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Abstract Background Among various growth parameters, liver and spleen size is an important parameter used for the evaluation of patients with certain disorders and abnormalities in these organs. Aim To determine the normal dimensions for the liver, spleen, and kidney in Egyptian infants, children, and adolescents from birth to 18 years. Methods This cross-sectional randomized study was conducted on 1861 Egyptian infants, children, and adolescents from birth to 18 years for the establishment of Z score reference of liver, spleen, and kidney parameters. Results Egyptian children of both sexes (51.5% boys and 48.5% girls) from birth to 18 years old were studied. Then Z scores reference for liver, spleen, and kidney parameters for both sexes were represented in detailed tables and graphs. There was no statistically significant difference between both sexes, so we used unisex tables and graphs (P > 0.05). Conclusions Determination of pathologic changes in the size of the liver, spleen, and kidney necessitates knowing the normal range of dimensions for these organs. So, our study established a Z score chart for normal values of liver, spleen, and kidney size for children and adolescents from birth to 18 years.

Abstract Background Vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) is pivotal in decreasing the incidence of contagious infections in hospital settings. In this study, we assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding HCWs’ recommended vaccines among medical students and interns in Egypt. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured, pilot-tested, and self-administered questionnaire among Egyptian medical students and interns. We invited 1332 participants to our survey using a systematic random sampling that included participants across nine medical schools in Egypt during the 2021–2022 academic year. Results Out of 1332 participants, 1141 completed our questionnaire with a response rate of 85.7%. Overall, 43% of the participants had intermediate knowledge (knew 2–3 HCWs’ recommended vaccines). Furthermore, 36.7% had received a booster dose of at least one of the HCWs’ recommended vaccines over the last 10 years, with only 6.1% having received all recommended vaccines. Hepatitis B vaccine was the most widely known (71%) and received (66.7%). Interns were more likely to know, receive, and recommend HCWs’ recommended vaccines. The majority (> 90%) agreed that vaccination is beneficial and safe, with a median score of eight (interquartile range [IQR: Q25-Q75]: 7–9) out of ten for vaccine efficacy and eight (IQR: 7–8) for safety. However, the median score for hesitancy was five (IQR: 2–7). The most common influential and limiting factors for vaccination were scientific facts (60.1%) and fear of vaccine side effects (44.9%). Conclusion Although medical students in Egypt have good knowledge of and attitudes towards vaccination, there is a gap in their practices. Interventions are needed to improve vaccination uptake among medical students in Egypt.

Abstract Background COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift toward e-learning, particularly in medical education. Mobile medical applications (apps) have become integral tools for e-learning due to the prevalence of smartphones among medical students. Therefore, we aim to assess the usage and attitude of undergraduate Egyptian medical students towards mobile medical apps during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods This is a two-phase repeated cross-sectional study using an online, pilot-tested, and self-administered survey conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt. Phase 1 was during the academic year 2019–2020 (during lockdown), and phase 2 was during the academic year 2021–2022 (after lockdown). Out of the 4800-target population for each phase, a sample size of 140 medical students was randomly selected from each study year, resulting in a total sample size of 840 students for all six academic and clinical years for each phase. Results A total of 566 students in phase 1 and 616 students in phase 2 responded to the survey, with response rates of 67.62% and 73.33%, respectively. In phase 1, 55.7% of students reported using medical apps, with no significant difference between males and females (60.1% vs. 53.8%; p = 0.17) or between academic and clinical years (56.3% vs. 54.7%; p = 0.7). In phase 2, the percentage increased to 70.9%, with a significant difference between males and females (80% vs. 62.9%; p

Subglacial lakes form beneath ice sheets and ice caps if water is available and if bedrock and surface topography are able to retain the water. On a regional scale, the lakes modulate the timing and rate of freshwater flow through the subglacial system to the ocean by acting as reservoirs. More than 100 hydrologically active subglacial lakes that drain and recharge periodically have been documented under the Antarctic Ice Sheet, while only approximately 20 active lakes have been identified in Greenland. Active lakes may be identified by local changes in ice topography caused by the drainage or recharge of the lake beneath the ice. The small size of the Greenlandic subglacial lakes puts additional demands on mapping capabilities to resolve the evolving surface topography in sufficient detail to record their temporal behaviour. Here, we explore the potential for using CryoSat-2 swath-processed data, together with TanDEM-X digital elevation models, to improve the monitoring capabilities of active subglacial lakes in Greenland. We focus on four subglacial lakes previously described in the literature and combine the data with ArcticDEMs to obtain improved measurements of the evolution of these four lakes. We find that with careful tuning of the swath processor and filtering of the output data, the inclusion of these data, together with the TanDEM-X data, provides important information on lake activity, documenting, for example, that the ice surface collapse basin on Flade Isblink Ice Cap was 50 % (30 m) deeper than previously recorded. We also present evidence of a new, active subglacial lake in southwestern Greenland, which is located close to an already known lake. Both lakes probably drained within 1 month in the summer of 2012, which suggests either that they are hydrologically connected or that the drainages were independently triggered by extensive surface melt. If the hydrological connection is confirmed, this would to our knowledge be the first indication of hydrologically connected subglacial lakes in Greenland.

