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This study explored the learner autonomy of Thai EFL undergraduates in English language learning and the extent to which they conducted learner-learner interaction, learnerinstructor interaction, learner-content interaction, and overall interaction. Moreover, the study investigated whether there was a significant difference in overall interaction for different learner autonomy levels. The sample included 83 English major freshmen enrolling in an online English Phonetics course at a public university in Bangkok, Thailand. The data were collected through an online learner autonomy and interaction questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc Tukey tests were utilized to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the participants possessed a high level of overall learner autonomy. While they had a high level of ability to learn English autonomously, they had a moderate level of responsibility for their learning process. Further, the participants had a high level of overall interaction. Although they had a high level of learner-content and learner-instructor interaction, they possessed an average level of learner-learner interaction. The participants with a low learner autonomy level had significantly lower overall interaction scores than those with a moderate or high level of learner autonomy.

Pre-service teachers' ability to construct and conduct assessment has been a point of emphasis for decades, and rightfully so. It is crucial that they acquire the necessary knowledge and abilities in their language assessment course during their pre-service teacher education to effectively assess students in their future professional routines. The purpose of this research was to determine if and how pre-service English teachers' (PSETs) satisfaction with their language assessment course corresponded with their level of readiness. 51 out of 56 PSETs participated since they met the two requirements (passing the language assessment course and enrolling in TAP). The Fulcher (2012) language assessment literacy questionnaire was adapted and disseminated. The questions were organized into four categories for the purpose of analysis: overarching principles and concepts in linguistic assessment; designing language assessment; scoring test items and analyzing test results. Results demonstrated that LAL satisfaction was not congruent with assessment readiness. There was a "neutral" level of satisfaction among participants (51.5 percent), but they were nearly set to begin practicing assessment at their TAP (78.5 percent). Additionally, included are statistics that are specific to each of the four categories found in the questionnaire. In particular, the study suggests that training in evaluating open-response questions and analyzing test items warrants expansion. Additional research could fill in the gap between LAL satisfaction and the PSETs by examining the relationship between the two.

Waste management is a significant issue in Indonesia, and awareness and actions across all sectors, including school students, play a critical role. This study investigates the impact of educational interventions on students' awareness and actions regarding waste management and its potential as a source of environmentally friendly energy. The research used a quasi-experimental design, specifically a non-equivalent control group, involving a sample of 44 tenth-grade students in Bandung who were studying environmental change. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, and data were gathered via a questionnaire. Results indicate that the intervention significantly improved students' awareness of utilizing waste as an eco-friendly energy source (p = 0.009 < α = 0.05), although it did not significantly influence their actions to apply this knowledge (p = 0.201 > α = 0.05). This study provides an initial perspective on the potential of STEM-ESD project-based learning to enhance students' awareness and practical engagement in sustainable waste management practices.

Animal owners often overlook helminthiasis because it does not cause specific clinical symptoms in mild infections. This study aimed to analyze the medical records of helminthiasis in cats and determine the knowledge of animal owners about helminthiasis through questionnaires at Mayda Animal Care and iVet Clinic Dramaga, Bogor. A cross-sectional study was used to analyze medical record data and then compared using descriptive methods with a secondary data approach. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. The findings of helminthiasis cases in cats at Mayda Animal Care during January–December 2022 amounted to 102 cases, while at iVet Clinic Dramaga, there were 50 cases. Based on the Chi-square test, this study reported a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between age and the level of action and education with the level of understanding of animal owners on helminthiasis at Mayda Animal Care and iVet Clinic Dramaga, Bogor.

This ponder points to decide the impact of work inspiration and work environment on the work fulfillment of instructors at SMAN 19 Surabaya. This think about employments a quantitative approach with essential information collected through survey procedures with a Likert scale on a test of 58 respondents. In expansion to the essential information, auxiliary information were too gotten, to be specific information given by the company. The information gotten was at that point analyzed utilizing Halfway Slightest Square (PLS) and the comes about appeared that by and large work fulfillment is impacted by work inspiration and work environment factors and the rest by other factors exterior the investigate show. The comes about appeared that work inspiration contains a positive and critical effect on work fulfillment, and the work environment incorporates a positive and noteworthy impact on the work fulfillment of instructors at SMAN 19 Surabaya. Keywords: Work Motivation; Work Environment; Job Satisfaction

An emphasis on the elements of prosody was crucial for achieving full proficiency in a spoken language. The research focused on prosody, which included components such as stress, intonation, pauses, and mora. This study aimed to evaluate the proficiency of Arabic teachers at Government Aided Religious Schools (SABK) in Selangor, Malaysia, regarding their understanding and instructional abilities in prosody, particularly in speaking skills. The study sample consisted of 152 Arabic teachers working at SABK in Selangor, Malaysia. The questionnaire was evaluated by four reviewers, and the results indicated a high level of reliability, as evidenced by Cronbach Alpha values of 0.91 for prosody teaching strategies and 0.90 for prosody knowledge. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were performed on the acquired data. The research data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20. The results of the data analysis showed that both the prosody knowledge (mean: 3.76, S.D.: 0.465) and the prosody teaching strategies (mean: 3.69, S.D.: 0.484) were at a relatively high level. According to Pearson's correlation analysis, there was a significant positive correlation (r=0.530) between the prosody teaching strategy and the prosody knowledge. Simultaneously, knowledge of prosody played an important role in applying prosody strategies effectively, contributing about 28.1 percent (r₂=0.281). Proficiency in Arabic prosody aided teachers in creating effective ways for two-way interaction inside the classroom. Students greatly benefited from this situation in terms of improving their communication skills, as it made class communication more effective. The Arabic language curriculum needed to provide teachers with training in prosody teaching strategies to enhance two-way communication in the classroom.

