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Background: Post-stroke depression is among the most common neuropsychiatric complications in stroke survivors. Post-stroke depression is commonly under-recognized and under-treated. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of post-stroke depression among patients on follow-up at medical referral clinics of Bahir Dar City public specialized hospitals. Method: An institutional-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2023 on 394 patients. Public Health Questionnaire-9 was used to diagnose depression. Data was checked for cleanness manually and then exported to SPSS version 25 software for analysis. A systematic randomized sampling method was used to identify study participants. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of post-stroke depression. A p-value less than 0.05 is considered as significant with a 95% confidence interval. Result: The overall prevalence of post-stroke depression was found to be 42.9%. Employment status (AOR = 0.282, 95% CI: 0.112–0.709 C, P-value = 0.007), depression before stroke (AOR = 3.237, 95% CI: 1.098–9.544, P-value = 0.033), ischemic heart disease (AOR = 4.090, 95% CI: 1.745–9.583, P-value = 0.001) and physical disability (AOR = 4.051 95% CI: 2.239–7.332, P-value = 0.000) were found to be statistically significant independent predictors of post-stroke depression (PSD). Conclusion: The prevalence of post-stroke depression was found to be high relative to other similar studies. Patients with known depression before stroke, ischemic heart disease, and significant physical disability were at a higher risk of developing PSD. Employed patients had less risk of developing PSD. Sufficient and comprehensive evaluation of stroke patients for depression is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Post-stroke depression is among the most common neuropsychiatric complications in stroke survivors. Post-stroke depression is commonly under-recognized and under-treated. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of post-stroke depression among patients on follow-up at medical referral clinics of Bahir Dar City public specialized hospitals. Method An institutional-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2023 on 394 patients. Public Health Questionnaire-9 was used to diagnose depression. Data was checked for cleanness manually and then exported to SPSS version 25 software for analysis. A systematic randomized sampling method was used to identify study participants. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of post-stroke depression. A p-value less than 0.05 is considered as significant with a 95% confidence interval. Result The overall prevalence of post-stroke depression was found to be 42.9%. Employment status (AOR = 0.282, 95% CI: 0.112–0.709 C, P-value = 0.007), depression before stroke (AOR = 3.237, 95% CI: 1.098–9.544, P-value = 0.033), ischemic heart disease (AOR = 4.090, 95% CI: 1.745–9.583, P-value = 0.001) and physical disability (AOR = 4.051 95% CI: 2.239–7.332, P-value = 0.000) were found to be statistically significant independent predictors of post-stroke depression (PSD). Conclusion The prevalence of post-stroke depression was found to be high relative to other similar studies. Patients with known depression before stroke, ischemic heart disease, and significant physical disability were at a higher risk of developing PSD. Employed patients had less risk of developing PSD. Sufficient and comprehensive evaluation of stroke patients for depression is recommended.

Abstract Neurocognitive disorders are mental health conditions that are caused by medical illnesses and can lead to several acquired cognitive deficits, which represent a decline from a previously attained level of functioning. The principal domains of cognitive functions include complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual–motor function, and social cognition. Studies have shown that people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at a heightened risk of experiencing cognitive challenges across multiple domains. Given that, a substantial number of people live in Amhara region, assessing cognitive domains to estimate the current magnitude and factors associated with neurocognitive disorders among HIV/AIDS patients is crucial. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 569 participants adults living with HIV attending the city’s selected health facilities from March 20 to April 30, 2023. A multistage sampling technique was used. The International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) was used to measure the outcome of interest. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and document review. The data were analyzed using STATA version 14. Multiple binary logistic regressions were used as the final model. A total of 501 individuals, with a response rate of 88.04% participated in the study. The overall proportion of HIV patients with neurocognitive impairment was 54.7% (95% CI 50.62–58.77). Factors associated with the neurocognitive impairment were: being widowed AOR = 3.05 (95% CI 1.47–6.31), divorced AOR = 1.95 (1.16–3.28), rural residence AOR = 2.28 (95% CI 1.02–5.09), CD4 count below 500 cells/dl AOR = 1.61 (95% CI 1.03–2.50), history of opportunistic infection AOR = 2.21 (95% CI 1.42–3.41), being in first-line drug regimen AOR = 2.92 (95% CI 1.22–7.00), being in a first-line regimen with Efavirenz AOR = 4.36 (95% CI 1.07–17.73), and impairment in daily living AOR = 2.64 (95% CI 1.39–4.99). In this study, the proportion of neurocognitive impairment was greater than that in most previous studies conducted in Ethiopia. The factors associated with the disorder were: being widowed or divorced, living in a rural area, having low CD4, having a history of opportunistic infection, receiving a first-line drug regimen, receiving efavirenz-containing drugs, and having impaired daily living. Hence, routine neuropsychological screenings should be integrated into comprehensive ART care by the regional health bureau and implemented by hospitals and health centers.

Neurocognitive disorders are mental health conditions that are caused by medical illnesses and can lead to several acquired cognitive deficits, which represent a decline from a previously attained level of functioning. The principal domains of cognitive functions include complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual–motor function, and social cognition. Studies have shown that people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at a heightened risk of experiencing cognitive challenges across multiple domains. Given that, a substantial number of people live in Amhara region, assessing cognitive domains to estimate the current magnitude and factors associated with neurocognitive disorders among HIV/AIDS patients is crucial. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 569 participants adults living with HIV attending the city's selected health facilities from March 20 to April 30, 2023. A multistage sampling technique was used. The International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) was used to measure the outcome of interest. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and document review. The data were analyzed using STATA version 14. Multiple binary logistic regressions were used as the final model. A total of 501 individuals, with a response rate of 88.04% participated in the study. The overall proportion of HIV patients with neurocognitive impairment was 54.7% (95% CI 50.62–58.77). Factors associated with the neurocognitive impairment were: being widowed AOR = 3.05 (95% CI 1.47–6.31), divorced AOR = 1.95 (1.16–3.28), rural residence AOR = 2.28 (95% CI 1.02–5.09), CD4 count below 500 cells/dl AOR = 1.61 (95% CI 1.03–2.50), history of opportunistic infection AOR = 2.21 (95% CI 1.42–3.41), being in first-line drug regimen AOR = 2.92 (95% CI 1.22–7.00), being in a first-line regimen with Efavirenz AOR = 4.36 (95% CI 1.07–17.73), and impairment in daily living AOR = 2.64 (95% CI 1.39–4.99). In this study, the proportion of neurocognitive impairment was greater than that in most previous studies conducted in Ethiopia. The factors associated with the disorder were: being widowed or divorced, living in a rural area, having low CD4, having a history of opportunistic infection, receiving a first-line drug regimen, receiving efavirenz-containing drugs, and having impaired daily living. Hence, routine neuropsychological screenings should be integrated into comprehensive ART care by the regional health bureau and implemented by hospitals and health centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Long-acting reversible contraceptive discontinuation is the removal before completion of the intended lifespan of the method. Despite the improvement in utilization, discontinuation is becoming high. There is no study conducted on discontinuation and associated factors of long-acting reversible contraceptives in Bahir Dar City. The aim of this study was to assess the proportion and associated factors of discontinuation of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives among women in health facilities of Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A health facility-based cross-sectional design was conducted on 415 respondents from April 1 to May 30, 2021. A total of 11 health facilities were included and all reproductive age women who were using Long-acting reversible contraceptives came to the selected health facilities for any issue concerning the method before completion of life span of the method were included in this study. Data were collected through face-to-face interview questionnaires using a systematic random sampling method. Epi Data version 3.1 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used, and a P value less than 0.05 was considered a statistically significant factor for discontinuation. RESULTS: The overall proportion of discontinuation of long-acting reversible contraceptives was 66.3% (95% CI: 61.42-69.13). No formal education (AOR=0.49; 95% CI: 0.30-0.82, P: 0.021), primary education (AOR=0.39; 95% CI: 0.18-0.81, P:0.012), wish to pregnancy (AOR=2.57; 95% CI: 1.64 to 4.02, P: <0.001), no history of contraceptive use (AOR=2.01; 95% CI: 1.19 to 3.38, P: 0.009), no counselling (AOR=1.68; 95% CI: 1.08-2.62, P: 0.021), and side effects (AOR=1.95; 95% CI: 1.21-3.16, P:0.006) were the factors associated with discontinuation. CONCLUSION: The overall discontinuation of long-acting reversible contraceptives among women was low compared to Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey 2016. Practice pre-insertion counselling, early side effect management, create community awareness about the methods to decrease discontinuation, healthcare providers should perform their duties in line with the standards and quality of Long-acting reversible contraceptive service provision through qualitative research are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liknaw Workie Limenh Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Liknaw Workie Limenh, Email liknawworkie@gmail.comBackground: The availability of various facilities that aid in providing expected services is necessary for the practice of pharmacy, which aims to make the best use of medications and other healthcare products and services. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the availability of dispensing and storage facilities at public and community pharmacies in Bahir Dar and Gondar towns.Methods: In Gondar and Bahir Dar towns’ public and private pharmacies, a facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2023 to September 2023. All pharmacy areas that were open during data collection were included in the study. The frequency and percentage were calculated using descriptive statistics.Results: From 239 pharmacies, 208 (87.0%) of them were open during data collection, and they are included in the study. The water supply and dispensing counter were available in the dispensing area in 79.3% and 60.1% of instances, respectively. They also had adequate room for storage (92.8%), dispensing (92.8%), and receiving (95.7%) of medicines. Additionally, about 98.1% of the facilities had shaded, ventilated, and dry areas. A therapeutic order was the most often used method (59.6%) for medication organization. Merely 1.9% of participants did not employ a strategy to arrange their medications. A refrigerator (88.0%), a refrigerator thermometer (91.3%), a spoon or spatula (81.3%), a separate storage facility (74.5%), a cold room (68.8%), a lockable cabinet (90.9%), a tablet counter (69.2%), and a fire extinguisher (safety device) (88%) were among the various storage equipment the majority of the pharmacies in the survey had. Nonetheless, air conditioning was absent from the majority (53.4%) of pharmacy facilities.Conclusion: Few pharmacies need to make improvements to their facilities in order to encourage convenient drug storage and dispensing practices, even though the majority of the pharmacies surveyed had all the necessary equipment and infrastructure. In addition to initiating the pharmacies to provide good practices of dispensing and storage, facility-focused initiation and regulation should be obtained to ensure full availability of the facilities.Keywords: availability, Bahir Dar, dispensing, facilities, Gondar, pharmacies, storage