Abstract Background Current guidelines advocate for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in adults who are at risk by using direct visualization methods such as colonoscopy. However, in Egypt, there is a paucity of data regarding the current practice of colonoscopy screening. Moreover, more information is needed about the knowledge and attitudes of potential participants regarding the procedure and possible barriers that can limit their participation. Methods We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study using an interview-based survey of patients aged 45 years or above who presented to outpatient clinics of nine university hospitals throughout Egypt. Participants were surveyed to assess their compliance with CRC colonoscopy screening guidelines, their knowledge of and attitude towards colonoscopy screening, and their perspective on potential barriers to colonoscopy screening. Results A total of 1,453 participants responded to our survey in the nine study centers. Only a minority of participants (2.3%) were referred for CRC screening. Referral rates were higher among those who knew someone with a history of CRC (5.3% vs 1.5%, p

Background: The Cow’s Milk-Related Symptom Score (CoMiSS) was created as an awareness tool for cow’s milk-related symptoms. After different trials, a score of ≥10 was selected to raise awareness. The CoMiSS in healthy infants needs to be determined because the score does not return to 0 during a diagnostic elimination diet. This study aims to establish normal values in healthy Egyptian infants. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, pediatricians determined the CoMiSS in healthy infants ≤ 12 months. Infants seeking medical help due to cow’s milk allergy (CMA) symptoms and infants with any known or suspected diseases, preterm delivery, medication, or food supplements were excluded. Results: A total of 808 infants were included with a median (Q1; Q3) age of 7 (3;10) months (50.7% boys). The median (Q1; Q3) CoMiSS was 5 (5;6). The 95th percentile was 7. There was no significant difference in the median CoMiSS according to gender (p = 0.621) or due to breastfeeding exclusively (p = 0.603). A significant difference was seen in the CoMiSS according to age, although all the age categories had a median CoMiSS of 5. Conclusions: This study revealed the median CoMiSS is 5 in presumed healthy Egyptian infants aged 0–12 months. The CoMiSS was not dependent on feeding. The determination of the CoMiSS in healthy infants allows for the determination of a cut-off under which CMA is unlikely, and a cut-off to raise awareness of CMA, thereby preventing under- and overdiagnosis. Since the median CoMiSS was not different in European infants, the outcome suggests that the CoMiSS may be a reliable awareness tool for CMA independent of ethnicity. However, additional studies are needed to confirm the previous hypothesis.

Background: Dementia is a neurological disorder that commonly affects the elderly. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are small, tiny lesions of the cerebral blood vessels and have been suggested as a possible risk factor for dementia. However, data about the association between CMBs and dementia risk are inconsistent and inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between CMBs and dementia and highlight the possible explanations. Methods: We followed the standard PRISMA statement and the Cochrane Handbook guidelines to conduct this study. First, we searched medical electronic databases for relevant articles. Then, we screened the retrieved articles for eligibility, extracted the relevant data, and appraised the methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Finally, the extracted data were pooled as risk ratios (RR) and hazard ratios (HR) in the random-effects meta-analysis model using the Review Manager software. Results: We included nine studies with 14,221 participants and follow-up periods > 18 months. Overall, CMBs significantly increased the risk of developing dementia (RR 1.84, 95% CI [1.27–2.65]). This association was significant in the subgroups of studies on high-risk populations (RR 2.00, 95% CI [1.41–2.83], n = 1657 participants) and those in the general population (RR 2.30, 95% CI [1.25–4.26], n = 12,087 participants) but not in the memory clinic patients. Further, CMBs increased the risk of progressing to incident dementia over time (HR 2, 95% CI [1.54–2.61]). Conclusion: Individuals with CMBs have twice the risk of developing dementia or progressing to MCI than those without CMBs. The detection of CMBs will help identify the population at higher risk of developing dementia. Physicians should educate individuals with CMBs and their families on the possibility of progressing to dementia or MCI. Regular cognitive assessments, cognitive training, lifestyle modifications, and controlling other dementia risk factors are recommended for individuals with CMBs to decrease the risk of cognitive decline and dementia development.

