Search

Antibiotic resistance is considered a widespread problem with global health implications, leading to increased patient morbidity and impacting the selection of effective antibiotics, consequently influencing patient recovery. This study aimed to assess antibiogram resistance patterns of bacterial records at the Islamic Hospital in Jordan using a retrospective study during the period 2020-2022. A total of 9369 samples obtained from different patients were cultured. Data were processed and analyzed with SPSS v.23.0. The results showed that 2841 (30.3%) samples were positive for bacterial infections. Microbial profiles of positive samples indicated the highest proportion for Escherichia coli, 39%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 12% were the most frequent Gram-negative bacterial isolates, whereas Staphylococcus aureus 13% and Streptococcus pneumoniae 4% were the most common Gram-positive bacterial isolates. Interestingly, multidrug-resistant bacteria comprised 61.7% of the isolates. The percentage of multi-drug resistance in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was 68.7%, 73.1%, and 72%, respectively. Escherichia coli was most resistant to ampicillin (89%) and most sensitive to imipenem (100%). Klebsiella pneumoniae showed a 100% sensitivity to meropenem but 49% resistance to ceftriaxone. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most sensitive to amikacin and colistin (86% and 100%, respectively). Staphylococcus aureus isolates have resistance rates of 78% for ciprofloxacin, 35.6% for clindamycin and an overall resistance rate of 68.7%. These findings indicate multiple resistance for isolated bacteria. Therefore, antimicrobial resistance should be monitored continuously, and patients should be treated based on anti-microbial susceptibility tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animal studied Procedure Results Conclusions To analyze bacterial isolates associated with canine bacterial keratitis and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Korea, focusing on multidrug resistance (MDR) and identifying effective antibiotic combinations for clinical treatment.A total of 146 dogs diagnosed with suspected bacterial keratitis between October 2022 and October 2023 in Korea, with 157 eye samples collected for analysis.Eye samples were cultured to isolate bacteria, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Bacterial identification was conducted using Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐Flight (MALDI‐TOF). The study assessed the efficacy of individual antibiotics and combination therapies.Bacteria were isolated in 55.4% of the samples. The most common genera were Staphylococcus species (48.5%, 48/99), Streptococcus species (13.1%, 13/99), Pseudomonas species (9.1%, 9/99), and Escherichia coli (9.1%, 9/99). Amikacin (84.8%) showed the highest antibiotic susceptibility, while doxycycline exhibited the lowest (17.2%). The most effective antibiotic combinations were amikacin‐moxifloxacin (93%). MDR isolates accounted for 52.5% (52/99) of the total bacterial samples.Staphylococcus species were the most common isolates, with 52.5% showing MDR, underscoring the need to curb antibiotic misuse. While antibiotics like amikacin demonstrated high susceptibility rates, their use should be reserved for resistant infections to prevent further resistance development. Rather than focusing solely on finding effective combinations of antibiotics, it is crucial to consider alternative treatment strategies that offer more sustainable solutions. Rather than relying on antibiotic combinations, attention should shift to sustainable alternatives to treat bacterial keratitis and reduce antibiotic dependence in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the biggest threats to global health is the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in respiratory tract infections, which results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to decrease the prevalence of bacterial resistance in those suffering from pleuropulmonary infections. Methods: This Retrospective cross sectional study was conducted at the Chest Department and Chest ICU at Zagazig University Hospital on 120 patients with pleuropulmonary infections. During this study, Patients with pleuropulmonary infections were considered for analysis and identification of the clinical isolates. Results: The most common organisms isolated were gram-ve in 110 cases (79.7%), distributed as k. pneumoniae 58 (42.0%), E.coli 21 (15.2%), P.aeruginosa 20 (14.4%), acinetobacter baumannii 11 (7.9), while gram +ve organisms were isolated in 28 cases (20.2%), distributed as Staph Arouse 12 (8.6%) Coagulase -VE Staph 11 (7.9%), and Staph haemolyticus 5 (3.6%). K.Pneumonia, E. coli and P.aeruginosa were predominantly isolated from sputum 42.9%, 15.2%, 15.2% respectively, K.Pneumonia, Staph Aureus, P.aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Staph haemolyticus were predominantly isolated from infected Pleural fluid with 36.0%, 20, 12.0%, 12.0%, respectively. Conclusions: the most common organisms that isolated from our cases were k. pneumoniae, E.coli and P.aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii as a gram -ve were Susceptible for Carpenems, Colisten while resistance for Pipracillin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin and Ceftazidime, Cefipime. On the other hand, the gram + ve isolates were Coagulase negative staph, Staph.aureus and Staph haemolyticus found susceptible for Gentamycin, Vancomycin, Linezolid, while resistance for Flouroqoinolones and, Erthromycine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the Bacteroidales order are among the most abundant and stable bacterial members of the human gut microbiome, with diverse impacts on human health. We cultured and sequenced the genomes of 408 Bacteroidales isolates from healthy human donors representing nine genera and 35 species and performed comparative genomic, gene-specific, metabolomic, and horizontal gene transfer analyses. Families, genera, and species could be grouped based on many distinctive features. We also observed extensive DNA transfer between diverse families, allowing for shared traits and strain evolution. Inter- and intra-species diversity is also apparent in the metabolomic profiling studies. This highly characterized and diverse Bacteroidales culture collection with strain-resolved genomic and metabolomic analyses represents a valuable resource to facilitate informed selection of strains for microbiome reconstitution. [Display omitted] • In-depth analyses of 408 Bacteroidales isolated from the gut of healthy humans • Pan-order genomic analyses reveal distinct features of families, genera, and species • Metabolomic diversity of Bacteroidales correlates with their genomic diversity • Documentation of extensive DNA transfer and strain evolution in the human gut Bacteroidales are the most abundant and stable order of bacteria in the healthy human gut microbiota. Comprehensive, in-depth analysis of a large human gut Bacteroidales culture collection by Zhang et al. reveals extensive strain-level genomic and metabolomic diversity and extensive inter-species DNA transfer and strain evolution in the human gut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance is considered a widespread problem with global health implications, leading to increased patient morbidity and impacting the selection of effective antibiotics, consequently influencing patient recovery. This study aimed to assess antibiogram resistance patterns of bacterial records at the Islamic Hospital in Jordan using a retrospective study during the period 2020-2022. A total of 9369 samples obtained from different patients were cultured. Data were processed and analyzed with SPSS v.23.0. The results showed that 2841 (30.3%) samples were positive for bacterial infections. Microbial profiles of positive samples indicated the highest proportion for Escherichia coli, 39%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 12% were the most frequent Gram-negative bacterial isolates, whereas Staphylococcus aureus 13% and Streptococcus pneumoniae 4% were the most common Gram-positive bacterial isolates. Interestingly, multidrug-resistant bacteria comprised 61.7% of the isolates. The percentage of multi-drug resistance in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was 68.7%, 73.1%, and 72%, respectively. Escherichia coli was most resistant to ampicillin (89%) and most sensitive to imipenem (100%). Klebsiella pneumoniae showed a 100% sensitivity to meropenem but 49% resistance to ceftriaxone. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most sensitive to amikacin and colistin (86% and 100%, respectively). Staphylococcus aureus isolates have resistance rates of 78% for ciprofloxacin, 35.6% for clindamycin and an overall resistance rate of 68.7%. These findings indicate multiple resistance for isolated bacteria. Therefore, antimicrobial resistance should be monitored continuously, and patients should be treated based on anti-microbial susceptibility tests.