A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to March 2023 to estimate the prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis and associated risk factors in Bahir Dar town, northwest Ethiopia. A total of 298 cattle were selected randomly, and subsequent fecal samples were obtained for coprological examination. Schistosoma eggs were examined using sedimentation technique. A logistic regression model was employed to assess the association between risk factors and prevalence of schistosomiasis. Of the total of 298 fecal samples examined, 63 (21.1%) were found positive for Schistosoma bovis eggs. In the study, sex, breed, and management system were not significantly associated (p > 0.05) with the occurrence of bovine schistosomiasis. On the contrary, prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis showed significant variability (p < 0.05) amongst the different age and body condition groups. The study disclosed a significantly higher risk of bovine schistosomiasis in old cattle (AOR= 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4 - 7.0) and cattle with poor body condition (AOR=3.9; 95% CI: 1.5 - 10.2). The findings indicated a higher prevalence of Schistosoma bovis infection among older cattle and those with poor body condition. Therefore, it is recommended that husbandry-related risk factors be incorporated into disease control and prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Fish is a possible source of foodborne infections with Salmonella and Escherichia coli. This study was conducted to identify Salmonella and E. coli along the fish value chain in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. Methods A cross‐sectional study was undertaken with purposive sampling. A total of 121 specimens comprising fresh fish, retailing fish, filleted and cooked fish, swabs, and water samples were collected. Both culture based and molecular methods were used for detection. Results E. coli isolated from 41 (33.88%) and Salmonella from 6 (4.96%) specimen. The highest E. coli isolation rate was from retailing fish 16 (80%), whereas the highest Salmonella isolation rate from filleted tissue 2 (20%). At restaurants, 12 (30%) samples were positive for E. coli and 3 (7.50%) for Salmonella. All 41 E. coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate, whereas no resistance was shown for gentamicin and amikacin. Two thirds of Salmonella isolate and 95.12% of E. coli were detected as they develop multidrug resistance. The highest rate of resistance was recorded for ceftazidime against all (n = 6) isolates of Salmonella species. From a total of 10 E. coli isolates tested by PCR, 4 were positive for hemolysin A1 and/or eae virulence genes. Conclusions The study detects the potential biological hazards along the value chain. Hygiene of fish handlers and their working environment and proper fish cooking are highly valuable. One health campaign should be carried out on drug resistance, contamination of the lake, and fish safety.

Bahir Dar, a city in Ethiopia, is grappling with the challenges of rapid urbanization, which has made affordable housing a critical issue for its growing population. This study specifically focuses on the urban land acquisition process for cooperative housing schemes, which serve as an essential component of Bahir Dar’s affordable housing program. This atudy aimed to examine the current practices, identify the challenges faced by housing cooperatives during land acquisition and construction, and propose strategies for improvement. The primary data for this research were collected through interviews with key informants from the Bahir Dar City administration’s land management, cooperative organizer office, housing development and management office, and housing cooperative committees. Additionally, three focus group discussion (FGD) sessions were conducted, involving 21 participants from cooperative members who had acquired residential land and from those who were waiting for allocation, including both female- and male-headed households. These discussions explored their views on the effectiveness of the cooperative housing scheme, the challenges encountered during cooperation and construction, and their recommendations for enhancement. Secondary data were also gathered through a comprehensive review of policies, regulations, research articles, reports, and relevant legal documents. The study revealed that, out of the 35,512 certified housing cooperative members since 2014, only 31,596 of them had received residential land plots. However, a relatively small fraction, i.e., less than 7,000 cooperative members, managed to partially or fully construct their homes. This indicates that the scheme has not fully achieved its intended goal and remains unaffordable for many members. The main challenges faced by cooperative members include lengthy delays in obtaining serviced land, high construction costs, and unrealistic building standards for cooperative housing units. In light of these findings, it is recommended that the Amhara National Regional State revise its housing cooperative policy to become affordable for cooperative housing members, particularly in terms of land acquisition costs and building standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: sexual violence is currently a serious public health problem affecting women's health. Globally, 1 in 3 women faces sexual violence in their lifetime. Female industry workers are at an increased risk of sexual violence. Assessing the magnitude and factors associated with sexual violence among female industrial workers is important for interventions. The objective was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with sexual violence among female large-scale industries workers in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2021. Methods: institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 807 female industry workers from September to October 2021. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling. The data were collected by a structured questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were done by Epi data v.3.1 and SPSS v.23, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors. Adjusted odds ratios were computed at 95%CI. A P-value below 0.05 was used to declare association. Results: the prevalence of sexual violence were 59.4% (95% CI; 56.0%-62.6%). The significantly associated factors include; age less than twenty-five (AOR=4.01, 95%CI; 2.81, 10.83), never-married women (AOR=3.07, 95%CI; 1.11, 8.46), being secondary education (AOR=2.65, 95%CI; 1.51, 4.66), being contract employee (AOR=4.65, 95%CI; 1.92, 11.22), drinking alcohol (AOR=3.01, 95%CI; 1.49, 6.09), and night work shift (AOR=9.01, 95%CI; 4.53, 17.93). Conclusion: high rate (59.4%) of sexual violence was reported. Age, marital status, educational status, contract type of work agreement, drinking alcohol, and working night work shift were risk factors. Hence, emphasis on creating safe working environment & transportation, education on reproductive rights and reporting of sexual violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian study in the southern Gulf of Lake Tana, Ethiopia, was conducted from June 2018 to April 2019 during the wet and dry seasons to explore species composition, relative abundance, and habitat association of birds. The study area was classified based on its vegetation cover and composition and thus three habitat types namely, swampy, open wetlands, and forest habitats were identified for data collection. The point count method was used to gather information about the diversity and abundance of birds. A total of 131 avian species belonging to 15 orders and 53 families were identified. The avian species recorded in the study area showed 122 and 108 species during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Black-winged love birds (Agaporinis taranta) and the Abyssinian oriole (Oriolus monachal) were endemic avian species to both Ethiopia and Eritrea recorded in the area. Moreover, two resident species; the African sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) and the black kite (Milves migrans), and two Palearctic migrants; common house martin (Delichon urbicum) and yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava) were also identified in the area. The highest avian diversity was recorded in the open wetland habitat (H'=3.96), while the lowest was in the swampy habitat which is located all the way adjacent to the southern Gulf of Lake Tana (H'=3.22). The abundance score showed that 54.8% of the avian species were uncommon and there is a significant difference in the abundance of birds between the wet and dry seasons (p<0.05). Anthropogenic activities and urbanization are the main threats to birds in the area. Therefore, appropriate management actions should be designed and implemented to ensure the conservation of birds in the southern Gulf of Lake Tana and its surrounding habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illnesses associated with consuming infected milk and milk products are a widespread problem in low and middle-income countries. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a bacterium commonly found in raw milk and causes foodborne diseases ranging from mild diarrhea to severe hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the virulence gene and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains isolated from raw milk in dairy farms in and around Bahir Dar town. Raw milk samples (n = 128) collected from December 2021 to July 2022 were cultured, and E. coli strains were isolated using standard methods. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains were identified genotypically by the presence of the virulence markers using a single-plex polymerase chain reaction. The antibiotic susceptibility testing of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli isolates was done by the agar disk diffusion method. In total, 32 E. coli isolates were recovered from milk samples from lactating animals. PCR screening of these isolates resulted in 19 (59.3%) positives for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. The stx2 gene was detected in 53% of cases, followed by stx1 (31%) and eae (16%. The STEC isolates were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin (94.7%) and kanamycin (89.5%), while exhibiting significant resistance to amoxicillin (89.5%) and streptomycin (73.7%). The present study points out the occurrence of virulent and antibiotic-resistant Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains in raw milk that could pose a potential risk to public health. Further analysis by whole genome sequencing is necessary for an in-depth assessment and understanding of their virulence and resistance factors. Moreover, large-scale studies are needed to identify the prevalence and potential risk factors and to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant STEC strains in the milk production chain.

