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Background: Trichomonas gallinarum is one of the protozoan and flagellate's parasites whose pathogens cause human-health problems and economic losses in livestock. This study aimed at investigating the growth of Trichomonas gallinarium in different phases of the culture medium as a gold standard, the effects of compounds such as starch, antibiotics and salt on its growth and determining the sensitivity of direct method and its repetition. Material and Methods: Gradually and in the warm seasons (late spring, summer and early fall) in 2017, 70 fresh stool samples were collected from poultry in Khorramabad city and immediately sent to the laboratory. Simultaneous with the direct method and repeat the experiment, the samples were cultured in an augmented culture of RPMI1640 to study the growth of parasite in different phases, including sediment, sediment mucus layer, transparent supernatant solution, and a mixture of the total culture medium and the effects of compounds such as starch, antibiotics and salt. Results: In this study, the highest growth rate of the parasite was recorded in the mucus layer (49.5%) followed by sediment (25%) and the lowest growth in the transparent supernatant solution (12%). However, in the mixture of all parts of culture medium used as the gold standard, only 13.5% of the parasites were observed. Moreover, the sensitivity of direct method was 63.5%, which reached 77.3% at repetition, and starch had a positive and antibiotics had a negative effect on the growth of this parasite, and the salt in the physiologic serum was ineffective. Discussion: The importance of examining the parasite growth in different layers of culture medium as a unique study is when cultivation is used as a gold standard, because, in this study, it was found that the growth of parasite in different layers was different with the culture medium mixture that determines the sensitivity of diagnostic methods. Moreover, addition of compounds such as starch that increases growth and thus increases standard sensitivity should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthy drinking water is a source of life and comes from many sources, most notably groundwater which is infectious in both chemical and biological forms. One of the biological factors is parasitic infections, especially protozoa, causing deaths or erosion of the physical and mental power of infected individuals annually. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of parasites in drinking water wells in the city of Rumeshgan. Cross-sectional study is designed and 132 samples of 2.5 liters of drinking water from wells in the city of Rumeshgan are collected haphazardly. The parasites in each of the samples are concentrated on the surface of the filter paper using a suction pump, then, by washing the filter paper and centrifuging the solution of the rinse, the condensed parasites in the sediment are stained with Logel and Zill-Nelson methods, using an optical microscope the survey was conducted. The parasites in each of the samples are concentrated on the surface of the filter paper using a suction pump. Then, by washing the filter paper and centrifuging the solution of the washer, the condensed parasites are stained in the sediments by Logel and Zill-Nelson methods and surveyed by optical microscope. Data analysis is performed using descriptive and analytical statistics. In current study, 14.4% of drinking water wells are infected with protozoa and pathogenic parasites and the most common parasitic infection is cryptosporidium that has appropriated of 9.8% of water wells. Parasitic contamination with the well water depth of [OR = 5. 2 95% CI (2-6.8)] and the distance of water well to the sewage well [OR = 3. 5 95% CI (1-3.5)] had a significant relationship. SIG <0. 05 Interpretation: Contamination of 14.4% of drinking water from wells to pathogens causes at least annual referring of Consumer population to the physician and to the imposition of economic and health damage especially in hot seasons. Statistical results, along with other reasons, indicate that drinking water pollution is due to leakage of sewage sludge, which is suggested to provide water for plumbing or controlling for people. Otherwise, the epidemic of water borne diseases is not unexpected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regarding hydatid cyst (cystic echinococcosis, CE) as a human public health problem in the West of Iran, molecular data related to the genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus in cattle and sheep in these regions are still insufficient. Here, we evaluated the genotypes of E. granulosus infecting sheep and cattle in western Iran. Methods: Totally, 36 hydatid cysts including 18 hydatid cysts of sheep and 18 hydatid cysts of cattle were collected from Khorramabad slaughterhouse (Lorestan Province), Western Iran between May to September 2014. Protoscoleces or germinal layers were collected from individual cysts, DNA was extracted, and genotyping was performed by sequencing and analyzing mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. Results: In sequencing analysis, all of sheep isolates belonged to genotype G1 (sheep strain). Among cattle hydatid cyst isolates, 16/18 (88.9%) were belonged to genotype G1 and 2/18 (11.1%) were belonged to G3 genotype. The phylogenetic analysis showed two clusters; one of the clusters includes cattle G3 genotype and the other cluster represents sheep and cattle G1 genotype that were isolated. Conclusion: The common sheep strain/G1 is predominant genotype in the western part of Iran, followed by G3 genotype, circulating among the animal hosts in this region. Further studies covering a larger number of isolates might be necessary to see if there are other genotypes in the hydatid cyst population in this region of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This investigation aimed to evaluate the in vitro scolicidal effects of Pistacia khinjuk methanolic extract against protoscoleces of hydatid cysts and its acute toxicity in mice NMRI model. Methods: Protoscoleces were aseptically extracted from sheep livers having hydatid cysts. Various concentrations of the essential oil (12.5- 100 mg/mL) were used for 10 to 60 min. Viability of protoscoleces was confirmed using eosin exclusion test (0.1% eosin staining). Twenty-four male NMRI mice were used to assess the acute toxicity of P. khinjuk. Results: P. khinjuk extract at the concentrations of 100 mg/mL after 10 min of exposure killed 100% of protoscoleces. Similarly, the mean of mortality rate of protoscoleces after 20 min of exposure to the concentration of 50 mg/mL was 100%. The LD50 of the intraperitoneal injection of the P. khinjuk methanolic extract was 2.8 g/kg and the maximum non-fatal dose was 1.7 g/kg. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated effective scolicidal effects of P. khinjuk extract with no considerable toxicity that might be a natural source for the producing of new scolicidal agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blastocystis is a zoonotic protozoan parasite habit in intestinal tract of humans and wide range of animals. Because of the mysterious nature and unknown or less-known aspects of Blastocystis, comprehensive information about epidemiology of this parasite is not available. The objective of this study was to investigate the available parasitology studies during the last decade in Iran and determine the prevalence of Blastocystis and its position among other intestinal parasites. As well as, investigate the effective factors in its prevalence. Materials and Methods: All available studies related to the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Iran during the recent decade were collected using information databases. After determinant the mean prevalence of each parasite, the most common parasites, and effective factors on their prevalence were assessed and analyzed. Results: Different studies showed that the most common intestinal parasite at this period of time was Blastocystis spp. with 14.6% prevalence rate. Additionally, in 44.5% of cases Blastocystis spp. allocated the first and in 100% of cases, the first to third rank of the most common intestinal parasites in Iran. Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba coli were in the next category. Conclusion: To our knowledge, the present study is the first survey in which the Blastocystis spp. introduces as one of the most common intestinal parasites in human. Various factors, including the low sensitivity of routine diagnostic methods, hosts multiplicity, easy transportation and unknown impressive factors are effective in the increased prevalence of this parasite. The results of this study could improve the attitude of teachers and researchers towards Blastocystis spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are some genetic differences in Blastocystis that show the existence of species or genotypes. One of these genes that help in identifying Blastocystis is SSUrRNA. The aim of this study was assessment of genetic diversity of Blastocystis by PCR with seven pairs of STS primers. Methods: This study was done on 511 stool samples collected from patients referred to the health care centers of Khorramabad, Central Iran, in 2012. Genomic DNA was extracted and in order to determine the Blastocystis subtype in contaminated samples, seven pairs of primers STS (subtype specific sequencetagged site) were used. Results: Out of 511 samples, 33 (6.5%) samples were infected with Blastocystis. Subtype (ST) of 30 samples was identified and three subtypes 2, 3 and 4 were determined. Mix infection was reported 10% which 3.33% of the infection was for the mixture of ST 3 and ST5 and 6.67% was for the mixture of ST 2 and ST 3. Conclusion: The predominant subtype was ST3 that is the main human subtype. The dominance of ST2 and 5 are important in this study. This superiority has been reported in some of the studies in ST 2 which is different from the studies in other countries, because they have announced priorities of the ST1 and ST6 after ST3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]