Background: House dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic rhinitis (AR) is a major cause of allergic respiratory disease. The efficacy and safety of the 300 IR HDM sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) tablet in patients with moderate-to-severe HDM-AR was confirmed in a large, international, phase 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Here, we analyzed the results in the European population. Methods: Data from 91 European centers that participated in the international, double-blind, RCT (EudraCT 2014-004223-46, NCT02443805) with the 300 IR HDM SLIT tablet versus placebo over 12 months were analyzed post hoc. The treatment effect in European adults and adolescents was notably assessed through the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)-recommended combined symptom and medication score (CSMS0-6, pre-defined endpoint) and the total combined rhinitis score (TCRS0-24, post hoc endpoint, also balanced) during the primary evaluation period (4 weeks at the end of treatment period) using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: There were 818 patients who comprised the modified full analysis set in Europe. Over the primary period, the differences in CSMS0-6 and TCRS0-24 between the 300 IR and placebo groups were statistically significant (p

Abstract Background There is considerable interest in improving the scoring methods for evaluating the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) and to show if this is associated with clinically meaningful results from the patient's perspective. We aimed to assess the efficacy and clinical relevance of a 300 index of reactivity (IR) 5‐grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) tablet in children, adolescents and adults with moderate to severe grass‐induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) with or without controlled asthma using the combined symptom and medication score CSMS0‐36. Methods The data of the European population that participated in 3 Phase III, international, randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trials were analyzed post hoc. Results A total of 864 patients randomized to 300 IR 5‐grass tablet or placebo were analyzed. Over the primary evaluation period, the difference in CSMS0‐36 between the 300 IR and placebo groups was statistically significant (point estimates: −2.51, CI95% [−3.88; −1.14], p

Background Elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels have been associated with mortality in adults with heart failure (HF), but data on FGF23 levels in paediatric HF are limited. In this prospective cohort study, we aimed to assess the prognostic value of FGF23 in children with chronic HF.Methods We prospectively enrolled 40 children with chronic HF and 20 matched healthy controls. In each patient, a complete diagnostic workup was performed, including transthoracic echocardiography to evaluate cardiac systolic and diastolic functions. Serum FGF23, renal function tests, parathyroid hormone, serum calcium and phosphate were measured in patients and controls. N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was measured in patients. The severity of symptoms was assessed using the modified Ross HF classification for children. Patients were followed for 1 year, and clinical worsening events such as death and HF hospitalisation were recorded.Results Patients with HF had significantly higher FGF23 levels compared with controls (355.68±97.27 pg/mL and 60.20±11.04 pg/mL, respectively; p

