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The combination of language policies, the global testing industry, and the role of STEM subjects in school systems have been shown to undermine the inclusion of all pupils, especially with regard to language backgrounds. This lack of inclusion shows signs of developing into a point of systematic exclusion for those students. In this article we will consider the language policies in two national contexts, the Swedish and the Luxembourgish ones, and specifically examine issues of in(ex)clusion in relation to multi-lingualism in STEM teaching. This study analyzes policy documents on (1) inclusion, (2) language use, and (3) STEM teaching at school in the two national contexts, using a methodology that builds on Popkewitz’s (2013; 2014) approach to politics of schooling. Our results show, first, that different policies on language and multilingualism become visible in policy documents for primary school teaching in Sweden and Luxembourg. Secondly, this article discusses what impacts these policies may have on matters of inclusion, exclusion, or abjection in STEM teaching contexts at primary schools.

This study focuses on ethical dilemmas that arise in moments of inclusion and equity in mathematics teaching and how they might be tackled through teachers' professional judgment. Skovsmose's inclusive landscapes of investigation approach was used to design the study and to collect teachers' joint reflections on moments of inclusion and equity in their teaching. Ethical dilemmas and professional judgment were the analytical foci for a qualitative thematic content analysis. Three explorative workshops were held with two teams of teachers from two schools in Sweden. The analysis identified three themes of ethical dilemma, and ways in which these were responded to by teachers' professional judgment: (1) dilemmas of diversity and acting justly; (2) dilemmas of resources and allocating them fairly; (3) dilemmas of values and recognising diversity. We conclude that mathematics teachers' professional judgments involve showing bravery, going outside of the norm, negotiating values and duties, listening to the students, and throughout this, engaging in collegial learning in the best interests of the learner.

In Sweden, there has been a development of continuously more and earlier mandatory assessments in schools in the last decades. One of the latest is mandatory assessment in preschool classes from 2019, with one of the purposes to identify students in need of Special Education in Mathematics (SEM students). Preschool class is a compulsory school year for 6-year-olds which precedes compulsory school. The study at hand explores how teachers create knowledge of mathematics and the SEM student during their work with this mandatory assessment. Results show that mandatory assessment might affect how teachers assess knowledge, develop their teaching, and (re)produce knowledge of the six-year-olds as knowers and of knowledge in mathematics. We join the vast amount of research that has shown that mandatory assessment is a potentially sensitive situation for students who are already unprivileged, who face obstacles in their learning or who struggle with mathematics. Awareness of processes of inclusion, exclusion and (in)equity during assessment and in the following education is central to not count (SEM) students out as competent learners with valuable knowledge.

In Sweden, the Compulsory School for Students with Intellectual Disabilites (CSSID) is currently experiencing political change, as this type of school is being renamed and is undergoing organisational changes. The inclusion of children with intellectual disabilities (ID) in schooling, and in general society, has been challenged and debated for decades; such debates are at the heart of some of these changes. In this study, we have systematically investigated the policy work (e.g. government reports and statements) preceding and governing the changes. Hence, the purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge on how policy documents inscribe meaning to the inclusion of children with ID. Results show that discourses on inclusion are connected to neoliberal values and practices, such as assessment, global comparison, and accountability. It has been suggested that this may have a profound and long-term effect on how children with ID are fabricated and hence, how the child with ID and their education can be understood in terms of being included in the idea of 'all students' in policy, and in addition, in practice.

Introduction: Lichen planus is a relatively common inflammatory condition of the nails, skin, and mucosal surfaces. Oesophageal involvement of lichen planus is thought to be very rare, mainly described in case reports, but is associated with a high risk of oesophageal stenosis as well as squamous cell carcinoma. No evidence-based treatment recommendations exist, with the majority of described treatment regimens involving systemic immunosuppression. Case Report: In this case report, we describe a novel approach in treating oesophageal lichen planus in a patient with budesonide orodispersible tablets, a treatment normally reserved for eosinophilic oesophagitis. The patient achieved complete relief of dysphagia, with a follow-up oesophagogastroduodenoscopy 2 months after treatment commencement being macroscopically and microscopically free of inflammatory activity. This case report is to our knowledge the first to report this treatment regimen in oesophageal lichen planus. Conclusion: We consider a trial of budesonide orodispersible tablets a reasonable initial management as it’s a local therapy specific to the oesophagus with a more benign side effect profile than systemic immunosuppression, but further studies need to be undertaken to corroborate our findings. Also, based on the severity and malignant potential of oesophageal lichen planus, we suggest that physicians be liberal in ordering oesophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy taking as part of the workup of dysphagia in a patient with known lichen planus.