Background: Ocular infections, including conjunctivitis, keratitis, and endophthalmitis, significantly impact eye health, leading to morbidity, visual impairment, and blindness if not treated. Aims and Objectives: This study focuses on reviewing and analyzing the prevalence of bacterial and fungal pathogens in ocular infections and assessing their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns at Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballari. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting ocular infection samples from January 01, 2022, to December 31, 2022. Samples, including corneal scrapings and conjunctival swabs, underwent initial procedures such as Gram staining and were inoculated on various agars. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Out of 404 evaluated samples, corneal scrapings were predominant, with a significant incidence of fungal and bacterial growth. Aspergillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were the most common fungal and bacterial isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that Gram-negative bacilli showed more susceptibility to gentamycin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin, whereas Gram-positive cocci were more susceptible to tetracycline and doxycycline. Conclusion: The study highlights the cornea as the most common source of ocular infections, with Aspergillus and Pseudomonas spp. being the predominant fungal and bacterial pathogens, respectively. Identifying the prevalent species in this geographical area aids in early diagnosis and treatment, thereby preventing morbidity and improving patient outcomes. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern observed suggests effective options for treatment, emphasizing the need for ongoing surveillance to adapt to resistance patterns.

Introduction: Septicaemia is a clinical syndrome characterized by systemic inflammatory response. It is has been reported to be one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries of the world. Objectives: the aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of septicaemia in children brought to the Institute of Child Health Banzazzau, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, (ABUTH) Zaria and to isolate the aetiologic agents responsible for septicaemia in these children. Methods: Blood samples of children (aged one month – 12 years) with clinical symptoms of suspected septicaemia was taken under strict aseptic condition and inoculated into thioglycolate broth then incubated for 24hrs Subcultures were made after the first 24 hrs onto blood, chocolate and MacConkey agar plates and also when there were signs of bacterial growth shown by turbidity of the samples. Identification of isolates was based on their morphology on agar plates, Gram stain reaction and biochemical properties. Results: The mean age was three years with a peak in the first year of life. The male: female ratio was 1:1.3. Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella species were the commonest isolates accounting for 24 (43.64%) and 13 (23.64%) respectively. Other bacterial isolates included Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) (7.27%), Citrobacter specie (10.94%), Pseudomonas specie (7.24%), Proteus species (3.64%) and Klebsiella species (3.64%). Conclusion: Results show both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria to be implicated with septicaemia with Staph aureus and Salmonella being the most frequent aetiologic agents, children less than or equal to five years were mostly affected, there is a need for routine monitoring of bacterial isolates and the age group at risk.

The study was conducted at the Mycotoxin Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah for the period 2023-2024. A set of experiments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of Beltanol (BT), Carbendazim (MBC) and Thiophanate- methyl (TM) fungicides in controlling Rhizoctonia solani, which causes eggplant root rot. The genetic matching using BLAST revealed that the bacterial isolates that isolated from non-infected eggplant soils were Aeromonas caviae, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas putida. The toxicity results of fungicides on R. solani also showed the efficiency of the BT in inhibiting the pathogenic fungus by 100% for the tested concentrations of 2, 4, 8, 10, 15, 20, 100, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 500 mg L-1. Both the MBC and TM fungicides demonstrated variation in their efficiency in controlling the pathogen. The toxicity lines confirmed the values of the median effective concentrations (EC50), as they reached 100 and 489.7 mg L-1 for both MBC and TM, respectively. The 50% inhibitory concentration (I50) of BT was estimated at 7.94 mg L-1 for A. caviae, E. cloacae and P. putida respectively. While it was 12.58 mg L-1 for MBC in A. caviae, E. cloacae and P. putida respectively. While it was 31.62 mg L-1 for TM in the case of A. caviae, E. cloacae and P. putida respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance has become a major threat to human health globally. One of the reasons for this increase is the abuse and misuse of antibiotics in the poultry industry as a growth promoter. This practice has resulted in the rise of the spread of antimicrobial resistance within the environment as poultry waste is used as manure in the growth of vegetables. With reduced enthusiasm on the part of the pharmaceutical industries to embark on developing new antimicrobial agents in the face of increasing resistance evolution, few options are available in the armamentarium to combat bacterial infections. The study aimed to determine if domestically grown leafy vegetables and soil amended with poultry manure constitute a possible reservoir of antibiotic resistance and assessed their ability to transfer resistance via conjugation experiment. Twenty-seven leafy vegetable samples and poultry manure-enriched soils were collected from some Delta State, Nigeria farms under aseptic conditions. Standard bacteriological methods were used to isolate and identify isolates, then examined for their susceptibility to fifteen antibiotics and potential for resistance transfer via conjugation experiment. Of the 76 bacterial isolates recovered, 52 originated from vegetables, while 24 were from poultry manure-enriched soil. Escherichia coli (14.5%) and Bacillus subtilis (7.9%) were the most prevalent isolates in vegetables and soil, respectively. The antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates indicated very high resistance levels in Gram-negative isolates obtained from the soil to all tested antibiotics. The resistance profile of Grampositive isolates from both vegetables and soil showed = 50% resistance in tetracycline. Also, high level of resistance of between 50% to 100% was detected in Bacillus spp. and Enterococcus spp. to erythromycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates served as donor cells, while standard Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus served as recipient strains. The rate of antibiotic resistance transfer was generally high, particularly for tetracycline (57.1%) and chloramphenicol (61.9%). The high rate of antibiotic resistance transfer observed in this study highlights the risk of MDR spreading through poultry manure use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the cases of accidental injuries is burns. Globally, every year estimated 180,000 mortalities occur due to burns, and most of the deaths are seen in the lower or poor socioeconomic class of developing countries. Due to predominantly poor and low socioeconomic status, overpopulation, poor education, and unreachability to advanced burn care in certain parts of the country - the incidence, complications, and deaths have continued to rise in developing countries. About 75% of the deaths associated with burn injuries are related to wound infection, especially in developing countries. The present study was undertaken to study the microflora of burn wounds as well as drug utilization in the management of burn patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Aims and objectives: Assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistant pattern and drug utilization in burns patients. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 130 hospitalized burn patients over 12 months (from November 2020 to November 2021). All burn patients who were admitted in the hospital and received at least 1 day of treatment were included in the study. All required information, including demographic data, prescribed medication, microbial culture sensitivity report, and treatment outcome were recorded in the case record form. Descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel version 2019. Results: Of a total of 130 burn patients, 52% were females. The most common type of burn was flame in 69% of patients. The mean length of hospital stay was 9 days and it ranged from 1 to 40 days. Culture from burns wound revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa (47.6%) as the most common organism isolated followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (45.2%), Acinetobacter baumannii (14.2%), Proteus mirabilis (14.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.5%), and Escherichia coli (4.7%). Among the isolated microorganisms, most of them showed sensitivity to beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, and tetracyclines. Sulphonamide was dominant among the topically applied antibiotics, whereas cephalosporins were dominant among the systemically administered antibiotics. The average number of drugs per-prescription ranges from 6.5 to 8.5. Conclusion: The present study results are helpful in understanding the pattern of burns wound sepsis, the dominant bacterial organism, the antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance, and the drug utilization pattern in burns patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The role of fomites in the transmission of infectious diseases is becoming more important because of the possibility that contaminated surfaces act as reservoirs of diseases. The aim of this study was to ascertain the level of bacterial contamination and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant genes on the most touched surfaces on public transport. Methods: One hundred samples were collected from door handles and armrests of buses and tricycles, respectively at Isale-Oko motor garage, Sagamu. Bacteria were isolated from the samples and identified following standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done with the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The presence of antibiotic-resistant genesvanA, drfA, dfrG genes, and extended-spectrum betta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in Gram-negatives were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: Out of the samples tested, 91% were positive for bacterial contamination. Among the 91 positive samples, 126 bacteria were identified, comprising 98 Gram-positive and 28 Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest overall frequency of occurrence with 62 (49.2%) isolates. Among the Gram-positives, azithromycin resistance was present in 35(56.5%) S. aureus and 19(52.8%) Staphylococcus epidermidis. Salmonella species was the most resistant to ciprofloxacin (100%). dfrG was the most detected among trimethoprim-resistant genes occurring in 11(55%) of multidrug-resistant S. aureus and 6(54.6%) of S. epidermidis. vanA gene was present in S. aureus (20%). dfrA was present in only Klebsiella pneumoniae and Esherichia coli. E. coli and Shigella species carried blaTEM while blaSHV was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: The most-touched surfaces of public transportation can serve as a substantial source of spread for potentially harmful bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ocular infections, including conjunctivitis, keratitis, and endophthalmitis, significantly impact eye health, leading to morbidity, visual impairment, and blindness if not treated. Aims and Objectives: This study focuses on reviewing and analyzing the prevalence of bacterial and fungal pathogens in ocular infections and assessing their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns at Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballari. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting ocular infection samples from January 01, 2022, to December 31, 2022. Samples, including corneal scrapings and conjunctival swabs, underwent initial procedures such as Gram staining and were inoculated on various agars. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Out of 404 evaluated samples, corneal scrapings were predominant, with a significant incidence of fungal and bacterial growth. Aspergillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were the most common fungal and bacterial isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that Gram-negative bacilli showed more susceptibility to gentamycin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin, whereas Grampositive cocci were more susceptible to tetracycline and doxycycline. Conclusion: The study highlights the cornea as the most common source of ocular infections, with Aspergillus and Pseudomonas spp. being the predominant fungal and bacterial pathogens, respectively. Identifying the prevalent species in this geographical area aids in early diagnosis and treatment, thereby preventing morbidity and improving patient outcomes. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern observed suggests effective options for treatment, emphasizing the need for ongoing surveillance to adapt to resistance patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying pathogens is essential to maintaining food safety, helping to uncover sources of contamination and protect public health. The sources of contamination in food are diverse and can occur throughout the entire food chain, from production to distribution. Antibiotic resistance observed in some pathogens represents a significant risk to public health, underscoring the need for strict strategies to manage antibiotic use in food production and the importance of antimicrobial resistance profiling. Preventive measures based on the assessment of microbiological diversity and risk identification can reduce food contamination and improve food safety. Continuous monitoring and adaptation of food industry practices to new microbiological findings are essential to maintain a safe food chain and limit microbiological risks. Compliance with hygiene and quality standards must be constantly improved to ensure compliance of food products with public health standards and to prevent the risks of contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance is a significant threat to human health, and the food sector often serves as an important reservoir of potentially pathogenic bacteria. In this context, it is important to investigate and know the dynamics of antibiotic resistance at the level of the most frequently isolated bacteria from the food sector. The aim of this study was to highlight the implication of antibiotic resistance in the food sector to protect public health and to counter the emerging threats generated by bioresistance in the food sector. Thus, we presented the role of the food sector in the spread of bioresistance, the methodology necessary to investigate antibiotic resistance in the food sector and the importance of identifying antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from food.

