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This paper examines how entrepreneurial visions of the future contribute to neoliberalism's appropriation of language learning as a strategy for capital accumulation. Taking as an example South Korea's heavy investment in children's English language learning -- commonly known as early English education ("yeongeo jogi gyoyuk") -- it discusses how affective conditions of anticipation (Adams, Murphy and Clarke. 2009. Anticipation: Technoscience, life, affect, temporality. "Subjectivity" 28(1). 246-265.) may serve as a basis for rationalizing the incorporation of language learning as an essential element of entrepreneurial visions of the self. Based on examples from the discourse of the Korean private English education market and ethnographic observations from early study abroad ("jogi yuhak") families in Singapore, we show how the English language learning of young children in the Korean context was framed and justified as an investment in the future. We then discuss how parents' hopes and fears about their children's future played a major role in transforming English language learning into a matter of neoliberal anticipation. We conclude by considering how this affective orientation to the future inherent in early English education may serve as a juncture for critiquing the entrepreneurial vision of the self that underlies the logic of human capital development.

Since the late 1990s, early study abroad (ESA) in English-speaking countries has been a popular educational strategy for pre-university Korean students to acquire important language skills such as global English, which is imagined to help them prepare for the competition in global educational and occupational market. However, as ESA, commonly known as jogi yuhak, became a prominent educational strategy among Korean middle class Korean, the destination for Korean Study Abroad began to diversify, showing significant increase of Korean Study Abroad in non-Western countries. For instance, Singapore has emerged as a new site for ESA, due to its multilingual environment which facilitates the learning of global language of English as well as additional languages such as Mandarin. What, then, are the implications of such diversification of ESA for the goals of and beliefs about study abroad? This paper aims to answer this question by examining the language learning practices and ideologies for three Korean ESA families in Singapore, based on participant observation and interview data drawn from a 2.5-year ethnographic study.The parents we studied anticipated that the multilingual competence gained in Singapore, including that of English, Mandarin, and Korean, will lead their children to become truly global elites. For them, Singapore's multilingualism facilitates acquisition of linguistic resources valued in the global market, providing the children with global flexibility and enabling them to freely cross linguistic as well as national boundaries for further success. Yet, they also raised questions about the possibilities of achieving such global and flexible identities as they face various material and social constraints in study abroad. We analyze such investments in language learning in terms of the shifting ways and tensions of how language is conceptualized in the global economy (Heller 2007), particularly how linguistic diversity comes to be understood as measurable value, rather than a socially grounded condition of language use (Urciuoli 2015). Based on this discussion, we consider how the diversification of ESA gets incorporated into discourse of symbolic and cultural capital accumulation despite the opportunities such diversification opens up for greater intercultural understanding.

This paper discusses the connection between language ideologies and educational migration. South Korea is experiencing a boom in short-term migration among pre-university students, a phenomenon known as "jogi yuhak." This trend is driven in part by ideologies that link valorized forms of English with specific geographical locations; but at the same time, transnational experiences of educational migration also shape and contest those dominant ideologies, opening up spaces for their rearticulation. This paper illustrates this process through a study of "jogi yuhak" families in Singapore, exploring how the cultural and linguistic diversity of Singaporean society interacts with language ideologies that drive "jogi yuhak." Through an analysis of the families' accounts of their linguistic investments, it demonstrates how the material constraints surrounding the lives of the families and their lived experiences contribute to a negotiation of imagined geographies that connect language, place, and social space. (Contains 1 table.)

Jogi yuhak(early study abroad) has become a prominent educational and linguistic investment strategy for middle-class Korean families to raise their children as global elites, allowing them to attain multilingual competence through transnational educational migration. Singapore, a newly emerging center ofjogi yuhak, attracts Korean families with its multilingual language learning context. Whilejogi yuhakfamilies aim at attaining elite multilingualism, the actual conditions of educational migration in Singapore mean that the students tend to acquire a ‘truncated’ multilingual competence, including incomplete competence in their own mother tongue. As the discrepancy between the ideal and the reality of language learning leads to a sense of anxiety amongjogi yuhakfamilies, they carefully negotiate their strategies of linguistic investment, varying their investments in different linguistic resources to maximize the effectiveness and profitability of educational migration. Through an analysis ofjogi yuhakfamilies’ strategic patterns of linguistic investment, this paper demonstrates Korean families’ scalar evaluation of the values and functions of languages in their pursuit of multilingualism in English, Mandarin and Korean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide updated information on the distribution of histopathologic types of primary pulmonary neoplasia in dogs and evaluate the effect of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in dogs with pulmonary carcinoma., Animals: 340 dogs., Procedures: Medical records of dogs that underwent lung lobectomy for removal of a primary pulmonary mass were reviewed, and histopathologic type of lesions was determined. The canine lung carcinoma stage classification system was used to determine clinical stage for dogs with pulmonary carcinoma., Results: Pulmonary carcinoma was the most frequently encountered tumor type (296/340 [87.1%]), followed by sarcoma (26 [7.6%]), adenoma (11 [3.2%]), and pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor (5 [1.5%]); there was also 1 plasmacytoma and 1 carcinosarcoma. Twenty (5.9%) sarcomas were classified as primary pulmonary histiocytic sarcoma. There was a significant difference in median survival time between dogs with pulmonary carcinomas (399 days), dogs with histiocytic sarcomas (300 days), and dogs with neuroendocrine tumors (498 days). When dogs with pulmonary carcinomas were grouped on the basis of clinical stage, there were no significant differences in median survival time between dogs that did and did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy., Clinical Relevance: Results indicated that pulmonary carcinoma is the most common cause of primary pulmonary neoplasia in dogs; however, nonepithelial tumors can occur. Survival times were significantly different between dogs with pulmonary carcinoma, histiocytic sarcoma, and neuroendocrine tumor, emphasizing the importance of recognizing the relative incidence of these various histologic diagnoses. The therapeutic effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in dogs with pulmonary carcinoma remains unclear and warrants further investigation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the protein expression pattern and the in vivo trichogenicity of dermal papilla-like tissues (DPLTs) made from canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) in athymic nude mice. Canine ASCs were isolated and cultured from adipose tissue, and differentiation was induced by culturing ASCs in dermal papilla forming media. DPLTs were embedded in collagen gel, and their structural characteristics and protein expression were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin stain and immunohistochemistry. Athymic nude mice were divided into two groups (control and DPLTs groups), and DPLTs were injected in skin wounds of mice in the DPLTs group. The trichogenicity of DPLTs was assessed by gross and histological evaluations for 30 days. The fate and the growth factor-secretion effect of DPLTs were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. DPLTs have a compact aggregated structure, form extracellular matrix and highly express the protein specific for dermal papillae, including ALP and versican. New hair follicle formation was remarkable in nude mice of the DPLTs group in gross findings and H&E stain. Vascularization was increased in the DPLTs group, which was the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor secreted by DPLTs in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that engineered canine DPLTs have characteristics of dermal papillae and have a positive effect on hair regeneration by secreting growth factors.