Molecular subtyping is essential to infer tumor aggressiveness and predict prognosis. In practice, tumor profiling requires in‐depth knowledge of bioinformatics tools involved in the processing and analysis of the generated data. Additionally, data incompatibility (e.g., microarray versus RNA sequencing data) and technical and uncharacterized biological variance between training and test data can pose challenges in classifying individual samples. In this article, we provide a roadmap for implementing bioinformatics frameworks for molecular profiling of human cancers in a clinical diagnostic setting. We describe a framework for integrating several methods for quality control, normalization, batch correction, classification and reporting, and develop a use case of the framework in breast cancer.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R) is an attractive option for storing renewable electricity and for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals and fuels. In this roadmap, we review recent progress in fundamental understanding, catalyst development, and in engineering and scale-up. We discuss the outstanding challenges towards commercialization of electrochemical CO2R technology: energy efficiencies, selectivities, low current densities, and stability. We highlight the opportunities in establishing rigorous standards for benchmarking performance, advances in in operando characterization, the discovery of new materials towards high value products, the investigation of phenomena across multiple-length scales and the application of data science towards doing so. We hope that this collective perspective sparks new research activities that ultimately bring us a step closer towards establishing a low- or zero-emission carbon cycle.

BackgroundOfatumumab is approved for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). Ongoing safety reporting is crucial to understand its long-term benefit-risk profile.ObjectiveReport the safety and tolerability of ofatumumab in RMS after extended treatment up to 3.5 years.MethodsPatients completing ASCLEPIOS I/II (phase 3), APLIOS, or APOLITOS (phase 2) trials could enter ALITHIOS, a phase 3b, open-label, long-term safety study. We analyzed cumulative data of continuous ofatumumab treatment and of patients newly switched from teriflunomide.ResultsThe safety population had 1969 patients: 1292 continuously treated with ofatumumab (median time-at-risk 35.5 months, 3253 patient-years) and 677 newly switched (median time-at-risk 18.3 months, 986 patient-years). A total of 1650 patients (83.8%) had ⩾1 adverse events and 191 (9.7%) had ⩾1 serious adverse events. No opportunistic infections or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy events were identified; the risk of malignancies was low. Mean serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels remained stable. Mean IgM levels decreased but remained above the lower limit of normal in most. Serious infection incidence was low; decreased Ig levels were not associated with serious infections.ConclusionIn patients with up to 3.5 years' exposure, ofatumumab was well tolerated, with no new safety risks identified. These findings, with its established effectiveness, support a favorable benefit-risk profile of ofatumumab in RMS.

BackgroundVirtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising technology for enhancing the health care of older individuals, particularly in the domains of cognition, physical activity, and social engagement. However, existing VR products and services have limited availability and affordability; hence, there is a need for a scientifically validated and personalized VR service to be used by older adults in their homes, which can improve their overall physical, cognitive, and social well-being. ObjectiveThe main purpose of the CoSoPhy FX (Cognitive, Social, and Physical Effects) study was to analyze the effects of a VR-based digital therapeutics app on the cognitive, social, and physical performance abilities of healthy (high-functioning) older adults. This paper presents the study protocol and the results from the recruitment phase. MethodsA group of 188 healthy older adults aged 65-85 years, recruited at the Medical University of Lodz, Poland, were randomly allocated to the experimental group (VR dual-task training program) or to the control group (using a VR headset app showing nature videos). A total of 3 cognitive exercises were performed in various 360° nature environments delivered via a VR head-mounted display; the participants listened to their preferred music genre. Each patient received 3 sessions of 12 minutes per week for 12 weeks, totaling a minimum of 36 sessions per participant. Attention and working memory (Central Nervous System Vital Signs computerized cognitive battery) were used as primary outcomes, while other cognitive domains in the Central Nervous System Vital Signs battery, quality of life (World Health Organization–5 Well-Being Index), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), and anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder 7-item questionnaire) were the secondary outcomes. The group-by-time interaction was determined using linear mixed models with participants’ individual slopes. ResultsIn total, 122 (39%) of the initial 310 participants failed to meet the inclusion criteria, resulting in a recruitment rate of 61% (188/310). Among the participants, 68 successfully completed the intervention and 62 completed the control treatment. The data are currently being analyzed, and we plan to publish the results by the end of September 2024. ConclusionsVR interventions have significant potential among healthy older individuals. VR can address various aspects of well-being by stimulating cognitive functions, promoting physical activity, and facilitating social interaction. However, challenges such as physical discomfort, technology acceptance, safety concerns, and cost must be considered when implementing them for older adults. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects of VR-based interventions, optimal intervention designs, and the specific populations that would benefit most. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05369897; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05369897 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/53261

