild, Thomisch, Karolin, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Toole, John M., Vredenborg, Myriel, Walter, Maren, Wang, Hangzhou, Wang, Lei, Wang, Yuntao, Wendisch, Manfred, Zhao, Jinping, Zhou, Meng, Zhu, Jialiang, Rabe, Benjamin, Heuzé, Céline, Regnery, Julia, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Allerholt, Jacob, Athanase, Marylou, Bai, Youcheng, Basque, Chris, Bauch, Dorothea, Baumann, Till M., Chen, Dake, Cole, Sylvia T., Craw, Lisa, Davies, Andrew, Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Doglioni, Francesca, Ebert, Falk, Fang, Ying-Chih, Fer, Ilker, Fong, Allison A., Gradinger, Rolf, Granskog, Mats A., Graupner, Rainer, Haas, Christian, He, Hailun, He, Yan, Hoppmann, Mario, Janout, Markus, Kadko, David, Kanzow, Torsten, Karam, Salar, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Koenig, Zoe, Kong, Bin, Krishfield, Richard A., Krumpen, Thomas, Kuhlmey, David, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Lan, Musheng, Laukert, Georgi, Lei, Ruibo, Li, Tao, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, Lin, Lina, Lin, Long, Liu, Hailong, Liu, Na, Loose, Brice, Ma, Xiaobing, McKay, Rosalie, Mallet, Maria, Mallett, Robbie D. C., Maslowski, Wieslaw, Mertens, Christian, Mohrholz, Volker, Muilwijk, Morven, Nicolaus, Marcel, O’Brien, Jeffrey K., Perovich, Donald, Ren, Jian, Rex, Markus, Ribeiro, Natalia, Rinke, Annette, Schaffer, Janin, Schuffenhauer, Ingo, Schulz, Kirstin, Shupe, Matthew D., Shaw, William, Sokolov, Vladimir, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stanton, Timothy, Stephens, Mark, Su, Jie, Sukhikh, Natalia, Sundfjord, Arild, Thomisch, Karolin, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Toole, John M., Vredenborg, Myriel, Walter, Maren, Wang, Hangzhou, Wang, Lei, Wang, Yuntao, Wendisch, Manfred, Zhao, Jinping, Zhou, Meng, and Zhu, Jialiang

Abstract

Arctic Ocean properties and processes are highly relevant to the regional and global coupled climate system, yet still scarcely observed, especially in winter. Team OCEAN conducted a full year of physical oceanography observations as part of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), a drift with the Arctic sea ice from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the program to characterize the Arctic Ocean system in unprecedented detail, from the seafloor to the air-sea ice-ocean interface, from sub-mesoscales to pan-Arctic. The oceanographic measurements were coordinated with the other teams to explore the ocean physics and linkages to the climate and ecosystem. This paper introduces the major components of the physical oceanography program and complements the other team overviews of the MOSAiC observational program. Team OCEAN’s sampling strategy was designed around hydrographic ship-, ice- and autonomous platform-based measurements to improve the understanding of regional circulation and mixing processes. Measurements were carried out both routinely, with a regular schedule, and in response to storms or opening leads. Here we present alongdrift time series of hydrographic properties, allowing insights into the seasonal and regional evolution of the water column from winter in the Laptev Sea to early summer in Fram Strait: freshening of the surface, deepening of the mixed layer, increase in temperature and salinity of the Atlantic Water. We also highlight the presence of Canada Basin deep water intrusions and a surface meltwater layer in leads. MOSAiC most likely was the most comprehensive program ever conducted over the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. While data analysis and interpretation are ongoing, the acquired datasets will support a wide range of physical oceanography and multi-disciplinary research. They will provide a significant foundation for assessing and advancing modeling cap

Published
2022

27. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical oceanography

Author

Rabe, Benjamin, primary, Heuzé, Céline, additional, Regnery, Julia, additional, Aksenov, Yevgeny, additional, Allerholt, Jacob, additional, Athanase, Marylou, additional, Bai, Youcheng, additional, Basque, Chris, additional, Bauch, Dorothea, additional, Baumann, Till M., additional, Chen, Dake, additional, Cole, Sylvia T., additional, Craw, Lisa, additional, Davies, Andrew, additional, Damm, Ellen, additional, Dethloff, Klaus, additional, Divine, Dmitry V., additional, Doglioni, Francesca, additional, Ebert, Falk, additional, Fang, Ying-Chih, additional, Fer, Ilker, additional, Fong, Allison A., additional, Gradinger, Rolf, additional, Granskog, Mats A., additional, Graupner, Rainer, additional, Haas, Christian, additional, He, Hailun, additional, He, Yan, additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Janout, Markus, additional, Kadko, David, additional, Kanzow, Torsten, additional, Karam, Salar, additional, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, additional, Koenig, Zoe, additional, Kong, Bin, additional, Krishfield, Richard A., additional, Krumpen, Thomas, additional, Kuhlmey, David, additional, Kuznetsov, Ivan, additional, Lan, Musheng, additional, Laukert, Georgi, additional, Lei, Ruibo, additional, Li, Tao, additional, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, additional, Lin, Lina, additional, Lin, Long, additional, Liu, Hailong, additional, Liu, Na, additional, Loose, Brice, additional, Ma, Xiaobing, additional, McKay, Rosalie, additional, Mallet, Maria, additional, Mallett, Robbie D. C., additional, Maslowski, Wieslaw, additional, Mertens, Christian, additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, Muilwijk, Morven, additional, Nicolaus, Marcel, additional, O’Brien, Jeffrey K., additional, Perovich, Donald, additional, Ren, Jian, additional, Rex, Markus, additional, Ribeiro, Natalia, additional, Rinke, Annette, additional, Schaffer, Janin, additional, Schuffenhauer, Ingo, additional, Schulz, Kirstin, additional, Shupe, Matthew D., additional, Shaw, William, additional, Sokolov, Vladimir, additional, Sommerfeld, Anja, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Stanton, Timothy, additional, Stephens, Mark, additional, Su, Jie, additional, Sukhikh, Natalia, additional, Sundfjord, Arild, additional, Thomisch, Karolin, additional, Tippenhauer, Sandra, additional, Toole, John M., additional, Vredenborg, Myriel, additional, Walter, Maren, additional, Wang, Hangzhou, additional, Wang, Lei, additional, Wang, Yuntao, additional, Wendisch, Manfred, additional, Zhao, Jinping, additional, Zhou, Meng, additional, and Zhu, Jialiang, additional

Published
2022
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31. Holocene organic geochemical record from the Western Indus continental shelf (northern Arabian Sea)

Author

Kahkashan, Sanober, primary, Chen, Jianfang, additional, Wang, Xinhong, additional, Clift, Peter D, additional, Jalali, Bassem, additional, Inam, Asif, additional, Saleem, Monawwar, additional, Aftab, Javed, additional, Ji, Zhongqiang, additional, Bai, Youcheng, additional, Li, Zhongqiao, additional, Haiyan, Jin, additional, Li, Hongliang, additional, and Ran, Lihua, additional

Published
2020
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32. Concentration, distribution and sources of perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments of the northern Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and adjacent Arctic Ocean

Author

Kahkashan, Sanober, primary, Wang, Xinhong, additional, Chen, Jianfang, additional, Bai, Youcheng, additional, Ya, Miaolei, additional, Wu, Yuling, additional, Cai, Yizhi, additional, Wang, Siquan, additional, Saleem, Monawwar, additional, Aftab, Javed, additional, and Inam, Asif, additional

Published
2019
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