Introduction Methods Results Conclusions The Medtronic Micra VR and Abbott AVEIR VR are the leadless pacemakers (LPM) currently available in the United States (US). Micra VR employs fixation tines and the AVEIR VR uses an active fixation helix. Micra VR requires fixation before electrical measurements are obtained, while R‐waves may be mapped by AVEIR VR without fixation. Little comparative data is available for these LPMs. Accordingly, we compared the incidences of procedure‐related major adverse clinical events (MACE) and device problems in the US for Micra VR and AVEIR VR during 2022–2024.We searched the FDA's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database for US reports of MACE and device problems that were filed from April 2022 to December 2023 for AVEIR VR, and from June 2022 to April 2024 for Micra VR. Totals for US‐registered LPM implants were obtained from the manufacturers' product performance reports.During the study period, 5990 AVEIR VR and 10 940 Micra VR implants were registered in the US. We found 305 MAUDE reports for AVEIR VR (5.1%), versus 541 MAUDE reports for Micra VR (4.9%) (p = .702). The incidence of MACE was 0.72% (43/5990) for AVEIR VR versus 0.59% (65/10 940) for Micra VR, (p = .387). The incidences of procedure‐related death, cardiac perforation. cardiac arrest, emergency pericardial drainage or reparative surgery were similar for both LPMs (p > .05). Micra VR had more unacceptable thresholds requiring LPM replacement compared to AVEIR VR (95;0.9% vs. 24;0.4%; p = .001). AVEIR VR had a statistically higher incidence of device dislodgement during (32) and after (21) implant compared to Micra VR (53 (0.9%) vs. 46 (0.4%), p < .001).Micra VR and AVEIR VR have similar procedural safety profiles, including the incidences of death and perforation. However, device problems differed significantly, possibly related to their design differences. Compared to Micra VR, AVEIR VR appears to have an advantageous threshold measurement capability but is more prone to device dislodgement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global health concern, particularly in Egypt, due to historic schistosomiasis control efforts that inadvertently led to widespread HCV transmission. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Egypt's national strategies in controlling and reducing the prevalence of HCV, including introducing sofosbuvir and implementing the "100 Million Healthy Lives" campaign. The approach includes a review of epidemiological data, an analysis of the national HCV control strategies implemented, and an assessment of their outcomes, focusing on the period from 2006 to 2022. Significant milestones were achieved, including a drastic reduction in new HCV infections from 300 per 100,000 in 2014 to 9 per 100,000 in 2022 and successful treatment of over 4 million people. Egypt has become the first country in the world to achieve the "gold tier" status based on World Health Organization criteria on the path to eradication of HCV. Egypt's comprehensive approach can serve as a model for similar endemic regions. Other nations with high HCV prevalence might benefit from adopting similar multidimensional strategies, emphasizing prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Cow's Milk-Related Symptom Score (CoMiSS) was created as an awareness tool for cow's milk-related symptoms. After different trials, a score of ≥10 was selected to raise awareness. The CoMiSS in healthy infants needs to be determined because the score does not return to 0 during a diagnostic elimination diet. This study aims to establish normal values in healthy Egyptian infants. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, pediatricians determined the CoMiSS in healthy infants ≤ 12 months. Infants seeking medical help due to cow's milk allergy (CMA) symptoms and infants with any known or suspected diseases, preterm delivery, medication, or food supplements were excluded. Results: A total of 808 infants were included with a median (Q1; Q3) age of 7 (3;10) months (50.7% boys). The median (Q1; Q3) CoMiSS was 5 (5;6). The 95th percentile was 7. There was no significant difference in the median CoMiSS according to gender (p = 0.621) or due to breastfeeding exclusively (p = 0.603). A significant difference was seen in the CoMiSS according to age, although all the age categories had a median CoMiSS of 5. Conclusions: This study revealed the median CoMiSS is 5 in presumed healthy Egyptian infants aged 0–12 months. The CoMiSS was not dependent on feeding. The determination of the CoMiSS in healthy infants allows for the determination of a cut-off under which CMA is unlikely, and a cut-off to raise awareness of CMA, thereby preventing under- and overdiagnosis. Since the median CoMiSS was not different in European infants, the outcome suggests that the CoMiSS may be a reliable awareness tool for CMA independent of ethnicity. However, additional studies are needed to confirm the previous hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The location and the size of intracranial haemorrhage play an important role in determining the time for the hematoma resolution. Without surgical intervention, it takes at least a few weeks for the whole hematoma to resolve spontaneously. Despite that the rapid and spontaneous resolution of intracranial haemorrhage is well described in the literature, it is considered rare. Moreover, we could identify only one case of rapid spontaneous resolution of isolated traumatic intraventricular haemorrhage (ITIVH) in the literature. Herein, we report a rare case of ITIVH that disappeared rapidly without surgical intervention. Our case supported the hypothesis that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its circulation are major players in the rapid resolution of ITIVH.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) places a heavy load on healthcare systems worldwide. Despite significant advancements in care, the TBI-related mortality is 30–50% and in most cases involves adolescents or young adults. Previous literature has suggested that neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may serve as a sensitive biomarker in predicting clinical outcomes following TBI. With conclusive evidence in this regard lacking, this study aimed to systematically review all original studies reporting the effectiveness of NLR as a predictor of TBI outcomes. A systematic search of eight databases was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses statement (PRISMA) recommendations. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool. Eight studies were ultimately included in the study. In most of the studies interrogated, severity outcomes were successfully predicted by NLR in both univariate and multivariate prediction models, in different follow-up durations up to 6 months. A high NLR at 24 and 48 h after TBI in pediatric patients was associated with worse clinical outcomes. On pooling the NLR values within studies assessing its association with the outcome severity (favorable or not), patients with favorable outcomes had 37% lower NLR values than those with unfavorable ones (RoM= 0.63; 95% CI = 0.44–0.88; p = 0.007). However, there were considerable heterogeneity in effect estimates (I2 = 99%; p < 0.001). Moreover, NLR was a useful indicator of mortality at both 6-month and 1-year intervals. In conjunction with clinical and radiographic parameters, NLR might be a useful, inexpensive marker in predicting clinical outcomes in patients with TBI. However, the considerable heterogeneity in current literature keeps it under investigation with further studies are warranted to confirm the reliability of NLR in predicting TBI outcomes.

We aimed to synthesize evidence from published clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) administration in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). We followed the standard methods of the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews for interventions and the PRISMA statement guidelines 2020 when conducting and reporting this study. A computer literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted from inception until 1 January 2022. We selected observational studies and clinical trials comparing TXA versus no TXA in aSAH patients. Data of all outcomes were pooled as the risk ratio (RR) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals in the meta-analysis models. Thirteen studies with a total of 2991 patients were included in the analysis. TXA could significantly cut the risk of rebleeding (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.72) and mortality from rebleeding (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.92, p = 0.02). However, TXA did not significantly improve the overall mortality, neurological outcome, delayed cerebral ischemia, or hydrocephalus (all p > 0.05). In terms of safety, no significant adverse events were reported. No statistical heterogeneity or publication bias was found in all outcomes. In patients with aSAH, TXA significantly reduces the incidence of rebleeding and mortality from rebleeding. However, current evidence does not support any benefits in overall mortality, neurological outcome, delayed cerebral ischemia, or hydrocephalus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]