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Campylobacter coli is the more common zoonotic pathogen and poultry are the foremost blamed source of contamination. Therefore, this study tested 50 chicken pooled samples from apparently healthy and diseased broilers suffered from diarrhea and mortality from various broiler farms in the governorate of Kafr El-Sheikh which revealed 11 Campylobacter coli isolates with a percentage of 22%. The antimicrobial resistance profile showed high resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin with a percentage of 100% followed by 90.9% for kanamycin and oxytetracycline then cefotaxime with a percentage of 72.7% while, susceptibility was observed for amikacin, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin with the percentage of 100%, 72.7%, and 54.5%, respectively. Genotypically testing the virulence and antibiotic resistance genes; Virulence genes showed the highest percentage was 100% for ciaB, flaA, and cdtC followed by VirB11 (n=10/11) 90.9% while, dnaJ and pldA were the lowest detection (9.1%) and (18.2%), respectively. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance genes; tetO and cmeB were harbored in all isolates. In conclusion, C. coli isolates present in the investigated poultry has a multi-drug resistance appearance in combination with a high prevalence of virulence genes which may cause public health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonellosis is a major global pathogen in the poultry industry and is a significant public health concern. Ducks are known to be carriers of Salmonella. Therefore, monitoring salmonellosis is the most important strategy for preventing the disease. An experimental design was planned to study the pathogenicity of two Salmonella strains. One hundred and fifty chicks were divided into three groups; group one was inoculated with the Salmonella enteritidis strain, group two was inoculated with the Salmonella typhimurium strain, and group three was UN inoculated. Symptoms, postmortem lesions and mortality rate were recorded. The chick growth performance parameters were also determined. Using ANOVA for statistical analysis, there was a significant difference in body weight, body gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio between the two infected groups and the blank group (uninoculated group). In this study, the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis was (1.73%) and Salmonella typhimurium (0.43%) in imported ducklings in Egypt. Both Salmonella strains were subjected to an antimicrobial sensitivity test. It showed that Salmonella enteritidis had a 60% antimicrobial resistance profile and Salmonella typhimurium had a 20% antimicrobial resistance profile. Furthermore, genotypic characterization was performed and the seven virulence genes(stn, avrA, sopB, ompF, invA, Mgtc, Ssaq) were found. New pathological lesions of Salmonella infection were discovered, such as skull hemorrhage at 3 days and 6 days of age, and a liver similar to a button shape in necropsied infected chicks with Salmonella typhimurium at 21 days of age. Furthermore, hemorrhagic spots were observed on the duodenum. In the presence of Salmonella, Clostridium perferingens was discovered in a bacteriological investigation of duodenal lesions samples from infected chicks. At 30 days of age, administration of acetic acid (1%) as an alternative tool for controlling Salmonella. In conclusion, salmonellosis is a risk factor for necrotic enteritis, and using acetic acid to eliminate salmonella infection is insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious Coryza (IC) is an infectious upper respiratory disease of chickens and birds, caused by Avibacterium Paragallinarum (Av. Paragallinarum). It is characterized by facial swelling and nasal discharge. Here, the study aimed to identify the causative agent of infectious coryza from diseased cases using conventional and molecular methods, forty-one different samples (swollen heads and nasal discharges) from layers and broiler chickens were examined bacteriologically for isolation of Av. Paragallinarum. The total isolation percentage was 9.75%, and the percentage was 66.7% from total layer samples. The samples underwent examination by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using HPG-2. Three samples were confirmed by PCR with a percentage of 7.3% (3/41). Multiplex PCR was used for typing the tested strains using HMTp210 gene thus, all strains were of type B. sequence analysis showed a maximum identity percentage (100%) between the tested strains of Av. Paragallinarum. In conclusion, typical signs for IC disease were appeared and identified bacteriologically as Av. Paragallinarum also three strains were only confirmed by PCR and identified type B strains. PCR technique is a reliable and sensitive test for confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virulent pathotypes of E. coli seriously affect the livestock regarding the misuse of antibiotics. All 180 samples collected from cow's environment and dairy shops in Qena, Egypt were serologically and molecularly positive for coliforms. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) pathotypes were isolated from water and milk-related samples. STEC serogroups O26, O55, O111, O113, O145 were also recovered. The non-O157 STEC serotypes were recovered from human diarrheagenic patients contacting cattle or consuming contaminated water/milk products. BlaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected in 25.5% and 100%, respectively. Disinfectants and algal extracts, identified by GC-MS, were evaluated in vitro for antibacterial activities. TH4+® disinfectant and methanol extract of Turbinaria decurrens reduced E. coli at 13 log10 at 1.5% and 3 mg/ml concentrations, respectively. Ag-NPs/T. decurrens showed 8–9 log10 reduction at concentration of 1.6 × 105 NPs/ml. Examined water sources, milk and milk products were potential reservoirs for virulent antibiotic-resistant E.coli which may impose animal and public health threats. Abbreviations: APEC: Avian pathogenic E. coli; blaCTX-M: β-lactamase inhibitors-Cefotaximase gene; blaTEM: β-lactamase inhibitors-Temoneira gene; CFU: Colony-forming unit; DAEC: Diffusely adherent E. coli; DEC: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli; DEMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; eaeA: Intimin or E. coli attaching gene; EAEC: Enteroaggregative E. coli; EHEC: Enterohemorrhagic E. coli; EIEC: Enteroinvasive