Mathematics-specific learning difficulties and disabilities (MLD) have received increasing attention in scholarly research. In this study, we place MLD research in its wider context of risk societies by discussing the manufacturing of MLD as "a risk." This framing of MLD builds on a certain idea of "hope" in how research could provide the means to better understand and support learners with MLD. We conduct a Foucault-informed analysis to understand how scholarly knowledge about MLD has been produced through discourses of risk and hope. Our material consists of 30 influential journal articles published in the three fields of MLD research: cognitive sciences, special education and mathematics education. Our study indicates that MLD has been predominantly conceptualised through a technico-scientific risk discourse that frames MLD as harmful for learners and societies alike; such risk discourse relies on a discourse of hope in scientific methods. We also analyse a social risk discourse that identifies risks in social exclusion and marginalisation of students with MLD, finding hope in inclusive learning environments. Based on our analysis, we propose that the mere conceptualisation of MLD has thoroughly revolved around discourses of current liminalities ("risk") and enunciations of better futures ("hope"). However, what has been unexplored is the politics of such risk and hope discourses themselves. We propose a socio-politically oriented discourse of risk/hope as a way to reframe scientific knowledge production about MLD. This discourse identifies risks not in MLD itself but in how research manufactures MLD as a threat to both economic growth and student identities. Instead of asking research communities to mitigate the risk of MLD, we call for them to embrace it.

We conduct a critical review to explore how research on mathematics classroom assessment has positioned students (127 studies, 2015-2020). Our analysis shows how research has positioned students as passive recipients of assessment by portraying assessment through discourses of measurement and cognition. Conversely, students are positioned as active agents in their own learning through discourses of empowerment and monitoring. Finally, a discourse of performativity portrays classroom assessment as a way to promote results in large-scale assessments. These five discourses summarize how research produces knowledge about mathematics assessment and, in doing so, positions students as social agents with certain roles and responsibilities. Our review challenges assessment research communities to rethink how students are positioned in mathematics assessment.

Objective: In obesity and type 2 diabetes, hyperglucagonaemia may be caused by elevated levels of glucagonotropic amino acids due to hepatic glucagon resistance at the level of amino acid turnover. Here, we investigated the effect of exogenous glucagon on circulating amino acids in obese and non-obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes. Design: This was a post hoc analysis in a glucagon infusion study performed in individuals with type 2 diabetes (n = 16) and in age, sex, and body mass index-matched control individuals without diabetes (n = 16). Each group comprised two subgroups of eight individuals with and without obesity, respectively. Methods: All participants received a 1-h glucagon infusion (4 ng/kg/min) in the overnight fasted state. Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured with frequent intervals. Results: Compared to the control subgroup without obesity, baseline total amino acid levels were elevated in the control subgroup with obesity and in the type 2 diabetes subgroup without obesity. In all subgroups, amino acid levels decreased by up to 20% in response to glucagon infusion, which resulted in high physiological steady-state glucagon levels (mean concentration: 74 pmol/L, 95% CI [68;79] pmol/L). Following correction for multiple testing, no intergroup differences in changes in amino acid levels reached significance. Conclusion: Obesity and type 2 diabetes status was associated with elevated fasting levels of total amino acids. The glucagon infusion decreased circulating amino acid levels similarly in all subgroups, without significant differences in the response to exogenous glucagon between individuals with and without obesity and type 2 diabetes. Significance statement The hormone glucagon stimulates glucose production from the liver, which may promote hyperglycaemia if glucagon levels are abnormally elevated, as is often seen in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Glucagon levels are closely linked to, and influenced by, the levels of circulating amino acids. To further investigate this link, we measured amino acid levels in individuals with and without obesity and type 2 diabetes before and during an infusion of glucagon. We found that circulating amino acid levels were higher in type 2 diabetes and obesity, and that glucagon infusion decreased amino acid levels in both individuals with and without type 2 diabetes and obesity. The study adds novel information to the link between circulating levels of glucagon and amino acids.