Abstract Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis is the use of antiretroviral medications by HIV-negative individuals to prevent infection before exposure. Ethiopia has made progress in reducing new HIV infections, but the burden remains high with ongoing challenges in prevention uptake. This study examined the utilization and factors associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis among female sex workers. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Bahir Dar city administration among female sexual workers in 2022. The results were collected using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire. Epi data for data entry and social package for social science for analysis were used. Result Overall, 15.9% (CI: 12.0-21.1) of female sexual workers received pre-exposure prophylaxis. Parents’ living condition (only father alive [AOR = 0.23, 95% CI, 0.02–0.64], only mother alive [AOR = 0.31, 95% CI, 0.02–0.74]), marital status being single (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI, 0.06–0.94), having history of STI (AOR = 2.82, 95% CI, 1.60–4.77) were associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake. Conclusion This study showed low pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake. The study identified a history of sexually transmitted infections, marital status, and parent living conditions as significant factors. To increase pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake and reduce HIV incidence, an awareness campaign, tailored support, targeted interventions, and addressing concerns of high-risk groups are needed.

Gebeyaw Geremew,1 Fentie Ambaw,2 Eyob Ketema Bogale,2 Zeamanuel Anteneh Yigzaw2 1Department of Nursing, Tibebe Ghion Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Zeamanuel Anteneh Yigzaw, (B.Sc., B.Th., B.A., MPH), Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box: 79 (Bahir Dar University Ethiopia), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Tel +251918166551, Fax +251(8)202025, Email zeamanuel19@gmail.comBackground: Globally, hypertension affects 1.4 billion adults, accounting for 31% of the world population. The prevention and control of hypertension is not addressed only by pharmacological management. Even though the prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension and its complications is increasing every day, Adherence to lifestyle modification practice among diagnosed hypertensive individuals is low for a number of reasons. The study aims to assess adherence to lifestyle modification practices and associated factors among hypertensive patients at Bahir Dar city hospitals, in North West Ethiopia.Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted at Bahir Dar city from October 30 to November 30, 2022. A stratified sampling technique was used. For the data quality pre-test was done, the questionnaire was checked for completion, the assumption of binary logistic regression (VIF 1.8 and no outlier), and model fit using the Hosmer and Lemeshow’s test was checked. Binary logistic and multivariate logistic regression were used to find significant variables after the data were entered into EpiInfo and analyzed using SPSS version 23.Results: The overall adherence to lifestyle modification practices was about 32.4%. From the independent factors, above secondary educational status (AOR = 0.201 95% CI (0.081– 0.499)), good knowledge (AOR = 3.323 95% CI (1.79– 6.168)), good self-efficacy (AOR = 3.553 95% CI (1.91– 6.613)), good social support (AOR = 8.339 95% CI (4.251– 16.357)), and good patient–physician relationship (AOR = 2.424 95% CI (1.309– 4.490)) were statistically significant predictors of adherence to lifestyle modification practices.Conclusion: Only one-third of the participants had adhered to the recommended lifestyle modifications. Educational status, knowledge, self-efficacy, social support, and patient–physician relationships were significant factors. Healthcare organizations should develop programs to raise hypertension patients’ awareness and degree of self-efficacy that aid in adherence to advised lifestyle changes.Keywords: adherence, lifestyle modification, hypertension, Bahir Dar

IntroductionThe double burden of malnutrition refers to the simultaneous presence of under nutrition and overweight, obesity, or diet-related non-communicable diseases which might occur at the population, household, and individual level. The simultaneous presence of overweight/obese mothers with undernourished children in the same household, as well as overweight children with underweight mothers, holds particular significance. This phenomenon primarily impacts low-income and middle-income countries. The prevalence of double-burden malnutrition at the household level has increased significantly in sub-Saharan African countries. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the extent and factors associated with the double burden of malnutrition among mother–child pairs in Ethiopia. Consequently, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of the double burden of malnutrition among mother–child pairs at the household level in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia.MethodIn the year 2021, a community-based cross-sectional study design was employed among 702 mother–child pairs in Bahir Dar City from February 28 to March 23. A multistage sampling technique was used to identify study participants who were interviewed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The nutritional status of children was evaluated using WHO Anthro Software. To determine the strength of the association, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed, and adjusted odds ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals were computed.ResultsThe prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition among mother–child pairs was 14.5% (95% CI: 12.8, 15.7%}. Participants who were in the richest wealth index were 2.72 {AOR = 2.72, 95% CI 2.01, 5.63} times more odds of double burden of malnutrition than the poorest. The odds of the double burden of malnutrition among children who had high dietary diversity decreased by 63% {AOR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.22, 0.61} than low dietary diversity. Food secure households were 1.96 {AOR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.13, 3.39} times more likely to have the double burden of malnutrition than food insecure households. The odds of the double burden of malnutrition among mothers who completed college and above decreased by 74% {AOR = 0.26 95% CI 0.121, 0.549} than those unable to read and write.Conclusions and recommendationThe magnitude of the double burden of malnutrition was lower than the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Wealth index, dietary diversity, food security, and educational status were significantly associated with the double burden of malnutrition. Therefore, it is recommended to implement public health interventions that target the identified associated factors in order to reduce the burden of double malnutrition.

