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Background Smartphone addiction is one of the most important forms of technology addiction that has attracted the attention of all countries around the world. Many studies have been conducted in Iran on cellphone addiction among different groups. There is a necessity to have a native scale for measuring smartphone addiction in particular. Therefore, this study aimed to localize the smartphone addiction questionnaire in Iran (in the Persian language). Methods To assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the smartphone addiction scale (SAS), the questionnaire was first provided based on the standard back-translation method. Next, content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and face validity was evaluated for translated questionnaire. After making the necessary changes, the questionnaire was given to the community samples and was then reviewed using confirmatory factor analysis of questions grouping. Finally, the reliability of the questionnaire was investigated by the test-retest method. Results The CVR and CVI values of all questions were within the acceptable range. Only some of the questions in the original SAS version titled Twitter and Facebook were changed to Instagram and telegram according to experts. Internal consistency and concurrent validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha of 0.951. The mean correlation coefficient between the responses of the subjects, who received the questionnaire twice, was 0.946 (0.938–0.954). The grouping of questions in the subscales was changed from the original SAS version because the fitting indexes, obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis test (for example CMIN/DF greater than 5 units and RMSEA of approximately 0.07), were not acceptable. Conclusion The results showed that the Iranian version of the cellphone addiction questionnaire can be used as a valid, with minimal modification, tool for determining the level of smartphone addiction among Persian speakers.

Background: Burn is one of the public health problems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, and this problem is far more important for pregnant women and their fetus. There was no a systematic study to comprehensively review the epidemiology of Maternal and Fetal`s Burn inIran, this study was conducted for this purpose. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis study, all related studies (Published in 2017 and earlier) extracted by two independent groups from national and international databases (Magiran, SID, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, etc.). Meta-analysis has been applied to obtain the overall outcomes of maternal and fetal mortality in pregnant women in Iran. Forest plot, τ2, and I2 tests are applied to evaluate heterogeneity, significance and its percentage, respectively. The analysis of meta-regression is applied because of the existence of heterogeneity. Publication bias is investigated by Funnel plot and Egger test. Results: The range of maternal and fetal mortality was 29.2% to 66.67% and 38.5% to 72.8%, respectively. Also, 48.4% and 54.2% were the overall outcome of maternal and fetal mortality based on meta-analysis, respectively. The highest maternal mortality is reported for pregnant women with Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) over 50%, intentional burns, and acute respiratory failures. Finally, reduction of maternal mortality had a statistically significant relationship with passing time based on the univariate analysis. Conclusion:It can be inferred from our results that some hazards of burn in pregnant women are average age of 22-27 years, living in rural areas, low levels of socio-economic, low education level and being housewife. Also, according to meta-analysis results, about half of mothers and fetuses died in pregnant women as a result of burns in Iran.

Objective: The prevalence of burn in children is more than other age groups. This study aimed to "investigate the factors associated with the burn degree and total body surface area (TBSA) in under five-year-old children of Kermanshah ".Methods: We studied under five-year-old children hospitalized in the burn center of Imam Khomeini hospital in Kermanshah from September 2014 until March 2016 for 18 months. Required Information extracted by trained staff based on existing data. Researcher-made checklist was used to obtain information. The ordinal regression has been applied to evaluate factors related to TBSA and burn degree in children. Result: In general, 262 children were input of the study so that 226 cases (86.3%) were in under two-year-old group. The majority of cases were boys by 66.8% (175 cases). Hot liquid was the most reported cause of burns by 68.7% of all cases. Most of the burn incidents (43.1%) with high burn degree occurred at 7 am to 2 pm. Girls were exposed to higher burn degrees more than boys. Factors such as being boy (OR=2.83), less than 2 years old age (OR=4.91) significantly increased TBSA. Also, living in rural (OR=5.17) and delay of treatment (OR=41.35) significantly increased burn degree. Conclusion: To reduce the incidence and complications of burns in children, interventions should be considered to change the environmental and individual factors.

Burn is the most common pediatric injuries all over the world. The aim of this study was to study the epidemiology of burn in under 15-year-old Iranian children by applying a systematic review. The related articles published before 2016 have been gathered from international databases by using the keywords in term of pediatric burns such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Iranmedex, Google Scholar, Embase, Magiran, and SID. The checklists of STROBE have been applied to evaluate the quality of the reviewed data. A total of 35 relevant studies were extracted and evaluated. In most studies, the incidence of pediatric burns in male patients was more than female patients by 9.5 to 50 cases in 100,000 per children. Mortality rate of pediatric burn was between 1.7 and 18.5%. The most common cause of pediatric burn was hot water or other hot liquids. Pediatric burn in urban areas was higher and the highest number of pediatric burns occurred at home. Burn is considered as one of the major incidents related to children's health that required planning to reduce its incidence, especially in the lower age groups as well as male patients who are more active and susceptible to burn.

"Kermanshah province in 2013. This study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted on those visiting drug abuse treatment centers in Kermanshah province voluntarily during the year 2013. Using checklist, information was collected from the files of the individuals by trained experts and, if necessary, by asking individuals, physicians or the experts of the center. The analysis was performed using SPSS version16. Overall, 2652 patients’ information (in 80 centers) was studied. The mean age of individuals was 37.98 (±11.18) years and more than 97% of the individuals were male. Opium, tramadol and hashish were the most frequently used substances that were consumed for the first time by the individuals. The mean of years of use for traditional (natural) substances was much more than that for synthetic substances. Proportion of drug use did not differ between men and women. However, the proportion of synthetic materials and non-narcotic substances was significantly different. Based on the results it can be said that that drug abuse is more prevalent among young individuals, educated individuals and those with family history. Since the synthetic drug abuse is increasing, new strategies for prevention of access to these drugs and treatment should be a priority in the related programs."