This study examined the impact of a gratitude (shukr) group intervention on the well-being of college students. We hypothesised that participation in the intervention would increase feelings of well-being. A single-group quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measures was employed. A convenience sample of 95 s-year college students consented to participate—the intervention, conducted over four weeks between November and December 2023, involved weekly gratitude group sessions. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) was used to assess well-being before and after the intervention. Descriptive statistics and paired sample t-tests were conducted to analyse the data. Qualitative data from participants' reflection reports were also thematically analysed for supportive evidence. Results indicated that post-test well-being scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores (p

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined as a lifetime developmental disorder usually identified by social interaction impairment, communication deficits, and repetitive behavior. The cases of children detected with ASD are rising globally, including Malaysia. Parents, as the prime caregiver to these children, face numerous challenges due to what is entailed in taking care of their children. This paper describes a case study where we examined the views and experience of three mothers, each of whom has an ASD child. Data were gathered through face-to-face semi-structured interviews, after which they were transcribed and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The mothers narrated that the challenges they encountered include the difficulty they had in initially accepting their child's diagnosis; labelling and discrimination; phase-based temporal challenges; endless physical, emotional, and mental sacrifices; finding the strength and patience to deal with the situation; academic vs. non-academic struggles, as well as their own coping mechanisms. This paper concludes with the need to provide support for parents-especially mothers-to enable them to overcome their challenges and focus on the development of their autistic children.

Lean is a process improvement approach to improve organization's efficiency by identifying and eliminate non-value-added activities, while Six Sigma is a methodology focused on reduction of process variation. The integration of both, namely Lean Six Sigma (LSS) drives organization on waste elimination, variation reduction and value creation, which ultimately enhancing organizational performance. LSS has been viewed by prior scholars as one of effective approach for business improvement regardless of manufacturing or services industry. However, the research of LSS in education sector, particularly for business school is relatively lacking. Hence, this research aimed to identify the critical success factors (CSFs) for LSS within a business school in Malaysia. The research also aimed to explore the relationship between the LSS, CSFs, and organization performance. There were six CSFs identified from literature review, while organization performance is assessed via the concept of system theory. The research was quantitative based with the lecturers in the business school as the targeted population. Questionnaire was distributed based on stratified sampling plan with 69 responded. Descriptive and Pearson correlation analysis result revealed that lecturers within the business school perceived that all the six LSS CSFs as "very important", and strongly correlated with organization performance, except CSF "project selection and prioritization". As implication, finding from this research suggested that the adaption of LSS between manufacturing and education sectors shared the commonality in term of CSF. However, the business school should look into project proposal from the lecturers' perspective as an alternate source of process improvement opportunity.

Background: A centrally limited radiological pattern, marked by mucosal thickening in the central sinonasal cavity with relatively unaffected surrounding sinuses, has been linked to allergy in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, a comparison between allergic and non-atopic CRS patients is lacking. The role of anatomical variations in the ostiomeatal complex also remains unclear. Methods: Adult CRS patients with allergic rhinitis, asthma, eczema, and positive allergy tests were recruited. CRS patients without atopic disease and negative allergy tests were controls. CT scans were evaluated for the centrally limited radiologic pattern. Anatomical variations in the ostiomeatal complex were also examined. Results: The study included 15 allergic CRS and 17 non-atopic CRS participants. Allergic CRS patients showed a higher prevalence of centrally limited sinus disease compared to non-atopic CRS patients (50% vs. 14.7%, p < 0.01). No anatomical variations were conclusively linked to allergy status or the centrally limited sinus disease. Conclusion: Centrally limited sinus disease on radiology is associated with underlying allergy in CRS but should not be the primary diagnostic tool. Anatomical variants did not clearly relate to allergy status or the radiologic pattern but this requires further studies.

The rapid industrialisation and urbanisation in recent decades have significantly increased global wastewater generation, particularly in industrial parks. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) near these parks are crucial for promoting sustainable practices. Instead of discharging treated wastewater, reclaiming and reusing it can minimise the water footprint. However, there has been insufficient evaluation of wastewater reclamation potential within existing STPs. This study integrates the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with spatial analysis to assess the suitability of STPs for wastewater reclamation and reuse in Peninsular Malaysia's industrial parks. Factors considered include STP design capacity, wastewater quality, proximity to industries, non-domestic water tariffs and geographical features. AHP analysis assigned weights to these factors, achieving a consistency ratio of less than 0.10. The resulting suitability map categorises STPs into five levels, showing that 64 % of the land area and 40.5 % or 2922 of STPs have very low reclamation potential due to inadequate wastewater management infrastructure. In contrast, only 0.1 % of the land and 0.2 % or 17 of STPs out of approximately 7208 STPs exhibit high reclamation potential. A holistic approach is essential to evaluate multiple factors, enabling operators to identify suitable STPs for reclamation and ensuring regional water security.