Understanding the drivers of urban growth and spatiotemporal land use change is important for rational land use and sustainable urban development. Based on the land use data, GIS data of explanatory variables, experts' knowledge and field observation, the study used a binary logistic regression model (BLRM) to analyze factors that drive rapid urban growth in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia, using the LOGISTICREG module in IDRISI Selva software. Nine factors were used to reflect the influence of proximity and physical factors on urban growth from 1984 to 2019. This model helped in quantifying and identifying the factors of urban growth, which includes topography (slope, elevation and aspect) and accessibility (Dis. to the main road, Dis. to international airport, Dis. to CBD, Dis. to existing built-up area, Dis. to forest land and Dis. to water body). Furthermore, urban growth probability maps were created based on LRM results, revealing that the biggest urban growth would occur around existing built-up areas along the main roads and near Bahir Dar international airport. The Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) values of 0.85, 0.90 and 0.93 and PCP values of 96.72 %, 98.46 % and 98.51 % indicate the urban growth probability maps are valid and BLRM had an ideal ability to predict urban growth. So, the study highlighted the relation between urban growth and its drivers in Bahir Dar, giving a decision making framework for better land use management and resource allocation.

Introduction: Discontinuation of implants is the removal or switch to other methods before duration completion. Despite the improvement in the utilization of implants, discontinuation is high. There are limited studies conducted on implant discontinuation and factors in Bahir Dar City. This research aimed to evaluate the proportion and explanatory variables of discontinuation of implants among users in health facilities in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. Methods: A health facility-based cross-sectional design was conducted on 415 respondents from April 1 to May 30, 2021. Data were collected through face-to-face interview questionnaires using a systematic random sampling method. Epi Data version 3.1 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences were used for data entry and formal analysis, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used, and a P value less than 0.05 was considered a statistically significant factor for discontinuation. Results: The overall proportion of discontinuation of implants was 55.3 % (95 % CI: 61.42–69.13). In bivariate logistic regression analysis, sociocultural factors like maternal religion and occupation, were factors for discontinuation of implants. After adjusting other variables in multivariate regression analysis, no formal education (AOR = 0.49; 95 % CI: 0.30–0.82), primary education (AOR = 0.39; 95 % CI: 0.18–0.81), wish to become pregnant (AOR = 2.57; 95 % CI: 1.64 to 4.02), no history of contraceptive use (AOR = 2.01; 95 % CI: 1.19 to 3.38), no counselling on benefits (AOR = 1.68; 95 % CI: 1.08–2.62), and side effects (AOR = 1.95; 95 % CI: 1.21–3.16) were the factors associated with discontinuation. Conclusion: The overall discontinuation of implants was low compared to the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey. Education, desire for pregnancy, no history of contraceptives, lack of counselling on benefits, and side effects were factors for discontinuation.

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis is the use of antiretroviral medications by HIV-negative individuals to prevent infection before exposure. Ethiopia has made progress in reducing new HIV infections, but the burden remains high with ongoing challenges in prevention uptake. This study examined the utilization and factors associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis among female sex workers. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Bahir Dar city administration among female sexual workers in 2022. The results were collected using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire. Epi data for data entry and social package for social science for analysis were used. Result: Overall, 15.9% (CI: 12.0-21.1) of female sexual workers received pre-exposure prophylaxis. Parents' living condition (only father alive [AOR = 0.23, 95% CI, 0.02–0.64], only mother alive [AOR = 0.31, 95% CI, 0.02–0.74]), marital status being single (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI, 0.06–0.94), having history of STI (AOR = 2.82, 95% CI, 1.60–4.77) were associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake. Conclusion: This study showed low pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake. The study identified a history of sexually transmitted infections, marital status, and parent living conditions as significant factors. To increase pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake and reduce HIV incidence, an awareness campaign, tailored support, targeted interventions, and addressing concerns of high-risk groups are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant women infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) have a high rate of mother to child transmission and with adverse effects on their children. Recently, pregnant women were screened for HBV infection at a limited urban health facility of Ethiopia. The trend of HBV infection prevalence from year to year is unknown. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the trend in sero-prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women at a Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, over a period of five years (2015 to 2019). Methods: The five year retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2019. A data extraction sheet was used to collect data on the HBV status of pregnant mothers from the Felege Hiwot comprehensive referral hospital's registration book. Results: A total of 7,445 pregnant women were screened for HBV infection resulting in 305 (4.1%) infected women. The mean age of the participants was 25 years with a range of 16 - 42 years old. The highest numbers of participants were in the age group of 25 - 29 years old (2,945; 39.5%) followed by ≥ 30 years old (2,492; 33.5%). The highest prevalence rate of HBV was observed in the age group of ≥ 30 years old (126; 5.1%) followed by 25 - 29 years old (112; 3.8%). Conclusions: Even though the numbers of pregnant women screened for HBV infection is decreasing, the overall trend of HBV infection prevalence increased from 2015 to 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Acute kidney injury is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in critically ill neonates. Although the magnitude of preterm neonates is high and a major risk for acute kidney injury, there is a paucity of information regarding the magnitude and associated factors of acute kidney injury among preterm neonates in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess magnitude and associated factors of acute kidney injury among preterm neonates admitted to public hospitals in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia, 2022. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 423 preterm neonates admitted to public hospitals in Bahir Dar city from May 27 to June 27, 2022. Data were entered into Epi Data Version 4.6.0.2 transferred to Statistical Package and Service Solution version 26 for analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. A binary logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with acute kidney injury. Model fitness was checked through Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test. Variables with a p-value

Alemu Birara Zemariam,1 Firdawek Shenkute Ergetie,2 Tena Mekonnen Mihretie,3 Zenaw Debasu,3 Abebe Tarekegn Kassaw4 1Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; 2Departmet of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar Health Science College, Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 3Departmet of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 4Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Alemu Birara Zemariam, Woldia University, P.O. Box: 400, Woldia, Ethiopia, Tel +251913162327, Email alexb7298@gmail.com; alemu.b@wldu.edu.etIntroduction: The concept of quality in higher education is highly complex, difficult to define, and multi-dimensional and education is a cornerstone of a nation’s development and quality is at the heart of education. Thus, the study aimed to assess the quality of education at Bahir Dar Health Science College, BahirDar, Ethiopia, 2021.Methods: A mixed method approach was employed from May 1- June 30, 2021. Systematic random sampling and purposive sampling methods were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Self-administered questionnaires and in-depth key informant interviews were conducted. The data were analyzed via stata 14 and presented by descriptive frequencies and tables. Thematic analysis was employed for qualitative data.Results: Most instructors 26 (59.1%) are not satisfied with library services and 33 (75%) of them did not conduct a research project or participate in any community services. The findings also stated that the college has made its level best to improve the quality of education via the implementation of continuous assessment, active learning approach, remedial and affirmative action and training. Regarding students, half of them 166 (50.6%) are not comfortable with the college environment. Students were also greatly grouchy the services delivered in the college such as cafeteria, dormitory, student clinic and guidance and counseling.Conclusion: The study found out that there is a relatively low level of satisfaction among both groups and the quality of education is below the acceptable level. Therefore, the college should create an opportunity to engage in national and regional networks to share best practices in quality education and it requires the office to develop the capacity of their services.Keywords: education, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, health science college, mixed methods, quality

Abstract Background Globally, adequate asthma control is not yet achieved. The main cause of uncontrollability is nonadherence to prescribed medications. Objectives The objective of this study is to assess asthmatic patients' non-adherence to anti-asthmatic medications and the predictors associated with non-adherence. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in three governmental hospitals in Bahir Dar city from September 5 to December 12, 2021. The data was collected using the Adherence Starts with Knowledge-12 tool (ASK-12). Systematic random sampling was applied to select study participants. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of non-adherence. All statistical tests were analyzed using STATA version 16. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results A total of 422 asthmatic patients were included in the study. Most of the study participants (55.4%) did not adhere to their prescribed anti-asthmatic medicines. The educational status of the study participants (AOR = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.00–0.05), family history of asthma (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.04–0.21), and disease duration that the patients were living with (AOR = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.00–0.01) were the predictors of non-adherence to anti-asthmatic medications. Conclusions The level of nonadherence to treatment among patients with asthma was high. Religion, educational status of study participants, family history of asthma, and duration of the disease were the predictors of non-adherence of asthmatic patients to their antiasthmatic medications. Therefore, the Ministry of health, health policy makers, clinicians, and other healthcare providers should pay attention to strengthening the adherence level to antiasthmatic medications, and country-based interventions should be developed to reduce the burden of non-adherence to anti-asthmatic medications.