Abstract Background Urinary tract infections, a prevalent global infectious disease, are clinical issues not well studied in HIV-positive individuals. UTIs have become a global drug resistance issue, but the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of UTI-causing bacteria among HIV patients in Tigray, Ethiopia, are poorly understood. This study aims to identify the prevalence of UTI-causing bacteria, their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and associated risk factors in HIV patients attending ART clinics at Mekelle General Hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Method Clean-catch midstream urine samples (10–15 mL) were collected from HIV patients who are attending ART clinics at Mekelle General Hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Samples were analyzed based on standard microbiological protocols using cysteine-lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar. Pure colonies of bacterial isolates were obtained by sub-culturing into Mac-Conkey, Manitol Salt agar and blood agar plates. The bacterial isolates were then identified using macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, and Gram staining methods. Gram-negative bacteria were identified using biochemical tests like triple sugar iron agar, Simon’s citrate agar, lysine iron agar, urea, motility test, and indol test, whereas Gram-positive isolates were identified using catalase and coagulase tests. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique was used to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results Among the 224 patients, 28 (12.5%) of them had been infected by UTIs-causing bacteria. E. coli was the dominant bacterium (16 (57%)) followed by K. pneumoniae (4 (14%)), and S. aureus (3 (11%)). Of the total bacterial isolates, 22 (78.6%) of them developed multi-drug resistance. All Gram-positive (100%) and 75% of Gram-negative bacterial isolates were found to be resistant to two or more drugs. Patients with a history of UTIs, and with CD4 count

Objective: To establish the frequency of emerging pathogens and their susceptibility profiles amongst various healthcareassociated infections. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Jan to Dec 2020. Methodology: One hundred and ninety-six samples with a history of hospital-acquired infections were received and processed folowing standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion technique for the commonly used antibiotics. For colistin susceptibility, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommends broth microdilution, colistin broth disk elution, or colistin agar testing MIC methods, however, colistin susceptibility was performed by the E-strip method. Results: One hundred and ninety-six clinical samples with bacterial isolates causing healthcare-associated infections were processed. Specimens were from patients with surgical site infections (59,30.1%), Catheter-associated bloodstream infection (52, 26.5%); Ventilator-associated pneumonia (48, 24.5%) and Urinary tract infection (37,18.9%). Klebsiela pneumoniae (64, 32.7%), E.coli (51, 26%) and Acinetobacter baumani (45,23%) were the leading bacterial pathogens. A total of 72(36.7%) isolates showed multidrug resistance whereas extensively drug-resistant isolates were calculated to be 124(63.3%). Conclusion: High level of bacterial resistance amongst common health-care-associated infections is an eye-opener and impacts applying strict infection control measures along with antimicrobial stewardship. It wil also help clinicians modify empiric treatment regimes in affected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the microbial ecosystem within car interiors, specifically targeting vehicles owned by healthcare workers at the Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic Medical Center. The investigation employed standard microbiological techniques to assess microbial presence and diversity by collecting 20 swabs from various surfaces, such as the steering wheel, dashboard, gear handle, and driver's seats across five vehicles. Notably, the analysis revealed significant variations in microbial load across different surfaces, with the driver's seat and gear handle in particular vehicles exhibiting the highest bacterial colony counts. The results revealed varying levels of microbial contamination in different areas. For instance, the driver's seat in sample A exhibited the highest total colony count at 120 Cfu/m2, followed by the steering wheel with 41 Cfu/m2. Similar findings were observed in the other samples, highlighting the presence of potentially harmful microorganisms. The study observed that fungal species identified varied in prevalence, with Aspergillus sp. The most common are Fusarium sp., Candida sp., and Penicillium sp., in descending order of frequency. Furthermore, the study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterial isolates, uncovering a spectrum of sensitivity and resistance to various antibiotics. The findings underscore the car interior as a potential reservoir for transmitting pathogenic microorganisms to occupants, posing public health implications, particularly for healthcare workers who may inadvertently contribute to disseminating these organisms. This research highlights the need for regular microbial surveillance and the implementation of effective sanitation practices within personal and professional vehicles to mitigate health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