Abstract Objective To compare the effect of low-load blood flow restricted resistance training (BFR-RT) versus high-load resistance training (HL-RT) on muscle strength, muscle mass, physical function, patient-reported outcomes, and adherence to training in clinical musculoskeletal populations. Data sources Web of Science, Cochrane Central, Medline, Embase, SportDiscus was searched on the 30th May 2022. Review methods This study was conducted as a systematic review and meta-analysis. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were included if they (i) included patients, (ii) comprised of a BFR-RT intervention protocol and a group who performed HL-RT (≥ 70%1RM) for at least eight exercise sessions, and (iii) involved at least 1 exercise that targeted the lower limbs. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias. The meta-analyses were performed using a random effects model with an adjustment to the confidence interval. Results Seven RCTs comprising 303 participants (BFR-RT: n = 151; HL-RT: n = 152) were identified. HL-RT and BFR-RT showed similar gains in dynamic (1-10RM) knee extensor strength and leg press strength, quadriceps cross sectional area, sit-to-stand performance, and patient reported pain and function. There was a moderate effect favoring BFR-RT for increasing maximal isometric knee extensor strength. The grading of certainty in evidence was low-to-very low for all outcome variables. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis extends our current knowledge about BFR-RT and HL-RT as equally effective exercise methods for inducing gains in maximal muscle strength in healthy populations, by now also comprising patients suffering from various clinical musculoskeletal conditions. The certainty in the estimates was low-to-very low, prompting the inclusion of future higher-quality trials. Trial registration PROSPERO ID (CRD42022337173). Registered June 18th 2022.

Abstract Electrochemical conversion of organic compounds holds promise for advancing sustainable synthesis and catalysis. This study explored electrochemical carbonyl hydrogenation on single-site M–N–C (Metal Nitrogen-doped Carbon) catalysts using formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone as model reactants. We strive to correlate and understand the selectivity dependence on the nature of the metal centers. Density Functional Theory calculations revealed similar binding energetics for carbonyl groups through oxygen-down or carbon-down adsorption due to oxygen and carbon scaling. Fe–N–C exhibited specific oxyphilicity and could selectively reduce aldehydes to hydrocarbons. By contrast, the carbophilic Co–N–C selectively converted acetaldehyde and acetone to ethanol and 2-propanol, respectively. We claim that the oxyphilicity of the active sites and consequent adsorption geometry (oxygen-down vs. carbon-down) are crucial in controlling product selectivity. These findings offer mechanistic insights into electrochemical carbonyl hydrogenation and can guide the development of efficient and sustainable electrocatalytic valorization of biomass-derived compounds.

Abstract Olamkicept selectively inhibits the cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) trans‐signaling pathway without blocking the classic pathway and is a promising immunoregulatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These first‐in‐human, randomized, placebo‐controlled, single‐ (SAD) and multiple‐ascending dose (MAD) trials evaluated olamkicept safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic characteristics. Doses tested in the SAD trial included seven single intravenous doses (0.75, 7.5, 75, 150, 300, 600, and 750 mg) and one subcutaneous (SC) dose (60 mg) given to healthy subjects (N = 64), and three intravenous doses (75 mg, 300 mg, and 750 mg) given to patients with Crohn's disease (CD; N = 24). Doses tested in the MAD trial included multiple intravenous doses (75, 300, and 600 mg once weekly for 4 weeks) given to healthy subjects (N = 24). No severe or serious treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were recorded. The most common TEAEs were headache, nasopharyngitis, and myalgia in the SAD trial, and diarrhea, headache, and cough in the MAD trial. Infusion‐related reactions occurred in one and two subjects in the SAD and MAD trial, respectively, leading to treatment discontinuation in the MAD trial. Olamkicept showed dose‐independent pharmacokinetics after single and multiple administrations, and there was no major difference in systemic exposure between healthy subjects and patients with CD. Complete target engagement (inhibition of phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription‐3) was achieved in blood around or above olamkicept serum concentrations of 1–5 μg/mL. Overall, these results suggest that olamkicept is safe and well‐tolerated in healthy subjects and patients with CD after single intravenous/SC and multiple intravenous administrations.