Abstract Introduction Cesarean delivery carries both short term and long-term maternal complications. Eventhough it’s being a public burden, the proportion of complications and underlying risk factors are not studied well in our setup. This study aimed to assess the proportion and associated factors of complications of cesarean sections among mothers who delivered at Bahir Dar city public specialized hospitals, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 2021. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at two specialized Hospitals in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. The sample size was 495 mothers who had cesarean section in the time period from January 1, 2020 to December 30, 2020. Checklist was used to retrieve information from the patient medical document. Study population was selected from the operation registration book. Systematic sampling was used after arranging the study frame based on date of operation. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was done. In multivariable logistic regression variables with p value

Abstract Background Pregnant mothers are a risky population group for COVID-19 and pregnant mothers with COVID-19 are at increased risk of hospitalization, intensive-care unit admission, invasive ventilation support, and maternal mortality. Vaccination is an essential tool in stopping the effect of the pandemic on maternal and child health. However, there are only limited studies in Ethiopia on the intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine among pregnant women. Thus, this study aimed to assess intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine and associated factors among pregnant women in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted among 590 pregnant women from 23 May to 07 July 2022. The study participants were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Interviewer administrative questionnaire with epicollect5 application was used to collect the data. Both bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was performed. Statistical significance was defined at a 95% CI with a p-value

Background and Aims: Pre‐eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy‐related syndrome that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy. The current study was designed to evaluate the determinants of PE in pregnant women following antenatal and delivery services. Methods: An institution‐based case‐control study was performed in governmental hospitals of Bahir Dar city. The data were collected using an interview‐administered questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS version 20 software. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were utilized for the analysis of variables. A p < 0.05 was used to declare the level of significance. Results: In this study, the mean ages (in years) of cases and controls were 28.20 ± 5.66 and 27.52 ± 4.70, respectively. Factors such as: being primiparous (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.19 at 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.71, 5.97), family history of hypertension (HTN) (AOR: 4.14 at 95% CI: 1.71, 10.05), previous history of PE (AOR: 7.97 at 95% CI: 2.42, 26.63), number of antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR: 5.43 at 95% CI: 2.86, 10.33), not taking iron and folic acid supplement (AOR: 4.46 at 95% CI: 1.59, 12.48), body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 (AOR: 3.47 at 95% CI: 1.78, 6.77), not consuming vegetables (AOR: 1.99 at 95% CI: 1.07, 3.69) and not consuming egg, milk and milk products (AOR: 3.00 at 95% CI: 1.47, 6.11) were the determinants of PE. Conclusion: In this study, different determinants of PE were identified. Hence, special attention should be given for primiparous women, women having previous history of PE and family history of HTN. Moreover, nutritional counseling should be given for pregnant women during ANC visits. Besides, higher officials should design an appropriate strategy to increase the number of mothers to complete their ANC visits and to take iron and folic acid supplements. Furthermore, to verify the determinants of PE, community‐based cohort studies are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background A post stroke seizure is a period of neurological dysfunction caused by abnormal neuronal activity. Seizures after a stroke have an impact on patients' lives and increase mortality in stroke patients. It also has a negative impact on the prognosis of stroke. However, there is a scarcity of literature in Ethiopia on the occurrence of post-stroke seizures. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of post-stroke seizure at Felege Hiwot compressive specialized hospital, North West Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based retrospective follow-up study was carried out at Felege Hiwot Compressive Specialized Hospital, North West Ethiopia from July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2021. The records of 568 stroke patients were reviewed using a random sample method. To find predictors of post-stroke seizures, we applied the log-binomial regression model. Result The incidence of post-stroke seizures was 22.18%( 95% CI 18.83%—25.83%). Older age group (ARR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.33–4.69), hemorrhagic stroke (ARR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.25–3.17), surgical intervention (ARR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.22–2.81), and tramadol medication (ARR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.22–2.81) were found to be predictors of post stroke seizure. Conclusion This study revealed that the incidence of post stroke seizure was high and older age, haemorrhagic type of stroke, surgical management, and use of tramadol anti-pain medication are risk factors for post-stroke seizures. Therefore, health care professionals must pay special attention and provide clinical care to patients who have risk factors for post-stroke seizure.

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic causes major morbidity and mortality in the world. Timely behavioral response assessment of the community is important to shape the next effective interventions and risk communication strategies to adopt preventive behavior. Hence, this study aimed to assess behavioral responses for facemask-use messages to prevent COVID-19 and its predictors among residents of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia, 2021 by using the Extended Parallel Process Model. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with the guide of the Extended Parallel Process Model in Bahir Dar city from March 9 to April 9, 2021. A multistage sampling technique was used, and data was collected through a face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire using Epicollect5. Descriptive statistics and Binary logistic regression were computed using SPSS V.25. Variable with P