lWater samples were collected from a tailings pond wastewater site in the Rudnik mountain area, where polymetallic ore flotation processes generate high concentrations of Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+. The study aimed to identify microorganisms resistant to heavy metals and assess their potential for bioremediation. Growth capabilities under varying conditions, including temperature, pH, and NaCl concentrations, were analyzed using a spectrophotometer. Minimal inhibitory and lethal concentrations of tested substances were determined for both planktonic cells and their biofilms. Key isolates, namely Bacillus altitudinis PMFKG-R3, B. pumilus PMFKG-R15, B. cereus PMFKG-R46, Pseudomonas veronii PMFKG-R30, and Pantoea agglomerans PMFKG-R20, demonstrated growth ability at both 22 and 37°C and exhibited halotolerance, albeit sensitivity to acidic pH. Most isolates in both planktonic and biofilm forms displayed notable resistance to heavy metals, particularly Pb2+ and Zn2+, in line with the sampling location. Notably, planktonic cells were sensitive to antibiotics, while biofilms exhibited slightly higher resistance. Promising candidates for bioremediation purposes were identified in P. veronii PMFKG-R30 and P. agglomerans PMFKG-R20, which displayed resistance to heavy metals and sensitivity to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the isolation of bacterial pathogens from waste disposal sites, and examination of their efficiencies for degrading various plastics. Seven bacterial isolates such as E. coli, Corynebacterium spp., Micrococcus spp., Azotobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. were identified. Bacillus spp. exhibited the highest percentage reduction in black plastic weight (47.46 %), while Corynebacterium spp., and E. coli achieved a maximum reduction of 45.76 and 46.42 % for pink plastic respectively. Pseudomonas spp. and Micrococcus spp. demonstrated notable reductions of 46.43 % and 56.60 % in white and Canteen Stores Department (CSD) biodegradable plastics, respectively. Optical density (OD) measurements revealed that bacterial isolates achieved maximum OD values with CSD plastics, emphasizing their proficiency in plastic degradation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the degradation process, with a decrease in the peak value from 2916 to 2914 cm⁻1 for pink plastic, signifying alkane, and alkene presence. Three new peaks at 1398, 1371, and 1361 cm⁻1 in the FTIR spectrum of CSD plastic indicated presence of alcohol. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) micrographs illustrated bacterial colonization, cracks, and spots on plastic surfaces, while X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectra showed peaks at 4.083, 3.705, 3.020, and 1.909, suggesting plastic degradation. In conclusion, soil of waste disposal site harbored diverse microbial species, and have highlighted their effectiveness in mitigating environmental pollution by degrading hazardous plastic waste.

Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to healthcare, leading to protracted illness, increased mortality risk, and spread of infection. The World Health Organization recommends continuous surveillance of antibiotics for resistance. This study aimed to investigate the pattern, scale, and possible mechanisms of resistance of common bacterial pathogens. A total of 174 bacterial isolates from biological samples (mainly urine and stool) were collected from four hospitals in Jos metropolis. The organisms were grown in selective media and characterized by colonial morphologies, Gram stain and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed using the disc diffusion method. Plasmid curing and β-lactamase test was conducted on multidrug resistant isolates using ethidium bromide as the curing agent in addition to gel electrophoresis of cured plasmids. Out of 174 isolates, 74 (42.5%) were E. coli, 48 (27.6%) S. aureus, 26 (14.9%) Salmonella species while 26 (14.9%) were Streptococcus species. Antimicrobial sensitivity test with 10 common antibiotics revealed 77 resistant phenotypes, with oxacillin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim common in 55 (71.4%) and 60 (79%) of the phenotypes respectively, while oxacillin resistance had the highest (96-98%) occurrence. The activity of the antibiotics against the isolates revealed that gentamicin is the most active across all four facilities while oxacillin exhibited the lowest activity. The study revealed that Multiple-Antibiotic Resistance indices of 147 (84.5%) of isolates were greater than 0.2 while 34 (92%) of 37 selected isolates had β-lactamase enzymes. Treatment of the selected group with ethidium bromide revealed 13.5% cure rate while, gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of plasmids in 19 (51.3%) of the 37 selected isolates. This study shows that a high prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance exists among common bacterial pathogens and is mediated by both chromosome and plasmids. The susceptibility profiles could be used to promote responsible antibiotic prescribing in these facilities.

The Kemerovo region is a region of extreme farming, and therefore requires the development of effective biological methods for improving productivity of cultivated plants adapted to these conditions. The purpose of the current work was to find plant growth-stimulating microorganisms associated with spring barley, as well as to form a microbial consortium on their basis and to conduct field trial. The objects of the study were spring barley seeds selected in the Kemerovo region, growth-stimulating microorganisms isolated from them, and consortia formed on their basis. During the study, there were isolated and tested 9 bacterial isolates for their ability to synthesize growth-stimulating substances (kinetin and indolyl-3-acetic acid). There were selected three strains with the best indicators SHv-2, SHv-5, SHv-6 for further studies. There has been found that the strains are capable of fixing nitrogen (SHv-2 – 800 µg/ml; SHv-5 – 210 µg/ml; SHv-6 – 840 µg/ml). There was also seen an ability to solubilize phosphates (SHv-2 – 2.53; SHv-5 – 1.25; SHv-6 – 3.33). The study of cultural, morphological and biochemical properties made it possible to identify such strains as SHv-2 – Pantoea allii; SHv-5 – Raoultella ornithinolytica; SHv-6 – Pantoea ananatis. Based on these microorganisms, there were made various variants of microbial consortia, which were also valued for their ability to produce growth-promoting substances and fix nitrogen. Consortium MC-7 composed with Pantoea allii, Raoultella ornithinolytica, Pantoea ananatis in a ratio of 1:1:3, respectively, showed maximum activity in terms of the studied parameters. Field trials of this consortium have shown that it successfully improves spring barley productivity. Despite abnormal weather conditions (lack of productive rains), there was an increase in the growth of crops treated by the consortium in comparison with control options. There have been established the most promising options for processing spring barley, options 3 and 4.

