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To explore the crossover linkage of the bacterial infections resulting from the viral infection, within the host body, a computational framework is developed. It analyzes the additional pathogenic effect of Streptococcus pneumonia, one of the bacteria that can trigger the super-infection mechanism in the COVID-19 syndrome and the physiological effects of innate immunity for the control or eradication of this bacterial infection. The computational framework, in a novel manner, takes into account the action of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in response to the function of macrophages. A hypothetical model is created and is transformed to a system of non-dimensional mathematical equations. The dynamics of three main parameters (macrophages sensitivity κ, sensitivity to cytokines η and bacterial sensitivity ϵ), analyzes a “threshold value” termed as the basic reproduction number R0 which is based on a sub-model of the inflammatory state. Piece-wise differentiation approach is used and dynamical analysis for the inflammatory response of macrophages is studied in detail. The results shows that the inflamatory response, with high probability in bacterial super-infection, is concomitant with the COVID-19 infection. The mechanism of action of the anti-inflammatory cytokines is discussed during this research and it is observed that these cytokines do not prevent inflammation chronic, but only reduce its level while increasing the activation threshold of macrophages. The results of the model quantifies the probable deficit of the biological mechanisms linked with the anti-inflammatory cytokines. The numerical results shows that for such mechanisms, a minimal action of the pathogens is strongly amplified, resulting in the “chronicity” of the inflammatory process.

In order to discover formation causes of short-chain steranes in coal-measure source rock of the research area, 62 samples of Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin were selected for various geochemical experimental analyses. The results show that there are abnormally low pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) and high abundance C21+ long-chain isoprenoid alkanes and dinosteranes in both humic coal and coal-measure mudstone in the study area. The difference is that the relative abundance of short-chain steranes in humic coal is higher than that in coal-measure mudstone. The relative content of short-chain steranes has no correlation with maturity parameters, but is positively correlated with "Drimaneane/Tricyclic-terpane" and "Methyl-chrysene/Chrysene," and positively correlated with HI (hydrogen index) of source rocks. To sum up, the coal-bearing strata of the Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin have experienced the influence of transgression events. Thermal effect is not the main factor leading to the formation of short-chain steranes in the study area. Transgression makes the Triassic Xujiahe Formation coal-measure source rocks in Sichuan Basin have high abundance of short-chain steranes, and the difference of bacterial activities results in the difference of short-chain steranes in coal and coal-measure mudstone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the possibility that the nodular aspect of Rosso Ammonitico limestone, due to the crystallization action of bacteria living in iron sulphide-rich diagenetic microenvironments, may be similar to the curdling effects of microorganisms in the milk used to produce Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the crossover linkage of the bacterial infections resulting from the viral infection, within the host body, a computational framework is developed. It analyzes the additional pathogenic effect of Streptococcus pneumonia, one of the bacteria that can trigger the super-infection mechanism in the COVID-19 syndrome and the physiological effects of innate immunity for the control or eradication of this bacterial infection. The computational framework, in a novel manner, takes into account the action of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in response to the function of macrophages. A hypothetical model is created and is transformed to a system of non-dimensional mathematical equations. The dynamics of three main parameters (macrophages sensitivity κ , sensitivity to cytokines η and bacterial sensitivity ϵ), analyzes a "threshold value" termed as the basic reproduction number R 0 which is based on a sub-model of the inflammatory state. Piece-wise differentiation approach is used and dynamical analysis for the inflammatory response of macrophages is studied in detail. The results shows that the inflamatory response, with high probability in bacterial super-infection, is concomitant with the COVID-19 infection. The mechanism of action of the anti-inflammatory cytokines is discussed during this research and it is observed that these cytokines do not prevent inflammation chronic, but only reduce its level while increasing the activation threshold of macrophages. The results of the model quantifies the probable deficit of the biological mechanisms linked with the anti-inflammatory cytokines. The numerical results shows that for such mechanisms, a minimal action of the pathogens is strongly amplified, resulting in the "chronicity" of the inflammatory process. • The proposed and hypothesized model describes the cross over inflammatory response of macrophages. • The infection occurs with high probability in COVID-19 concomitant super-infection. • The model can be adapted for analysis of macrophages-mediated inflammation in a tissue with a resident macrophages population. • Piecewise differentiation helps to execute the dynamical analysis of the coupled differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]