Background: Acute kidney injury is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in critically ill neonates. Although the magnitude of preterm neonates is high and a major risk for acute kidney injury, there is a paucity of information regarding the magnitude and associated factors of acute kidney injury among preterm neonates in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess magnitude and associated factors of acute kidney injury among preterm neonates admitted to public hospitals in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia, 2022. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 423 preterm neonates admitted to public hospitals in Bahir Dar city from May 27 to June 27, 2022. Data were entered into Epi Data Version 4.6.0.2 transferred to Statistical Package and Service Solution version 26 for analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. A binary logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with acute kidney injury. Model fitness was checked through Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant in the multiple binary logistic regression analysis. Result: Out of 423 eligible, 416 neonatal charts were reviewed with a response rate of 98.3%.This study revealed that the magnitude of acute kidney injury was 18.27% (95% CI = 15–22). Very low birth weight (AOR = 3.26; 95% CI = 1.18–9.05), perinatal asphyxia (AOR = 2.84; 95%CI = 1.55–5.19), dehydration (AOR = 2.30; 95%CI = 1.29–4.09), chest compression (AOR = 3.79; 95%CI = 1.97–7.13), and pregnancy-induced hypertension (AOR = 2.17; 95%CI = 1.20–3.93) were factors significantly associated with the development of neonatal acute kidney injury. Conclusion: Almost one in five admitted preterm neonates developed acute kidney injury. The odds of acute kidney injury were high among neonates who were very low birth weight, perinataly asphyxiated, dehydrated, recipients of chest compression, and born to pregnancy-induced hypertensive mothers. Therefore, clinicians have to be extremely cautious and actively monitor renal function in those neonatal population in order to detect and treat acute kidney injury as early as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban land acquisition is a fundamental precondition to sustaining the socio-economic livelihood of urban residents. In Ethiopia, with the high rate of peri-urbanization, the demand for urban land for various urban uses, such as housing development, is responded to by expropriating peri-urban landholdings from the farming community through paying compensation to the farmers. The paper highlights Ethiopia's urbanization pace and the associated urban land acquisition scenarios, mainly for housing purposes. Thus, it aims to analyze the peri-urban land acquisition scenarios through the expropriation of peri-urban land holdings used for agricultural purposes in Bahir Dar and the associated adverse effect on the farming community. To address the intended aim, data were collected by interviewing senior officials, experts, and elder farm households of the study area who were more knowledgeable about the study issue. There were focus group discussions with selected farming communities, and an extended field observation was conducted intending to triangulate the data collected by other techniques. Moreover, the Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized to analyze satellite images of Bahir Dar City to demonstrate the extent of peri-urban land conversion from 2011 to 2021. The result of this study revealed that there is a 7% urban population growth rate, which resulted in 8% of Bahir Dar being converted from peri-urban between the stated period, and hence a considerable size of land had been expropriated in the peri-urban areas of Bahir Dar with expropriation measures. This study exposed that the compensation for expropriated agricultural landholdings often fails to adequately account for the full range of livelihoods and economic activities that farmers engage in, leaving them struggling to adapt to urban life. The urban development in the study area of Bahir Dar is taking place by jeopardizing the livelihoods of the farming community, and the urban expansion is seen as a threat to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cesarean delivery carries both short term and long-term maternal complications. Eventhough it's being a public burden, the proportion of complications and underlying risk factors are not studied well in our setup. This study aimed to assess the proportion and associated factors of complications of cesarean sections among mothers who delivered at Bahir Dar city public specialized hospitals, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at two specialized Hospitals in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. The sample size was 495 mothers who had cesarean section in the time period from January 1, 2020 to December 30, 2020. Checklist was used to retrieve information from the patient medical document. Study population was selected from the operation registration book. Systematic sampling was used after arranging the study frame based on date of operation. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was done. In multivariable logistic regression variables with p value < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval were significantly associated with outcome variable. Result: Overall maternal complication rate was 44.04% (95% CI: 39.6–48.5). Living in rural setting (AOR = 4.247,95%CI: 2.765–6.522), having one or more obstetric complication (AOR = 1.913,95% CI: 1.214–3.015), cesarean section done at Second stage of labor (AOR = 4.358,95%CI: 1.841–10.317), having previous cesarean section (AOR = 3.540,95%CI: 2.121–5.910), emergency operation (AOR = 2.967,95%CI: 1.492–5.901), duration of surgery taking more than 60 min (AOR = 3.476,95%CI: 1.521–7.947) were found to be significantly associated with maternal complications. Conclusion: The magnitude of maternal complication of cesarean section was higher than most studies. Living in rural setting, having obstetric complications, previous cesarean scar, emergency surgeries, operation done in second stage of labor and prolonged duration of surgery are important predictors of maternal complication. Therefore, we recommend timely and adequate progress of labor evaluation, timely decision for cesarean delivery and vigilant care in post-operative period shall be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant mothers are a risky population group for COVID-19 and pregnant mothers with COVID-19 are at increased risk of hospitalization, intensive-care unit admission, invasive ventilation support, and maternal mortality. Vaccination is an essential tool in stopping the effect of the pandemic on maternal and child health. However, there are only limited studies in Ethiopia on the intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine among pregnant women. Thus, this study aimed to assess intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine and associated factors among pregnant women in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted among 590 pregnant women from 23 May to 07 July 2022. The study participants were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Interviewer administrative questionnaire with epicollect5 application was used to collect the data. Both bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was performed. Statistical significance was defined at a 95% CI with a p-value < 0.05. Result: Overall, 19.8% (95% CI: 16.60–23.06%) of pregnant women intend to take the COVID-19 vaccine. Being urban residence (AOR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.71–6.78), third trimester of gestational age (AOR = 3.11, 95% CI: 1.61–6.03), multipara (AOR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.33–3.97), knowledge of COVID-19 vaccine (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.44–3.77) and having good attitude towards COVID-19 vaccine (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.65–4.33) were significantly associated with intention to take COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion: In conclusion, the pregnant women's intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine in this study area was very low. It was significantly associated with residency, gestational age, parity, knowledge, and attitude toward the vaccine. Therefore, strengthening interventions that improve knowledge and attitude about the COVID-19 vaccine, predominantly among those primipara mothers and mothers from rural residences, may raise the intention to take it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Housing transformation is not part of the Ethiopian urban housing policy, but it is a reality for city dwellers. The objective of this study was to find out what, why, and how aided self-help residents transformed their core house in Bahir Dar city. The focus was specifically on the transformations that resulted in changes to the floor area. Design/methodology/approach: The case study research design is ideal for empirically examining socio-physical dynamics. The study employed three aided self-help housing cooperatives as case studies in Bahir Dar city. Information was gathered from cooperative members, committees, relevant government bodies, and the physical environment through field observations, interviews, photographic surveys, and questionnaires. Findings: The findings showed three types of housing transformations that resulted in a change in floor area and are influenced by the building features of the original core house, motivation, and participation of residents. As a result of the housing transformation, residents became housing producers and suppliers, and their neighbourhood changed into a more socially and functionally diversified settlement. Research limitations/implications: The findings of this study have practical implications for policy makers to institute mechanisms that help planners and architects in preparing plots of land for residential use and in designing housing typologies. The findings will have an impact on the housing policy of Ethiopia. Practical implications: The findings of this study will impact planners and architects when it comes to preparing plots for residential land use and designing housing typologies. In addition, the finding will have an impact on housing policy of Ethiopia. Originality/value: The study of the resident's housing transformation that brought floor area change provides further insights on the consideration of housing transformation as a housing production and supply strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background and Aims Pre‐eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy‐related syndrome that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy. The current study was designed to evaluate the determinants of PE in pregnant women following antenatal and delivery services. Methods An institution‐based case‐control study was performed in governmental hospitals of Bahir Dar city. The data were collected using an interview‐administered questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS version 20 software. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were utilized for the analysis of variables. A p

BackgroundTime management is of utmost importance in healthcare facilities since time squandered by health professionals is time not invested in patients, and this affects the quality of care given to patients. This study aimed to assess time management practice and factors affecting it among health professionals at public hospitals in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.MethodsInstitution-based cross-sectional study supplemented with a qualitative study was conducted from April 21 to May 20, 2022, among health professionals working in public hospitals in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 416 study participants. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data, and an interviewer guide was used to collect qualitative data to complement quantitative data. Purposive sampling was used in the qualitative study, and 12 in-depth interviews were carried out till saturation was reached. The quantitative data were entered into Epi Data version 4.0 and analyzed using SPSS 25.0 whereas the qualitative data were analyzed manually using thematic analysis. To identify the associated factors, bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used. The degree of associations was interpreted using odds ratio and 95% confidence interval at

Abstract Introduction Cancer is a primary and challenging health problem, has a significant impact on caregivers, and is a leading cause of emotional responses like depression. Depression is the most common and serious psychiatric disorder that has a considerable effect on the daily life of primary caregivers. Different articles reported that the magnitude of depression was prevalent among primary caregivers of patients with cancer. There is scarcity of published articles about the problem in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among primary caregivers of adult cancer patients at Northwest Amhara Regional States Referrals Hospitals, oncology treatment units, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Northwest Amhara Regional States Referrals Hospitals. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 421 participants. The data were collected using interviewer-administered and chart review through structured, pretested Patient Health Questionarie-9 questionnaires. The data were entered into Epi. Data version 4.6 and analyzed using Stata version 14.0. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were carried out to identify factors associated with depression. Adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and variables with a p-value