This study was conducted to isolate and identify bacteria from the wastewater of the textile printing industry inoculated with a mixture of cow dung, jaggery, and urea to assess the bioremediation potential of isolated bacterial species for reducing color and other polluting parameters of the wastewater. Based on colony characteristics, we were able to isolate nine types of bacteria (Pri 1 to 9), capable of thriving in textile printing wastewater. Out of the nine isolates examined, four (Pri 3, Pri 4, Pri 8, and Pri 9) significantly reduced the color and values of other physicochemical parameters of the wastewater. Isolated bacterial cultures were identified using various biochemical tests, antibiotic sensitivity tests, and rRNA sequence analysis. At the end of a 24-h incubation period at room temperature under shaking conditions at 100 rpm on an orbital shaker, isolate Pri 3 was identified as Alcaligenes aquatilis LMG 22996 (T), capable of reducing color by 86.13%, biological oxygen demand (BOD) by 70.44%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 80.65%, total dissolved solids (TDS) by 47.31%, total suspended solids (TSS) by 56.56%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 75.95%; isolate Pri 4 as Priestia aryabhattai B8W22(T), capable of reducing color by 78.35%, BOD by 66.35%, COD by 74.92%, TDS by 34.94%, TSS by 31.66%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 71.14%; isolate Pri 8 as Citrobacter werkmanii NBRC 105721(T), capable of reducing color by 90.37%, BOD by 82.13%, COD by 85.06%, TDS by 54.83%, TSS by 61.97%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 80.76%; and isolate Pri 9 as Shewanella chilikensis JC5(T), capable of reducing color by 90.17%, BOD by 84.68%, COD by 83.46%, TDS by 59.13%, TSS by 62.45%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 90.37%.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is routinely used as a rapid and cost-effective method for pathogen identification in clinical settings. In comparison, its performance in other microbiological fields, such as environmental microbiology, is still being tested, although isolates of environmental microbes are essential for in-depth in vivo studies of their biology, including biotechnological applications. We investigated the applicability of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of bacterial isolates from a highly oligotrophic environment — Dinaric Karst caves, which likely harbor specific microorganisms. We cultured bacteria from the shell surface of the endemic mussel Congeria jalzici, one of the three known cave mussels in the world that lives in the Dinaric karst underground. The bacterial isolates were obtained by swabbing the shell surface of mussels living in microhabitats with different amounts of water: 10 air-exposed mussels, 10 submerged mussels, and 10 mussels in the hygropetric zone. A collection of 87 pure culture isolates was obtained, mostly belonging to the phylum Bacillota (72%), followed by Pseudomonadota (16%), Actinomycetota (11%), and Bacteroidota (1%). We compared the results of MALDI-TOF MS identification (Bruker databases DB-5989 and version 11, v11) with the results of 16S rDNA-based phylogenetic analysis, a standard procedure for bacterial identification. Identification to the genus level based on 16S rDNA was possible for all isolates and clearly outperformed the results from MALDI-TOF MS, although the updated MALDI-TOF MS database v11 gave better results than the DB-5989 version (85% versus 62%). However, identification to the species-level by 16S rDNA sequencing was achieved for only 17% of isolates, compared with 14% and 40% for the MALDI-TOF MS databases DB-5989 and v11 database, respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest that continued enrichment of MALDI-TOF MS libraries will result with this method soon becoming a rapid, accurate, and efficient tool for assessing the diversity of culturable bacteria from different environmental niches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to isolate and identify bacteria from the wastewater of the textile printing industry inoculated with a mixture of cow dung, jaggery, and urea to assess the bioremediation potential of isolated bacterial species for reducing color and other polluting parameters of the wastewater. Based on colony characteristics, we were able to isolate nine types of bacteria (Pri 1 to 9), capable of thriving in textile printing wastewater. Out of the nine isolates examined, four (Pri 3, Pri 4, Pri 8, and Pri 9) significantly reduced the color and values of other physicochemical parameters of the wastewater. Isolated bacterial cultures were identified using various biochemical tests, antibiotic sensitivity tests, and rRNA sequence analysis. At the end of a 24-h incubation period at room temperature under shaking conditions at 100 rpm on an orbital shaker, isolate Pri 3 was identified as Alcaligenes aquatilis LMG 22996 (T), capable of reducing color by 86.13%, biological oxygen demand (BOD) by 70.44%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 80.65%, total dissolved solids (TDS) by 47.31%, total suspended solids (TSS) by 56.56%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 75.95%; isolate Pri 4 as Priestia aryabhattai B8W22(T), capable of reducing color by 78.35%, BOD by 66.35%, COD by 74.92%, TDS by 34.94%, TSS by 31.66%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 71.14%; isolate Pri 8 as Citrobacter werkmanii NBRC 105721(T), capable of reducing color by 90.37%, BOD by 82.13%, COD by 85.06%, TDS by 54.83%, TSS by 61.97%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 80.76%; and isolate Pri 9 as Shewanella chilikensis JC5(T), capable of reducing color by 90.17%, BOD by 84.68%, COD by 83.46%, TDS by 59.13%, TSS by 62.45%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 90.37%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in Acropora palmata populations in Colombian reefs has been mainly attributed to diseases outbreaks. The population size structure and prevalence of white pox and white band disease were evaluated in six localities of the Colombian Caribbean. Here, we aimed to isolate enteric bacteria and Vibrios from healthy and diseased coral mucus to relate its presence to the health status of Acropora palmata. The isolated bacteria were identified using molecular analyses with the 16S rRNA gene. Larger colonies had the highest percentage of the prevalence of both diseases. The strains that were identified as Vibrio sp. and Bacillus sp. were common in the healthy and diseased mucus of the holobiont. The Exiguobacterium sp. and Cobetia sp. strains isolated from diseased mucus may indicate maintenance and resilience mechanisms in the coral. Enterococcus sp. and other bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family were isolated from some localities, suggesting that probably contamination due to poor treatment of domestic wastewater and contributions from river discharges can affect coral health. The spatial heterogeneity of Colombian coral reefs exhibited variability in the bacteria, wherein environmental alterations can trigger signs of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immobilized microorganisms especially bacteria are most used rather than free cells to be protected from the environmental conditions when being used for the bioremediation of environmental pollutants. Herein, two marine's bacterial isolates were tested for their ability to decompose crude oil. The optimum conditions for effective bacterial degradation e.g., pH, temperature, and inoculum size were investigated. PVA-alginate-clay composite hydrogel beads with different types of incorporated mineral clays were prepared and tested as bacterial carrier for potential bioremediation. Synthesized composite hydrogels were physico-chemically characterized by FTIR, SEM, and thermal analyses. Results showed that, embedded degrading bacteria in PVA-alginate beads recorded degradation rates as 74 and 66.6% for both tested bacterial isolates (S and R) compared to 61.2 and 53% degradation rates by free cells, respectively. Where, attapulgite clay-containing beads recorded maximum degradation% as 78.8 and 75% for both bacterial isolates, when added to immobilization matrices and these percentages could be enhanced under optimal conditions. The 16S rRNA gene of the two marine oils degrading bacterial isolates were amplified and sequenced, where both isolates were identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri and Rhodococcus qingshengii with submitted accession numbers of ON908963 and ON908962, respectively. These results are referring to the ability of using both tested isolates for crude oil bioremediation process and embedded them into PVA-alginate-clay beads as hydrogel carrier under the optimum conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater sponges (Spongillida: Demospongiae), including more than 240 described species, are globally distributed in continental waters (except for Antarctica), where they cover both natural and artificial surfaces. However, fragmentary studies have targeted their microbiome, making it difficult to test hypotheses about sponge-microbe specificity and metabolic relationships, along with the environmental factors playing key roles in structuring the associated microbial communities. To date, particular attention has been paid to sponges (family Lubomirskiidae) that are endemic to Lake Baikal. Few other freshwater sponge species (e.g., Ephydatia spp., Eunapius spp., and Spongilla lacustris), from lakes and rivers spanning from Europe to South and North America, have been targeted for microbiological studies. Representatives of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria largely predominated, and high differences were reported between the microbiome of freshwater and marine sponges. Several bacterial strains isolated from freshwater sponges can produce bioactive compounds, mainly showing antibiotic activities, with potential application in biotechnology. Understanding the roles played by sponge microbiomes in freshwater ecosystems is still in its infancy and has yet to be clarified to disentangle the ecological and evolutionary significance of these largely under-investigated microbial communities. This review was aimed at providing the main available information on the composition and biotechnological potential of prokaryotic communities associated with healthy freshwater sponges, as a neglected component of the global sponge microbiome, to stimulate researchers interested in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necrotizing fasciitis is a progressive and rare disease, with high potential to be life‐threatening because of its potential for systemic toxicity. Characterized by fascial infection, it is often followed by systemic toxicity, such as septic shock and multi‐organ failure. The aim of this study is to establish reliable data on the treatment of necrotizing fasciitis patients at the topmost referral hospital in West Java, Indonesia. We collected medical record data from January 2015 to December 2021 at Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Hasan Sadikin (RSHS), Bandung, Indonesia. We recorded the infection region, bacterial isolates, empirical antibiotics, waiting time for the first surgery, surgical management, length of stay and we analysed the pattern of bacterial isolates, antibiotic use, waiting time for the first surgery, length of stay and mortality. A total of 90 patients' medical records were analysed. We found that the infection was most found in the genitalia and inguinal region (37%). Eighty‐five percent of all samples containing gram‐negative bacteria. The most used empirical antibiotics were from Cephalosporin class (31%), most of them combined with nitroimidazole (metronidazole) and with quinolones (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin). Overall mortality rate was 13.3%. Highest mortality rate came from gram‐negative bacteria group (14.2%—11 out of 77 patients), patients receiving Ceftriaxone–Metronidazole as empirical antibiotics (28.57%—4 out of 14 patients), patients with no surgery group (37%—3 out of 8 patients), with no mortality came from patients, which were performed debridement followed by fasciotomy/skin graft/flap and amputation. We conclude that the most found bacterial aetiology was Acinetobacter baumanii though it has no significant relation to mortality. We highly recommend early aggressive surgical intervention in reducing mortality rate due to necrotizing fasciitis for source control accompanied by deliberate defect closure and early administration of empirical antibiotics with more susceptibility for gram‐negative bacteria, such as Meropenem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess in vitro antibacterial activity of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) and its fractions and neem seed aqueous extract on microflora of cervica- vaginal mucus (CVM collected from cows with endometritis.  The CVM samples were obtained from 12 cows during 40-50 days postpartum and were subjected to bacterial isolation and identification. Neem oil was fractionated by 2 approaches, viz. by solvent extraction and by column chromatography using a silica gel column. Neem seed aqueous extract was prepared from dried neem seeds. Isolates (20) were identified, comprising mostly facultative anaerobic bacteria. Non-lactose fermenting (NLF) bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae family was the most frequently isolated bacteria (25%) followed by Escheriachia coli (20%), Corynebacterium sp. And Streptococcus sp. (15% each), Extraction of neem oil with organic solvents, viz. methanol and hexane yielded 4 fractions which were termed methanol miscrible (F1), methanol-immiscible emulsion (f2), hexane miscrible (F3) and hexane-immiscible emulsion (F4). Column chromatography yielded 3 fractions, viz. F5 (first fraction), F6(Second fraction) and F7 (third fraction). The F1 (methanolic) fraction showed the highest antibacterial activity with a sensitivity pattern of 95% followed by F2 and F3 (85% each), F4 (65%), F6 and F7(40% each). Moreover, the neem seed aqueous extract did not possess any antibacterial activity.

