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Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are congenital retinal degenerative diseases that have various inheritance patterns, including dominant, recessive, X-linked, and mitochondrial. These diseases are most often the result of defects in rod and/or cone photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium function, development, or both. The genes associated with these diseases, when mutated, produce altered protein products that have downstream effects in pathways critical to vision, including phototransduction, the visual cycle, photoreceptor development, cellular respiration, and retinal homeostasis. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of the underlying molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of IRDs by delving into many of the genes associated with IRD development, their protein products, and the pathways interrupted by genetic mutation.

One of the major complications in diabetes is impaired wound healing. Unfortunately, effective therapies are currently lacking. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process involved in cutaneous wound healing. In response to injury, EMT is required to activate and mobilize stationary keratinocytes in the skin toward the wound bed, which allows for re-epithelialization. This process is stalled in diabetic wounds. In this study, we investigate the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), MALAT1, in transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1)-induced EMT of human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. Initially, we detected MALAT1 and TGF-β1 expression in non-diabetic and diabetic wounds and found that these expression are significantly up-regulated in diabetic wounds. Then, HaCaT cells were cultured and exposed to TGF-β1. The EMT of HaCaT cells were confirmed by the increased expression of CDH2, KRT10, and ACTA2, in addition to the down-regulation of CDH1. Knockdown of MALAT1 was achieved by transfecting a small interfering RNA (SiRNA). MALAT1 silencing attenuates TGFβ1-induced EMT. Mechanistically, MALAT1 is involved in TGF-β1 mediated EMT through significantly induced ZEB1 expression, a critical transcription factor for EMT. In summary, lncRNA MALAT1 is involved in TGFβ1-induced EMT of human HaCaT cells and provides new understanding for the pathogenesis of diabetic wounds.

Cardiac catheterization is a common word for a set of procedures that are implemented using this method, such as coronary angiography and left ventricle angiography. Coronary angiography is that invasive procedure which assumed as the golden standard for the diagnosis, estimation, and curing of heart diseases. There is a shortage of research of undergraduate students. The purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional study has been conducted to assess nurses’ knowledge regarding cardiac catheterization and associated factors at General Hospital in Rania city. Data were collected from a stability sample of 60 nurses using demographic form instead of the section with the conductive questionnaire of Knowledge regarding cardiac catheterization . The majority of study participants were female (81.7%) Therefore, 70% of nurses were married. About 43.3% of study participants were Academic nurse while (40%) of them were Institute nurse, however level of knowledge form institute graduated nurses has a highest level and the majority of participants were not trained (95%). Results acquired have shown that there is no sufficient knowledge of nurses regarding cardiac catheterization, among all levels of nurses and there is a significant relationship between most socio-demographic data in true question but there are opposite result for false questions. We therefore recommend the training course by ministry of health for nurses to improve the knowledge and health awareness regarding cardiac catheterization.

The mathematical model of the bacterial chaperonin-cofactor complex, GroEL-GroES, suggests that the complex can undergo a diversity of molecular mechanisms facilitating its chaperone activity. Data indicate that the intermediate domains are critical for its molecular motion between cis ring and trans ring conformations.

The hydrogen exchange (HX) behavior of proteins in their native state or under weakly denaturing conditions was explored using the Gaussian network model, an analytical model based on local residue packing densities and the distribution of tertiary contacts for describing conformation fluctuations of proteins in their folded state. Findings revealed that a good agreement is reached between calculated fluctuations and experimental measurements of HX. The model was found to be satisfactory in describing native-state HX behavior.

Collective motions and interresidue correlations in proteins were characterized using the singular value decomposition (SVD) method. The SVD method was combined with a Monte Carlo/Metropolis technique to generate configurations. Results showed that the low-resolution simulation method can characterize the cooperative motions in proteins more efficiently than atomic simulations. It was also found that the structural elements within each domain of the bacteriophage T4 lysozyme are subject to strongly coupled motions.