Background: A post stroke seizure is a period of neurological dysfunction caused by abnormal neuronal activity. Seizures after a stroke have an impact on patients' lives and increase mortality in stroke patients. It also has a negative impact on the prognosis of stroke. However, there is a scarcity of literature in Ethiopia on the occurrence of post-stroke seizures. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of post-stroke seizure at Felege Hiwot compressive specialized hospital, North West Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based retrospective follow-up study was carried out at Felege Hiwot Compressive Specialized Hospital, North West Ethiopia from July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2021. The records of 568 stroke patients were reviewed using a random sample method. To find predictors of post-stroke seizures, we applied the log-binomial regression model. Result: The incidence of post-stroke seizures was 22.18%(95% CI 18.83%—25.83%). Older age group (ARR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.33–4.69), hemorrhagic stroke (ARR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.25–3.17), surgical intervention (ARR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.22–2.81), and tramadol medication (ARR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.22–2.81) were found to be predictors of post stroke seizure. Conclusion: This study revealed that the incidence of post stroke seizure was high and older age, haemorrhagic type of stroke, surgical management, and use of tramadol anti-pain medication are risk factors for post-stroke seizures. Therefore, health care professionals must pay special attention and provide clinical care to patients who have risk factors for post-stroke seizure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most significant worldwide zoonotic infections caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It is a major public health and veterinary concern in terms of mortality and morbidity. The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence and assess the potential risk factors of T. gondii infection among pregnant women, HIV/AIDS patients, and sheep in Bahir Dar city, North West Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design and systematic random sampling techniques were employed. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-T. gondii antibodies using a commercially available Toxo-latex agglutination test kit. Logistic regression analysis was employed to test associations between variables. The seroprevalences of T. gondii infection in the examined pregnant women, HIV/AIDS patients, and sheep were 70.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 65.1-73.4%), 70% (95% CI: 63.3-76.8%), and 43% (95% CI: 38.5 - 47.4%) respectively. Multivariable logistic analysis showed that T. gondii infection was significantly associated with knowing the zoonotic nature of toxoplasmosis (adjusted Odds ratio [AOR] = 0.197, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.107 - 0.35), eating raw meat (AOR=3.27, 95% CI: 1.89-5.65), and owning a cat (AOR=9.35, 95% CI: 4.00-21.84) in pregnant women and HIV/AIDS patients. Hence, comprehensive health education about toxoplasmosis, particularly for pregnant women and HIV/AIDS patients, avoiding consumption of uncooked meat, and cat contact for immune-compromised women are of paramount importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Bahir Dar International Airport and its surrounding habitats are known for their rich avifaunal diversity, which results in bird-aircraft collisions as a fundamental problem in the area. A study on bird diversity and bird-aircraft strikes at Bahir Dar International Airport was conducted between February 2020 and August 2020. Based on its vegetation structures, the study area was classified into four habitat types namely; bushland, grassland, wetland, and modified habitats. Transect and point count methods were used to collect data on avian diversity and abundance. Questionnaire surveys, interviews, and document analysis were used to gather information about incidents and protection measures against bird-aircraft strike problems. Shannon–Wiener diversity index, Simpson’s similarity index, ANOVA, and chi-square test were used for data analysis. Results A total of 80 avian species belonging to 15 orders and 40 families were identified in the study area. The highest species diversity (H’ = 3.59) and species evenness (E = 0.96) were recorded in modified habitats during the wet season. Relative abundance categories of birds in the study area showed that most were uncommon birds. Birds pose severe threats to aircraft in the airport and 92.3% of the respondents replied that most bird-aircraft strikes occurred early in the morning and late in the afternoon when birds remain more active. The majority (88.5%) of questionnaire participants confirmed that bird-aircraft strike incidents frequently occurred during the time of takeoff and landing of the aircraft. It is also known that on average forty bird-aircraft collisions per year happen at the airport. Conclusion Bahir Dar International Airport is rich in its bird diversity that recalls the aviation authority to work in collaboration with different organizations to avoid bird-aircraft strike problems using different control measures without compromising the conservation of birds.

BACKGROUND: In a normal adult, the volume of blood needed to maintain physiological needs ranges from 5 liters to 6 liters. Disease and traumatic conditions may decrease this volume. Medically, this condition can be treated safely by blood transfusion. However, residents of the city of Bahir Dar have a low rate of volunteering to donate blood. No study has examined this situation, and therefore, this study was designed to fill this gap. AIM: The aim of this study is to identify the determinants of voluntary blood donation in the city of Bahir Dar. SETTING AND DESIGN: An unmatched case–control study design was used. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The sample size was calculated using Epi-Info Software, 109 cases and 218 controls were included in the study. Data were entered into the computer using Epi-Info and were analyzed using SPSS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Logistic regression was used. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to identify the determinants. RESULTS: In this study, voluntary blood donation was more among male donors (AOR: 2.66; [95% CI: 1.03–6.88]), health professionals (AOR 18.56; [95% CI, 6.26–55.09]), negligence (AOR 0.12; [95% CI, 0.05–0.31]), lack of information (AOR 0.24; [95% CI, 0.1–0.58]), a convenient place (AOR 11.36; [95% CI, 3.61–35.73]), fear (AOR 0.26; [95% CI, 0.12–0.61]) and lack of opportunity (AOR 0.23; [95% CI, 0.1–0.52]). CONCLUSION: Decision-makers in the area of blood collection should work hard to create awareness on voluntary blood donation. High-level decision-makers and the other partners should endeavor to make blood collection locations more convenient.

ObjectiveClimate change has effects on the economy development of any country. This paper aimed to fit the best marginal and joint distribution models of rainfall with minimum and maximum temperatures.MethodsThe average values of minimum and maximum monthly temperature, and rainfall were used in this study. For the marginal model, five probability distributions and five families of copula models were employed to show the interdependence between the maximum and minimum average annual temperature with rainfall. The Kendall's tau (τ) correlation coefficient was used to find out the correlations between rainfall with minimum and maximum temperature. Both the Akaki Information Criteria (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC) were used to select the best marginal and copula.ResultsThe result revealed that there is a significant negative relationship between the maximum temperature and rainfall. The maximum average rainfall was obtained from June to August and the maximum temperature is almost consistent in all months. Based on AIC/BIC, the Weibull distribution for rainfall, the Beta for minimum, and the Gaussian for maximum temperature were identified as the best marginal distributions. The Clayton copula distribution was identified as the best copula for rainfall and minimum temperature (with parameter of θ =1. 21, tau correlation = −0.41, p < 0.001), and Frank copula was identified for rainfall and maximum temperature (with unique Frank parameter of θ = −3.94, correlation = −0.38, p < 0.001).ConclusionThe result showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the average annual minimum temperature and rainfall; whereas a negative relationship occurred between the maximum temperature and rainfall. The Clayton and Frank copula were found to be the most appropriate to the model of a bivariate distribution of mean annual rainfall with minimum/maximum temperature respectively.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic causes major morbidity and mortality in the world. Timely behavioral response assessment of the community is important to shape the next effective interventions and risk communication strategies to adopt preventive behavior. Hence, this study aimed to assess behavioral responses for facemask-use messages to prevent COVID-19 and its predictors among residents of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia, 2021 by using the Extended Parallel Process Model. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with the guide of the Extended Parallel Process Model in Bahir Dar city from March 9 to April 9, 2021. A multistage sampling technique was used, and data was collected through a face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire using Epicollect5. Descriptive statistics and Binary logistic regression were computed using SPSS V.25. Variable with P < 0.25 in the bivariable analysis was a candidate for multivariable analysis to control confounding effect. In multivariable analysis, variables with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant and the result was presented using an adjusted odd ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A total of 616 participants with a response rate of 97.1% were included. Of the total participants, 229(37.2%) were in the danger control response. The behavioral response was affected by Occupational status [AOR (95%CI) 3.53(1.67–7.46)], the number of people living together [AOR (95%CI) 2.62(1.28–5.39)], self-control [AOR (95%CI) 1.14(1.05–1.25)], a friend for the preferred source of information [AOR (95%CI) 5.18(3.22–8.33)] and printed materials for the preferred channel [AOR (95%CI) 2.14(1.35–3.43)]. Conclusion: Above one-third of the participants were in the danger control response. Occupational status, number of people living together, self-control, a friend for the preferred source of information, and printed materials for the preferred channel were independent predictors of resident behavioral response to the use of facemasks. Policymakers should consider students and people who live alone. Message developers should use a friendly person to transmit messages and should prepare printed materials. Activities and strategies should also focus on self-control and perceived efficacy without ignoring the perceived threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonatal mortality is a global public health problem disproportionally high in developing country including Ethiopia. Hypothermia plays a significant role in neonatal mortality. This study was conducted to identify determinants of neonatal hypothermia among neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of public hospitals. Institutional based unmatched case-control study was conducted in Bahir Dar town public hospitals among neonates admitted in the NICUs in 2019. A total of 387 participants were included in the study. Pretested, structured questionnaire, and data extraction checklist were used to collect results. Data analysis was done by using Stata version 14. Low birth weight (adjusted odd ratio (AOR)=3.01, 95%CI: 1.50–5.58), nighttime delivery (AOR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.13–3.13), lack skin to skin contact (AOR = 2.43, 95%CI: 1.42–4.16), delayed initiation of breast feeding (AOR = 2.24, 95%CI: 1.30–3.88), not wearing cape (AOR = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.07–3.26), and low Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration (APGAR) score (AOR = 2.17, 95%CI: 1.15–4.10) were determinant variables of the neonatal hypothermia. Skin to skin contact, initiation of breast feeding, birth weight, time, low APGAR score, and not wearing cape were identified as independent determinates of neonatal hypothermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of teachers' engagement in action research and identify their challenges and opportunities to undertake such projects in primary schools of Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. The study was conducted as part of a collaborative action research project that aimed at improving practice. For this purpose, a mixed-methods research approach was employed. Data were collected from 251 primary school teachers and six educational experts of the city administration through questionnaire and focus group discussion respectively. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that teachers' engagement in action research in the primary schools of the city was low. It was also engulfed by many challenges. However, some opportunities which reinforce the practice were identified. Based on the findings, areas of intervention that could help to increase teachers' engagement in action research in the primary schools of the city were suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Anti-retroviral therapy regimen discontinuations become a big challenge and cause diminishing the clinical and immunological benefit of treatment in Ethiopia. It reduces both the duration and the chance of viral control due to cross-resistance between different alternative drugs and overlapping toxicity between and within a class of antiretroviral drugs in Ethiopia. However, information’s on the time of initial regimen discontinuation and its predictors are not well studied. Objective This study aimed to assess the time to initial highly active antiretroviral therapy discontinuation and its predictors among HIV patients in Felege Hiwot comprehensive specialized hospital, North West Ethiopia. Method Institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 418 HIV patients who started HAART from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2019. Data were collected from the patient chart using a data extraction tool. The Kaplan–Meier curve was employed to compare survival rates. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was applied to identify independent predictors of time to initial regimen discontinuation. Result A total of 418 patients on anti-retroviral therapy were followed. Incidence of initial HAART discontinuation was 16.7/100 person year. The median survival time was 3.5 years. Predictors showed association for time to initial HAART discontinuation were taking > 1 ART pills/day (AHR = 4.1, 95% CI 3.0–6.5), baseline CD4 count 1 ART pill/day were found predictors of initial HAART regimen discontinuation. Work on early detection of HIV before the disease is advanced and initiation of one ART regimen daily is vital for survival on the initial regimen.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury is a major global public health problem causing substantial mortality among the adult population. Hence, this study aimed to determine the predictors of mortality among adult traumatic brain injury patients in Felegehiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia during 2020. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Felegehiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital using anonymized patient data obtained from chart review. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the patient characteristics. The Kaplan–Meier survival curve and log-rank test were used to test for differences in survival status among groups. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used at the 5% level of significance to determine the net effect of each explanatory variable on time to death. Results: In total, 338 patients aged ≥15 years and diagnosed with traumatic brain injury were included in the analysis. Among these patients, 103 (30.45%) died, giving a crude death rate of 25.53 per 1000 (95% CI: 21.05–30.98) person-days of follow-up. The overall median survival time was 44 days. The independent predictors of mortality after diagnosis of traumatic brain injury were admission Glasgow coma scale score ≤ 8 (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 4.85; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73–13.62), bilateral non-reactive pupils at admission (AHR: 2.00 (95% CI: 1.10–3.71), elevated systolic blood pressure at admission (AHR: 0.31; 95% CI:0.11–0.86), elevated diastolic blood pressure at admission (AHR: 3.54; 95% CI: 1.33–9.43), and haematoma evacuation (AHR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.16–0.90). Discussion: The Survival status of traumatic brain injury patients was relatively low in this study. Glasgow coma scale score, bilateral non-reactive pupils, and elevated blood pressure were significant predictors of mortality. Further prospective follow-up studies that include residence and occupation are recommended.