Abstract Background Abnormal vaginal discharge is a common complaint among women of reproductive age, affecting about one- third of all women. In resource-limited settings where access to laboratory services is limited, treatment is usually syndromic. This approach may result in ineffective treatment, with high recurrence rates and a potential of developing antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to determine the bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility among women with an abnormal vaginal discharge attending the gynecology clinic at a tertiary hospital in Southwestern Uganda. Methods We conducted a hospital based cross-sectional study among 361 women aged 15–49 years, presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge at the gynecology clinic of Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital from December 2020 to June 2021. Demographic characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire. We collected cervical and vaginal sterile swabs and subjected them to wet preparation and gram stain. The specimens were cultured for bacterial isolates. Susceptibility testing was performed on samples with bacterial isolates using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, on the commonly prescribed antibiotics in this setting. We summarized and described the bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns as frequencies and percentages. Results We enrolled 361 women with abnormal vaginal discharge. Bacteria were isolated in 29.6% (107/361) of the women, and the commonest isolates included; Staphylococcus aureus 48.6% (52/107), Klebsiella pneumoniae 29.9% (32/107) and Enterococcus faecalis 15% (16/107). Yeast cells were found in 17.7% (64/361) of the women with abnormal vaginal discharge. Cefuroxime (90.7%) and Ciprofloxacin (81.3%) had a high level of sensitivity while high levels of resistance were observed for Doxycycline (86.0%) and Azithromycin (67.0%). Conclusion The common bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis. The isolated bacteria were most sensitive to Cefuroxime and Ciprofloxacin but resistant to Doxycycline and Azithromycin. There is need for routine culture and susceptibility testing of women with abnormal vaginal discharge so as to guide treatment, minimize inappropriate antibiotic use and consequently reduce antibiotic resistance.

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance is one of the common global public health problems. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is multifactorial, and tackling its development is challenging. Consequently, infections caused by resistant bacteria are unresponsive to conventional drugs, resulting in prolonged and severe illnesses, higher mortality rates, and considerable healthcare costs. Therefore, understanding the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial pathogens is essential to optimize treatments and reduce the risks associated with infections. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from different clinical specimens at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). Materials and methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on the bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility reports of different clinical specimens referred to the Bacteriology Laboratory of EPHI from September 2015 to August 2019. Standard bacteriological techniques were used for the isolation and identification of the bacteria. Data were extracted from 840 patients’ records, which included the type of clinical sample cultured, the name of the bacteria, the representations of the antibiotics used for susceptibility testing, and the susceptibility results. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the bacterial isolates and the antimicrobial resistance profiles. Results Eight types of clinical specimens were analyzed for bacterial isolates and urine specimens were the most analyzed. Ten different genera of bacteria were identified by culture. Almost all the isolates were gram-negative bacteria, while only one species of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) was reported. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were tested on 840 culture isolates. Escherichia coli strains revealed more than 57% resistance to seventeen antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed nearly 70% or greater resistance rates for 17 of the antibiotics used. The overall detected multidrug resistance (MDR) was 64.29%. The highest MDR was reported in Acinetobacter strains (84%) followed by K. pneumoniae (80%). Conclusions The multidrug resistance rates found in this study were alarming. Strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance at the national level is mandatory, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing should be accessible at local diagnostic centers.

Bacterial infection and antimicrobial resistance are important constraints in the production and sustainability of farmed salmonids. This retrospective study aimed to describe the frequency of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial resistance profiles in salmonid aquaculture in Atlantic Canada. Bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results assessed by disk diffusion testing were summarized for 18,776 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) samples from 2291 unique cases submitted to the Atlantic Veterinary College, Aquatic Diagnostic Services Bacteriology Laboratory from 2000 to 2021. Kidney was the most commonly submitted tissue (60.29%, n = 11,320), and these specimens were mostly submitted as swabs (63.68%, n = 11,957). The most prevalent pathogens detected in these cases were Yersinia ruckeri type 1 (5.54%, n = 127), Renibacterium salmoninarum (2.10%, n = 48), Aeromonas salmonicida (atypical) (1.66%, n = 38), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (1.22%, n = 28). Most bacterial isolates tested (n = 918) showed resistance to florfenicol, oxytetracycline, ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but not to enrofloxacin. This report provides baseline data for antimicrobial surveillance programs that investigate emerging antimicrobial resistance trends in salmonid aquaculture in Atlantic Canada.

Phyllosphere exudates create specialized microhabitats that shape microbial community diversity. We explored the microbiome associated with two sorghum phyllosphere exudates, the epicuticular wax and aerial root mucilage. We assessed the microbiome associated with the wax from sorghum plants over two growth stages, and the root mucilage additionally from nitrogen-fertilized and nonfertilized plants. In parallel, we isolated and characterized hundreds of bacteria from wax and mucilage, and integrated data from cultivation-independent and cultivation-dependent approaches to gain insights into exudate diversity and bacterial phenotypes. We found that Sphingomonadaceae and Rhizobiaceae families were the major taxa in the wax regardless of water availability and plant developmental stage to plants. The cultivation-independent mucilage-associated bacterial microbiome contained the families Erwiniaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Sphingomonadaceae, and its structure was strongly influenced by sorghum development but only modestly influenced by fertilization. In contrast, the fungal community structure of mucilage was strongly affected by the year of sampling but not by fertilization or plant developmental stage, suggesting a decoupling of fungal–bacterial dynamics in the mucilage. Our bacterial isolate collection from wax and mucilage had several isolates that matched 100% to detected amplicon sequence variants, and were enriched on media that selected for phenotypes that included phosphate solubilization, putative diazotrophy, resistance to desiccation, capability to grow on methanol as a carbon source, and ability to grow in the presence of linalool and β-caryophyllene (terpenes in sorghum wax). This work expands our understanding of the microbiome of phyllosphere exudates and supports our long-term goal to translate microbiome research to support sorghum cultivation.