BackgroundMutation-derived neoantigens are critical targets for tumor rejection in cancer immunotherapy, and better tools for neoepitope identification and prediction are needed to improve neoepitope targeting strategies. Computational tools have enabled the identification of patient-specific neoantigen candidates from sequencing data, but limited data availability has hindered their capacity to predict which of the many neoepitopes will most likely give rise to T cell recognition. MethodTo address this, we make use of experimentally validated T cell recognition towards 17,500 neoepitope candidates, with 467 being T cell recognized, across 70 cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy. ResultsWe evaluated 27 neoepitope characteristics, and created a random forest model, IMPROVE, to predict neoepitope immunogenicity. The presence of hydrophobic and aromatic residues in the peptide binding core were the most important features for predicting neoepitope immunogenicity.ConclusionOverall, IMPROVE was found to significantly advance the identification of neoepitopes compared to other current methods.

Most sports science research revolves around male subjects. As a result, most of the knowledge and practices within sports are male-centric. Failing to take the biological, psychological and social (biopsychosocial) particularities of females into account is believed to hinder optimal sports participation, development and performance, with potential negative effects on the health and well-being of females. To close the knowledge gap and alleviate these issues, we aim to develop and evaluate a 12-video educational intervention that addresses female-specific subject matter: the FIDES Athlete Development Programme. The study is designed as an embedded multiple case study where at least 1320 Swedish female athletes aged 13–16 will participate, in addition to their parents and their coaches. The girls will be recruited through their sports clubs, with half being exposed to the FIDES Athlete Development Programme and the other half serving as control cases. The primary outcomes are well-being and sporting experience. To further increase our understanding of the intervention and its implications, interviews and focus group interviews with a reference group of girls and focus group interviews with a randomly selected subsample of coaches and parents will also be performed. The project is approved by the Swedish ethics committee (number: 2023-05264-01) and will be carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results from the project will be published open access in peer-reviewed journals, at national and international conferences, in mass media, and a PhD thesis. The anonymised data will be made openly available in a data repository.

This paper presents the Mechanical Ventilator Milano (MVM), a novel intensive therapy mechanical ventilator designed for rapid, large-scale, low-cost production for the COVID-19 pandemic. Free of moving mechanical parts and requiring only a source of compressed oxygen and medical air to operate, the MVM is designed to support the long-term invasive ventilation often required for COVID-19 patients and operates in pressure-regulated ventilation modes, which minimize the risk of furthering lung trauma. The MVM was extensively tested against ISO standards in the laboratory using a breathing simulator, with good agreement between input and measured breathing parameters and performing correctly in response to fault conditions and stability tests. The MVM has obtained Emergency Use Authorization by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in healthcare settings during the COVID-19 pandemic and Health Canada Medical Device Authorization for Importation or Sale, under Interim Order for Use in Relation to COVID-19. Following these certifications, mass production is ongoing and distribution is under way in several countries. The MVM was designed, tested, prepared for certification, and mass produced in the space of a few months by a unique collaboration of respiratory healthcare professionals and experimental physicists, working with industrial partners, and is an excellent ventilator candidate for this pandemic anywhere in the world.

The ever cheapening renewable energy calls for an effective means of storing and using electricity. Electrocatalysis is key for transforming electricity into chemical bonds. However, electrolysis is limited by the catalyst at the electrodes. In this work, we explore metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as potential electrocatalysts. We investigate MOF-525, consisting of Zr nodes and tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) linkers. We show using density functional theory simulations that metal incorporation in the ligand changes the reactivity in an electrochemical environment. Furthermore, we find that the MOF-derived porphyrin structure has a similar catalytic performance to the MOF itself for the hydrogen evolution, oxygen reduction, and CO2 reduction reactions. Our findings highlight the challenge of using and reporting catalysis from complex hybrid materials, such as MOFs.

Students with special educational needs (SEN) are systematically hindered in their participation in test-taking and, as a result, are also excluded from participating in high-quality learning. Hence, participation in the assessment situation is connected to power relations and future prospects and possibilities to participate in society. This article explores aspects of participation in a standardised and national assessment in Sweden by scrutinising a moment of mandatory national testing in mathematics with students in need of special education. The conclusions are that layers of access and levels of participation are established as the result of complex movements between communication, support, relations and the mathematics involved.