Slow tourism is an eminent concept that aims to embolden extended tourist stay within a destination. The current study adopts qualitative research approach and extracts data from purposefully selected tourism professionals. The researcher employed both interview and focus group discussion to collect data required for this study. Findings of the current study unfold that slow tourism as a unique approach augments the overall tourism activities, mainly within emerging destinations. Even though slow tourism has received limited attention in Bahir Dar and its surroundings, it is quite substantive to discourage the negative economic, sociocultural and environmental impacts of tourism. However, absence of developed tourism infrastructures and limited understanding of stakeholders restrain the practice and development of slow tourism in the study area. In terms of policy references, the present study suggests that there is a need to develop a practical guideline to inculcate the fundamental concepts related to the practical applications of slow tourism in emerging destinations.

The amount of total solar energy that strikes the photovoltaic module's surface directly affects how much power is generated. On the other hand, solar energy is influenced by the solar module's location, tilt angle, and orientation. The models presented in this study can be used to determine the seasonal and annual optimal tilt angles of photovoltaic modules at any location in Ethiopia as a function of the location's latitude and elevation without the need for solar radiation data. Both isotropic and anisotropic diffuse solar radiation models were used to determine the monthly, seasonal, and annual optimal tilt angles. The monthly average daily global horizontal solar radiation for a total of 44 study sites, 32 for training and 12 for testing, were retrieved from the National Aeronautical and Space Administration database. The optimal tilt angle and regression models were determined by developing and applying algorithms in the programming languages MATLAB and R. The proposed model estimates the optimal tilt angle with the fewest statistical validation errors. By using the proposed monthly optimal tilt angles, solar radiation gains of 6.76% - 8.48% (for isotropic models) and 10.16% - 26.97% (anisotropic models) were obtained for Bahir Dar city. The solar radiation gains for the cities of Adigrat, Butajira, and Gode were found to be 7.18–9.02% (isotropic) and 10.90%–28.06% (anisotropic), 5.43%–7.05% (isotropic) and 8.48%–25.99% (anisotropic), and 4.33%–5.79% (isotropic) and 6.96%–23.03% (anisotropic), respectively. The results of this study were further confirmed by comparing them to previously published papers and online PVGIS and NREL's PVWatt software tools.

Introduction: Cancer is a primary and challenging health problem, has a significant impact on caregivers, and is a leading cause of emotional responses like depression. Depression is the most common and serious psychiatric disorder that has a considerable effect on the daily life of primary caregivers. Different articles reported that the magnitude of depression was prevalent among primary caregivers of patients with cancer. There is scarcity of published articles about the problem in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among primary caregivers of adult cancer patients at Northwest Amhara Regional States Referrals Hospitals, oncology treatment units, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Northwest Amhara Regional States Referrals Hospitals. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 421 participants. The data were collected using interviewer-administered and chart review through structured, pretested Patient Health Questionarie-9 questionnaires. The data were entered into Epi. Data version 4.6 and analyzed using Stata version 14.0. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were carried out to identify factors associated with depression. Adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered significantly associated with depression. Results: The prevalence of depression was 45.15%. Being female (AOR = 2.01, 95%, CI: 1.27–3.19), having an average monthly income of < 1000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 3.54, 95% CI: 1.54–8.13), and primary caregivers of a cancer patient with mixed therapy (AOR = 4.54, 95%, CI: (1.5–13.48) were significantly associated with depression. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among primary caregivers of adult patients with cancer was significant. It's better, health care providers in oncology treatment facilities need to recognize and screen and give special attention to female primary caregivers, having an average monthly income of < 1000 Ethiopian birr, and primary caregivers of a cancer patient with mixed therapy to reduce the risk of developing depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the potential impact of municipal solid waste in Bahir Dar city. The disposal of municipal solid waste in an open dumpsite in Bahir Dar has an environmental impact in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, eutrophication, and leachate. The quantity of greenhouse gases emitted from the open dumpsite of Bahir Dar city was determined by using IPCC default method. Currently around 148 tons/day waste is generated from Bahir Dar city and from these waste 58% of the waste is disposed into open dump site. From the waste disposal site 46Gg/year of greenhouse gas is emitted. The molecular formula that was determined from organic waste of the city is C24H36O13N. By using this molecular formula of the organic waste, the theoretical oxygen demand becomes 38.75 and then the eutrophication potential of organic waste generated from Bahirdar city was 0.0594 Kg N-equivalent or 59.4g Nequivalent. The average annual leachate resulting from the waste reaches 1,112mm per day. Bahir Dar city should start to implement 3R (Reduction, Reuse and Recycling) solid waste management options in order to reduce potential environmental impacts. For more investigation quantification of the other impacts associated with municipal solid waste is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]