E. coli; EOSQC: Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control; EPEC: Enteropathogenic E. coli; ETEC: Enterotoxigenic E. coli; ExPEC: Extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli; GC–MS: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry technique; hly: Hemolysin gene; STEC: Shiga like producing E. coli; stx1: Shiga-toxin 1 gene; ESBLs: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new trend in food safety has emerged: the use of Nano-applications. Food nanotechnology application research and development is quickly expanding and it is becoming a more important subject globally. Nanotechnology based techniques can be used to improve food quality and safety from a microbiological standpoint. Nano-components with antimicrobial capabilities have been designed to suppress pathogenic bacteria’ growth and spoiling activities, as well as to detect food-borne pathogens like Salmonella and E.coli. Chitosan curcumin nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticles were synthesized by ionotropic gelation and green methods respectively. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR), Zeta Potential (ZP) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Antibacterial activities of chitosan curcumin nanoparticles with size of 120nm and surface charge of +24.9mv and selenium nanoparticles of 30-50nm and -23.8mv were tested against Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella species by broth micro-dilution methodand Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bacterial growth was determined. Selenium NPs have no effect for Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E) and Salmonella typhymurium (S.T), but MIC of selenium for E.coli O157 was at 12.5 µg/ml, while chitosan curcumin NPs have effect for S.T and S.E with MIC 50 µg/ ml, on the other hands E.coli O157 was 25 µg/ml. Results indicate that chitosan curcumin nanoparticles distort and destroy the bacterial cell membrane, leading to intracellular content leakage and ultimately bacterial cell death as detected by TEM on broth media 24hrs post incubation with standard strains of E coli O157 and Salmonella species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which produces several diseases and considered all over the world as one of the most dangerous diseases which affect animals. A total of thirteen isolates were identified as P. aeruginosa with percentage of 6.5%, 7.3% from diseased and dead chicken and 4% from one day old chicks. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of oprL gene of P. aeruginosa was applied and showed positive amplification of 504 pb fragments. The isolates were found to be resistant for Neomycin, Nalidixic acid and Lincomycin followed by Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Chloramphenicol then Tetracycline and Doxycyclin but appeared sensitive to Levofloxacin with percentage of 100%, 92.3% to Norfloxacin, 84.6% to Ciprofloxacin, 77% to both Colistin sulphate and Gentamicin but 61.5% to streptomycin. In experimental infection for all isolated strains via yolk sac in 7 days SPF eggs and via subcutaneous injection in 3 days old chicks which expressed the virulence of these strains by its high mortality rate which reached 100% within 24-72 hrs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the occurrence of some important aerobic bacteria in populations of imported newly hatched ducks. Bacterial examination of 2790 samples, collected from 62 flocks of imported duck resulted in isolation of 4 (6.45%) salmonella strains, 7 (11.3%) E.coli strains and 15 (24.2%) isolates Staph.aureus. Serological identification of the isolated Salmonella strains revealed that they were belonged to S. Derby, S. Newport, S. Togo and S. Ball while, the E.coli strains were serogrouped as O15, O169 and untypable. Antimicrobial pattern of isolated bacteria were studied using disc diffusion method. All examined samples were subjected to molecular detection using PCR to record the difference between traditional methods of isolation with the molecular technique. As well as P.M lesions were observed in some examined flocks. This data focusing on the role of imported ducks in introducing the risk of infectious agents as different serovars of Salmonella, E.coli and S.aureus to the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Rabbits are a highly sensitive species and susceptible to various bacterial pathogens that may be causative agents for early embryonic death. This study aimed to explore the administration of different bacterial agents in does suffering from early embryonic death. Furthermore, identification of genes associated with virulence was performed to identify the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns that may increase the virulence of pathogens and lead to early embryonic death., Materials and Methods: We isolated and identified bacterial agents in 106 samples from live and dead female rabbits that had undergone early embryonic death, including liver and intestine tissue, aborted fetuses, discharges, and vaginal swabs. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to confirm the identity of the isolated bacterial strains and their virulence. Moreover, antibiotic resistance was studied phenotypically and genotypically., Results: We isolated Escherichia coli , Salmonella , Staphylococcus aureus , Pasteurella multocida , and Listeria monocytogenes . PCR confirmed typical identification except in P. multocida , which was confirmed as Gallibacterium spp. in some cases. The final percentage of detection was 34%, 30.2%, 16.9%, 13.2%, and 11.3%, respectively. Virulence properties were investigated using different designated genes. All Salmonella strains harbored invA , stn , avrA , and ompf genes, while the sopE gene was identified in 31.25%. E. coli strains harboring the iss gene lacked the shiga toxin ( stx1 ) gene. L. monocytogenes and S. aureus strains harbored the hemolysin gene (66.7% and 33.4%, respectively). Multidrug resistance was detected phenotypically and genotypically in most strains. Each bacterial pathogen had a different antibiotic resistance profile., Conclusion: Multiple bacterial species may contribute to early embryonic death in does. Furthermore, the combined infection could be the main cause of early embryonic death. Thus, monitoring programs should bear this in mind and focus on the early detection of these bacterial agents in female rabbits to avoid embryonic death., (Copyright: © Roshdy, et al.)