Abstract Three new Schiff bases, (Z)-2-(4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)-N-methylhydrazinecarbothioamide (PDM), (Z)-2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylidene)-N-methylhydrazinecarbothioamide (5NS) and (Z)-2-(4-cyanobenzylidene)-N-methylhydrazinecarbothioamide (4CN) of thiosemicarbazone-benzaldehyde derivatives were synthesized by condensation reaction. These compounds were formed from the reaction of 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde and 4-formylbenzonitrile respectively. The molecules synthesized were screened against bacterial isolates; Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), and Gram-negative (Klebsiella pnuemoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria using agar well diffusion technique, supported by molecular docking and theoretical analysis through computational approach adopting a coupled DFT-B3LYP and 6-31G(d) basis set. The in-vitro antibacterial studies proofed that the compounds have a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against the bacterial isolates while 5NS (21.0 mm) and PDMA (9.5 mm) have higher antibacterial activities than the standard drug, streptomycin against Staphylococcus aureus (16.5 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.0 mm) respectively. Theoretical studies and molecular docking established the fact that these Schiff bases could be explored further as bioactive compounds against bacterial infections and also as corrosion inhibitors of metals in the oil and gas industry. Graphical abstract

The decline in Acropora palmata populations in Colombian reefs has been mainly attributed to diseases outbreaks. The population size structure and prevalence of white pox and white band disease were evaluated in six localities of the Colombian Caribbean. Here, we aimed to isolate enteric bacteria and Vibrios from healthy and diseased coral mucus to relate its presence to the health status of Acropora palmata. The isolated bacteria were identified using molecular analyses with the 16S rRNA gene. Larger colonies had the highest percentage of the prevalence of both diseases. The strains that were identified as Vibrio sp. and Bacillus sp. were common in the healthy and diseased mucus of the holobiont. The Exiguobacterium sp. and Cobetia sp. strains isolated from diseased mucus may indicate maintenance and resilience mechanisms in the coral. Enterococcus sp. and other bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family were isolated from some localities, suggesting that probably contamination due to poor treatment of domestic wastewater and contributions from river discharges can affect coral health. The spatial heterogeneity of Colombian coral reefs exhibited variability in the bacteria, wherein environmental alterations can trigger signs of disease.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the common global public health problems. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is multifactorial, and tackling its development is challenging. Consequently, infections caused by resistant bacteria are unresponsive to conventional drugs, resulting in prolonged and severe illnesses, higher mortality rates, and considerable healthcare costs. Therefore, understanding the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial pathogens is essential to optimize treatments and reduce the risks associated with infections. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from different clinical specimens at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). Materials and methods: The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on the bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility reports of different clinical specimens referred to the Bacteriology Laboratory of EPHI from September 2015 to August 2019. Standard bacteriological techniques were used for the isolation and identification of the bacteria. Data were extracted from 840 patients' records, which included the type of clinical sample cultured, the name of the bacteria, the representations of the antibiotics used for susceptibility testing, and the susceptibility results. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the bacterial isolates and the antimicrobial resistance profiles. Results: Eight types of clinical specimens were analyzed for bacterial isolates and urine specimens were the most analyzed. Ten different genera of bacteria were identified by culture. Almost all the isolates were gram-negative bacteria, while only one species of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) was reported. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were tested on 840 culture isolates. Escherichia coli strains revealed more than 57% resistance to seventeen antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed nearly 70% or greater resistance rates for 17 of the antibiotics used. The overall detected multidrug resistance (MDR) was 64.29%. The highest MDR was reported in Acinetobacter strains (84%) followed by K. pneumoniae (80%). Conclusions: The multidrug resistance rates found in this study were alarming. Strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance at the national level is mandatory, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing should be accessible at local diagnostic centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abnormal vaginal discharge is a common complaint among women of reproductive age, affecting about one- third of all women. In resource-limited settings where access to laboratory services is limited, treatment is usually syndromic. This approach may result in ineffective treatment, with high recurrence rates and a potential of developing antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to determine the bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility among women with an abnormal vaginal discharge attending the gynecology clinic at a tertiary hospital in Southwestern Uganda. Methods: We conducted a hospital based cross-sectional study among 361 women aged 15–49 years, presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge at the gynecology clinic of Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital from December 2020 to June 2021. Demographic characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire. We collected cervical and vaginal sterile swabs and subjected them to wet preparation and gram stain. The specimens were cultured for bacterial isolates. Susceptibility testing was performed on samples with bacterial isolates using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, on the commonly prescribed antibiotics in this setting. We summarized and described the bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns as frequencies and percentages. Results: We enrolled 361 women with abnormal vaginal discharge. Bacteria were isolated in 29.6% (107/361) of the women, and the commonest isolates included; Staphylococcus aureus 48.6% (52/107), Klebsiella pneumoniae 29.9% (32/107) and Enterococcus faecalis 15% (16/107). Yeast cells were found in 17.7% (64/361) of the women with abnormal vaginal discharge. Cefuroxime (90.7%) and Ciprofloxacin (81.3%) had a high level of sensitivity while high levels of resistance were observed for Doxycycline (86.0%) and Azithromycin (67.0%). Conclusion: The common bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis. The isolated bacteria were most sensitive to Cefuroxime and Ciprofloxacin but resistant to Doxycycline and Azithromycin. There is need for routine culture and susceptibility testing of women with abnormal vaginal discharge so as to guide treatment, minimize inappropriate antibiotic use and consequently reduce antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Timely understanding of bacterial profiles and the change of antimicrobial resistance provide an important guidance for effective and optimized use of antibiotics in local healthcare systems. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare of bacterial etiology with antibiogram of blood stream infection between adult and paediatric. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Microbiology at Monno Medical College, Manikganj, Bangladesh during the period from January 2019 to December 2019 for duration of one year. In adult and pediatric patient blood was collected according to blood collection guidelines and inoculated into BacT/ALERT FA plus and BacT/ALERT PF plus aerobic blood culture bottles respectively. After collection these bottles were immediately incubated in BacT/ALERT 3D (manufactured by bioMerieoux, France) a fully automated blood culture system. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done for all isolated bacteria by disc diffusion method. Result: A total number of 178 patients were recruited, among them 12 (7%) yielded growth of different bacteria. The culture positive cases were found in 7 (4%) in Paediatric group and 5 (3%) in adult age group. The most predominant identified bacteria in Paediatric group was Escherichia Coli which showed highly sensitive to imipenum, amikacin, linezolid, gentamicin (n=3, 100%). In adult group the most predominant isolated bacteria was Streptococci species which showed high sensitive to imipenum, linezolid, gentamicin 4 (80%) considerable sensitive to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, cefuroxime 3(60.0%). Conclusion: In conclusion the most common bacteria isolated from blood stream infection in adult and paediatric group are Streptococci species and Escherichia Coli respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytes are a group of endosymbiotic microorganisms, which colonizes the plants and they can be readily isolated in the laboratory on a specific microbial medium. These endophytes are known to be the reservoirs of many novels, secondary metabolites. Endophytic microorganisms, especially bacteria are known to colonize many plants, including medicinal plants. Apart from synthesizing the secondary metabolites in the associated plants, the endophytic microorganisms are known to increase the ability of synthesizing the bioactive components. In the current study, we investigated on analyzing these endophytic microorganisms especially bacteria associated with the medicinal plant that can synthesize the secondary metabolite compounds under abiotic stress in Withania somnifera. Entophytic bacteria from rizzoplane and risosphere was isolated from the leaves and roads of W. somnifera. Pure bacterial isolates were identified using 16S rRNA sequencing. 16S rRNA sequences showed that the bacterial isolates were found to be in close resemblance with Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Pseudomonas floridensis. Further, the pure culture cell free extracts with Withanolides and sterols substrates were extracted and analyzed using HPLC and TLC. Out of the total bacterial cultures isolated, B9 and B6 isolates showed significant bands when compared with control. Similarly, B1 isolates showed unique bands when compared with control. The rise in the production of the secondary metabolite components such as withaferin A, withanolide D was significant as seen when treated with bacterial endophytes than the control. The findings of the current research can be used in tracing the application of potent bacterial endophytes in modifying the natural chemical structure of the secondary metabolite compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Septicemia is potentially fatal infection caused by pathogenic bacteria infiltrating the bloodstream, resulting in morbidity and mortality among Ethiopian hospital patients. Multidrug resistance is a therapeutic challenge in this patient population. There is an insufficiency data among hospitals in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess the phenotypic bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors among septicemia suspected patients. Methods Prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 214 septicemia suspected patients from February to June 2021 at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized hospital in northwest, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected aseptically and processed to identify bacterial isolates by using different standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was performed using the modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion on Mueller Hinton agar. Epi-data V4.2 was used to enter data and SPSS V25 for analysis. The variables were assessed using a bivariate logistic regression model with a 95% confidence interval, and declared statistically significant; P-value was

