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In order to study the shelf life of grapes, appearance, weight loss, shattering rate, pH, titratable acidity, sugar content, color, free sugar, organic acid, and ethanol contents of grapes grown in were measured for 12 days of storage at room temperature by treatments with phytoncide pads derived from pine tree (phytoncide pad 1 and phytoncide pad 2) and a sulfur dioxide pad as well as a control group with pad only. As the storage period increased, the color of the sulfur dioxide pad changed to red. The weight reduction rate significantly increased by the sulfur dioxide pad treatment and the lowest weight reduction rate was obtained by the phytoncide 2 treatment. The percentage of the highest shattering rate was determined on the 12th day of storage in the control. Moreover, the sulfur dioxide pad treatment was carried out at the lowest pH, and the phytoncide 2 treatment at the highest pH. Titratable acidity increased until the 6th day of storage, but decreased at the 12th day for both treatments. The sugar content decreased with increasing storage period, and the control group showed the highest decrease with 13.13-13.50 °Brix on the 12th storage day. The L and a value were increased in the sulfur dioxide pad treatment, and the b value increased in all treatments except the phytoncide pad 2 treatment at the 12th day of storage. Fructose content was 56,805.88-67,157.12 mg/L on the 12th day of storage. In the phytoncide pad 1 treatment, it showed a low decrease in fructose content during the storage period. A similar decrease in the content of tartaric acid, which is the highest content in the organic acids of grapes, was observed in all treatments except in the control. The lowest increase in ethanol content was observed in the phytoncide pad 2 treatment during the storage period. Therefore, grapes were better preserved by the phytoncide pad 2 treatment at room temperature than that by using conventional sulfite pads.

Background:Phytoncide is known to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Purpose: This study was carried out to confirm the anti-inflammatory activity of two types of phytoncide extracts from pinecone waste. Methods: We made two types of animal models to evaluate the efficacy, an indomethacin-induced gastroenteritis rat model and a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model. Result: In the gastroenteritis experiment, the expression of induced-nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a marker for inflammation, decreased in the phytoncide-supplemented groups, and gastric ulcer development was significantly inhibited (p &lt, 0.05). In the colitis experiment, the shortening of the colon length and the iNOS expression were significantly suppressed in the phytoncide-supplemented group (p &lt, 0.05). Conclusions:Through this study, we confirmed that phytoncide can directly inhibit inflammation in digestive organs. Although further research is needed, we conclude that phytoncide has potential anti-inflammatory properties in the digestive tract and can be developed as a functional agent.

For centuries, herbs have been used by traditional therapists around the world to treat gastrointestinal tract disorders, such as gastritis. We hypothesized that the anti-Helicobacter pylori properties of phytoncide, which is extracted from pinecone waste, would facilitate use as a natural gastroprotective product to treat gastrointestinal tract disorders. Thus, we investigated in vitro antibacterial efficacy against H. pylori by agar diffusion assay. To determine the gastroprotective properties of phytoncide, we conducted hematoxylin and eosin staining, performed assays for the detection of the cytotoxin gene, and evaluated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in H. pylori-infected C57BL/6 mice. Phytoncide significantly inhibited the survival of H. pylori in the gastrointestinal system of C57BL/6 mice. Reduction of gastric severity in H. pylori-infected mice was associated with reductions in the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gastric mucosa, and of the cytotoxin CagA gene in phytoncide treated groups (P P H. pylori in gastro tissue, possibly due to the abundant α-pinene present in the phytoncide as detected by HPLC analysis. Further studies are needed to validate our findings, but we suggest that phytoncide has the potential to be used as a natural ingredient in anti-H. pylori products.

Mastitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease that remains one of the main causes of poor quality of milk. Phytoncides are naturally occurring anti-inflammatory compounds derived from plants and trees. To determine if treatment with phytoncide could decrease the severity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses, mammary alveolar epithelial cells (MAC-T) were pretreated with phytoncide (0.02% and 0.04% (v/v)) followed by LPS treatment (1 and 25 μg/ml). The results demonstrated that phytoncide downregulated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Additionally, LPS-induced activation of ERK1/2, p38, and Akt was attenuated by phytoncide. Treatment of cells with known pharmacological inhibitors of ERK1/2 (PD98059), p38 (SB203580), and Akt (LY294002) confirmed the association of these signaling pathways with the observed alterations in COX-2 expression. Moreover, phytoncide attenuated LPS-induced NF-κB activation and superoxide production, and, finally, treatment with phytoncide increased Nrf2 activation. Results suggest that phytoncide can decrease LPS-induced inflammation in MAC-T cells.

Extraction of phytoncide oil from korea pine cone waste without damaging the pine cone tree itself was investigated using a steam distillation method. Also various components in the extracted phytoncide oil were separated using a column chroma-tography method. The extraction of phytoncide oil was effectively proceeded, and the maximum production yield of phy-toncide oil could be obtained under 100 ℃ of distillation temperature and within 30 minute of distillation time. According to chemical analysis, it was found that the phytoncide oil from korea pine cone waste was consisted of more than 12 compo-nents such as -pinene, α β-pinene, D-limonene, as main components. In addition, the aqueous hydrogel containing other com-ponents such as verbenone, α-terpinieol, fenchol, different from components of phytoncide oil itself could be obtained through the steam distillation. Keywords: phytoncide, extraction, pine tree, pine cone waste, steam distillation 1)1. 서 론 피톤치드(Phytoncide)란 ‘식물’을 뜻하는 ‘Phyton’과 ‘죽이다’는 뜻의 ‘Cide’인 그리스어의 합성어로서, 식물이 세균, 미생물, 해충 등으로부터 자신을 보호하기 위하여 공기 중에 방출하는 항균성 물질을 통칭한다. 이는 저비점의 휘발성이 강한 항생물질인 50여 종의 테르펜(terpene)계 물질로 구성되어 있으며, 주로 편백나무, 삼나무, 잣나무, 소나무 등 침엽수들의 모든 부위에 함유되어 있다[1]. 일반적으로 동일종, 동일속 식물에서 방출되는 피톤치드는 구성 성분의 종류, 조성 및 함량도 거의 일정하고 규칙적으로 생성되지만 식물이 생육하는

We developed a new chip-on-glass (COG) bonding method using non-conductive adhesive (NCA) and Sn bumps. The bonding was performed with various electrode pads on the glass substrate at 150°C for 150 s under 100 MPa. The initial average contact resistance was 5.7 mΩ for Au pad, 19.6 mΩ for indium-tin oxide (ITO)/Au pad, 11.2 mΩ for Al pad respectively. Thermal cycling test was performed in the temperature range between 0°C and 100°C. The contact resistance of the Sn bump-Au pad joints did not change even after 1000 cycles. In contrast, the joints formed on other type of pads failed electrically between 300 and 500 cycles.