With poultry being the most abundant domestic animals worldwide, poultry farms have emerged as a prospective and widely distributed business industry in Nigeria. The outbreak of several deadly diseases that cause economic loss and discourage poultry keeping is a major challenge to poultry farming. The main goal of this study is to isolate and identify different enteric bacteria and to find the antimicrobial sensitivity profile against the pathogens isolated from specific poultry farms in Kano State. A total of 50 samples, including both poultry feed and droppings, were collected from five different poultry farms for analysis to detect the presence of enteric bacteria. The results revealed that all bacterial isolates displayed varying levels of resistance to the tested antibiotics, but they were completely susceptible to Sulfamethoxazole and Cephalexin. In general, the results of this study indicate that these samples serve as sources of E. coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Proteus mirabilis in poultry. These pathogenic bacteria pose a health threat, potentially leading to food poisoning and infections in both animals and humans. Consequently, efficient control measures such as proper management and handling of poultry birds, and sensitization of farmers on the abuse of antibiotics are crucial to prevent cross-contamination within poultry houses and ensure the provision of high quality poultry products.

ABSTRACT Isolation of microorganisms is a useful approach to gathering knowledge about their genomic properties, physiology, and ecology, in addition to allowing the characterization of novel taxa. We performed an extensive isolation effort on samples from seawater manipulation experiments that were carried out during the four astronomical seasons in a coastal site of the northwest Mediterranean to evaluate the impact of grazing, viral mortality, resource competition reduction, and light presence/absence on bacterioplankton growth. Isolates were retrieved using two growth media, and their full 16S rRNA gene was sequenced to assess their identity and calculate their culturability across seasons and experimental conditions. A total of 1,643 isolates were obtained, mainly affiliated to the classes Gammaproteobacteria (44%), Alphaproteobacteria (26%), and Bacteroidia (17%). Isolates pertaining to class Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant in all experiments, while Bacteroidia were preferentially enriched in the treatments with reduced grazing. Sixty-one isolates had a similarity below 97% to cultured taxa and are thus putatively novel. Comparison of isolate sequences with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences from the same samples showed that the percentage of reads corresponding to isolates was 21.4% within the whole data set, with dramatic increases in the summer virus-reduced (71%) and diluted (47%) treatments. In fact, we were able to isolate the top 10 abundant taxa in several experiments and from the whole data set. We also show that top-down and bottom-up controls differentially affect taxa in terms of culturability. Our results indicate that culturing marine bacteria using agar plates can be successful in certain ecological situations. IMPORTANCE Bottom-up and top-down controls greatly influence marine microbial community composition and dynamics, which in turn have effects on their culturability. We isolated a high amount of heterotrophic bacterial strains from experiments where seawater environmental conditions had been manipulated and found that decreasing grazing and viral pressure as well as rising nutrient availability are key factors increasing the success in culturing marine bacteria. Our data hint at factors influencing culturability and underpin bacterial cultures as a powerful way to discover new taxa.

Black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is a prominent insect for the bioconversion of various organic wastes. As a saprotrophic insect, the BSF inhabits microbe‐rich environments. However, the influences of the intestinal microorganisms on BSF growth and development are not very clear. In this study, the dynamics of the intestinal bacterial community of BSF larvae (BSFL) were analyzed using pyrosequencing. Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the most prevalent bacterial phyla in the intestines of all larval instars. The dynamic changes in bacterial community compositions among different larval instars were striking at the genus level. Klebsiella, Clostridium, Providencia, and Dysgonomonas were the relatively most abundant bacteria in the 1st‐ to 4th‐instar BSFL, respectively. Dysgonomonas and Providencia also dominated the 5th‐ and 6th‐instar larvae, at ratios of 31.1% and 47.2%, respectively. In total, 148 bacterial strains affiliated with 20 genera were isolated on different media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Among them, 6 bacteria, BSF1–BSF6, were selected for further study. The inoculation of the 6 isolates independently into germ‐free BSFL feeding on an artificial diet showed that all the bacteria, except BSF4, significantly promoted BSF growth and development compared with the germ‐free control. Citrobacter, Dysgonomonas, Klebsiella, Ochrobactrum, and Providencia promoted BSF development significantly by increasing the weight gains of larvae and pupae, as well as increasing the prepupae and eclosion rates. In addition, Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Providencia shortened the BSF life cycle significantly. The results illustrate the promotive effects of intestinal bacteria on BSF growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To isolate and identify the bacteria in open fractures and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates. Methods: A prospective study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital of rural India. The study was carried out on 100 patients of all age groups presenting with open fractures at Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana between March 2021 and September 2022. Two wound swabs, (one for culture and other for microscopy) and tissue specimens were collected to isolate and identify the bacteria causing infection in open fractures. All the bacterial isolates were then subjected to antibiotic sensitivity. Results: The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. Significant growth was reported in 46% of the debridement samples. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism isolated in 30% of cultures, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 22% of the cultures. In the post operative follow up period, 40 % of the patients reported significant growth. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common organism isolated in 28% of cultures in follow up period. Among gram positive organisms, Staphylococcus aureus was 77% susceptible to Amikacin & 68% susceptible to Erythromycin. Gram negative organisms like Enterobacteriaceae were 100% susceptible to Imipenem, 71% susceptible to Amikacin and 71% to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Initial contamination in open fractures is by both gram positive and gramnegative organisms with Staphylococcus aureus being commonest. Broad spectrum antibiotics like ciprofloxacin along with amikacin form cornerstone therapy for prevention of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to ascertain the bacterial flora in the gut, gill and flesh surfaces of fresh Clarias gariepinus purchased from four different markets located in Ota metropolis: Iyana-Iyesi, Oja-Ota, Oju-Ore and Sango-Ota. The fresh fish samples were randomly purchased from the markets and analysed using appropriate microbiological procedures. Bacterial isolates were identified based on colonial morphology, microscopy and biochemical tests. Analyses showed that the highest values of total bacteria counts (TBC) were 74.55 x 105 CFU/g in the gut, followed by that of the gill at 47.40 x 105 CFU/g and the flesh, 34.37 x 105 CFU/g; all from fresh C. gariepinus purchased from Oja-Ota market. There were five bacteria specie isolated from the gut, gill and flesh, namely Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Proteus spp. The percentage occurrence of the bacteria species in the isolates indicated that Salmonella spp. had 36.4%, E. coli 27.3%, Citrobacter spp. 9.1%, Shigella spp. 18.1%, and Proteus spp. 9.1%. As a result of the presence of these pathogens in the fish; adoption of good fish culture standards, water quality and feeds, hygienic transportation and proper handling of fish by farmers and at the retail level by the vendors is highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to select, in a greenhouse, associative bacteria that promote the growth and development of eucalyptus plants. For this, the selection experiment used the AEC 144 clone of Eucalyptus urophylla, the experiment was carried out from March to May 2017, lasting 30 days, the treatments were 17 bacterial isolates and 1 control without inoculation, 4 replications, arranged in DIC. The height, diameter, number of shoots, counting of the number of leaves of the plants, Spad Index and dry weight of aerial part were evaluated. Bacterial isolates JN32R, JN6R, JN5R, JN3R, JM6R, JM21R, JM5R, native to eucalyptus; and strains LGAM82, ZAE94, J11 and N15 promote growth and development in eucalyptus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]