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Las resinas a base de polimetilmetacrilato (PMM) son una solucion para la reposicion de estructuras dentarias. Este material ha sido muy utilizado debido a su buena estetica, pero las rugosidades, grietas y defectos de este material son propicios para la proliferacion de microrganismos que podrian constituir un riesgo para la salud de los pacientes. Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, donde se tomaron muestras de provisorios de PMM de 20 pacientes de la catedra de Clinica Integrada de Odontologia de la Universidad Autonoma de Asuncion. Los datos sobre el crecimiento de los microorganismos fueron anotados en planillas Excel para analisis estadisticos. De los 20 pacientes que participaron en esta investigacion, 50% fueron de sexo femenino y 50% masculino, el promedio de edad fue de 32,35 anos (DE±11,94). Se analizaron un total de 7 ponticos (6 ponticos de 3 piezas y 1 de 6 piezas) y 19 coronas unitarias, el tiempo de permanencia en boca fue de entre 4 a 20 semanas con una media de 8,6 semanas. El 65% de las muestras dio positivo al cultivo microbiologico. En algunas muestras se aislaron mas de un genero de microorganismos. Se aislaron 5 especies de bacterias Gram-negativas, la mas frecuente fue K. pneumoniae con un 40%. Se aislo C. albicans en un 10% de las muestras. En el proceso de eleccion de los materiales para rehabilitacion es fundamental considerar la situacion global de cada paciente, pues exponerlos a un material con grandes capacidades retentivas de microrganismos conlleva un peligro.

Introduction: Bioluminescence is the ability of certain organisms to transform chemical energy into light energy through various biochemical processes. Objective: Isolation and identification for the first time of luminescent bacteria of superficial marine water, and the identification of marine luminescent dinoflagellates of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica. Methods: Samples of seawater obtained by diving at 20 m and at a surface level of 13 sites were collected. On the other hand, phytoplankton samples collected from the surface up to 30 m deep were analyzed in the surroundings of 8 sites of Cocos Island, and several luminescent species belonging to the genera Ornithocercus and Ceratocorys were determined. Results: Seven luminescent bacterial isolates were obtained, they were identified and characterized biochemically by means of an automated platform (Vitek) with high levels of confidence, they were taxonomically located within the genus Vibrio, 2 species: V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus, in addition, some isolates presented resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin and 100% hemolytic capacity. This research shows evidence of the presence of marine microscopic species in Cocos Island, Costa Rica, capable of presenting the phenomenon of luminescence, so that further study would be relevant in terms of the importance of these microorganisms in the production of metabolites secondary and as indicators of harmful algal blooms, so it is necessary to conduct more scientific research to determine their biotechnological potential. Conclusions: In the same way, the results obtained in this investigation suggest expanding the collection and isolation of luminescent microorganisms, accompanied by a biochemical and molecular characterization, in order to explore the microbial diversity associated with luminescence events and determine the environments in which that these species develop. Introducción: La bioluminiscencia es la capacidad de ciertos organismos para transformar la energía química en energía luminosa a través de varios procesos bioquímicos. Objetivo: Aislamiento e identificación por primera vez de bacterias luminiscentes de aguas marinas superficiales, e identificación de dinoflagelados luminiscentes marinos del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Métodos: Se recolectaron muestras de agua de mar obtenidas al bucear a 20 my a nivel de superficie de 13 sitios. Por otro lado, se analizaron muestras de fitoplancton recolectadas desde la superficie hasta 30 m de profundidad en los alrededores de 8 sitios de la Isla del Coco, y se determinaron varias especies luminiscentes pertenecientes a los géneros Ornithocercus y Ceratocorys. Resultados: Se obtuvieron siete aislados bacterianos luminiscentes, se identificaron y caracterizaron bioquímicamente mediante una plataforma automatizada (Vitek) con altos niveles de confianza, se ubicaron taxonómicamente dentro del género Vibrio, 2 especies: V. alginolyticus y V. parahaemolyticus, además, algunos aislados presentaron resistencia al antibiótico ampicilina y capacidad hemolítica del 100%. Esta investigación muestra evidencia de la presencia de especies microscópicas marinas en la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, capaces de presentar el fenómeno de la luminiscencia, por lo que sería relevante un mayor estudio en cuanto a la importancia de estos microorganismos en la producción de metabolitos secundarios y como indicadores. de las floraciones de algas nocivas, por lo que es necesario realizar más investigaciones científicas para determinar su potencial biotecnológico. Conclusiones: De la misma manera, los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación sugieren ampliar la colección y aislamiento de microorganismos luminiscentes, acompañados de una caracterización bioquímica y molecular, con el fin de explorar la diversidad microbiana asociada a eventos de luminiscencia y determinar los ambientes en los que estos las especies se desarrollan. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas

RESUMEN Las resinas a base de polimetilmetacrilato (PMM) son una solución para la reposición de estructuras dentarias. Este material ha sido muy utilizado debido a su buena estética, pero las rugosidades, grietas y defectos de este material son propicios para la proliferación de microrganismos que podrían constituir un riesgo para la salud de los pacientes. Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, donde se tomaron muestras de provisorios de PMM de 20 pacientes de la cátedra de Clínica Integrada de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción. Los datos sobre el crecimiento de los microorganismos fueron anotados en planillas Excel para análisis estadísticos. De los 20 pacientes que participaron en esta investigación, 50% fueron de sexo femenino y 50% masculino, el promedio de edad fue de 32,35 años (DE±11,94). Se analizaron un total de 7 pónticos (6 pónticos de 3 piezas y 1 de 6 piezas) y 19 coronas unitarias, el tiempo de permanencia en boca fue de entre 4 a 20 semanas con una media de 8,6 semanas. El 65% de las muestras dio positivo al cultivo microbiológico. En algunas muestras se aislaron más de un género de microorganismos. Se aislaron 5 especies de bacterias Gram-negativas, la más frecuente fue K. pneumoniae con un 40%. Se aisló C. albicans en un 10% de las muestras. En el proceso de elección de los materiales para rehabilitación es fundamental considerar la situación global de cada paciente, pues exponerlos a un material con grandes capacidades retentivas de microrganismos conlleva un peligro. ABSTRACT Polymethylmethacrylate (PMM) based resins are a solution for the replacement of dental structures. This material has been widely used due to its good aesthetics, but the roughness, cracks and defects of this material are propitious for the proliferation of microorganisms that could constitute a risk to the health of patients. This was a descriptive cross-sectional observational study, where samples of PMM provisionals were taken from 20 patients of the Department of Integrated Dental Clinic of the Autonomous University of Asunción. Data on the growth of microorganisms were recorded in Excel spreadsheets for statistical analysis. Of the 20 patients who participated in this research, 50% was female and 50% male, and the average age was 32.35 years (SD±11.94). Seven pontics (6 pontics of 3 pieces and 1 of 6 pieces) and 19 unit crowns were analyzed, the time spent in the mouth was between 4 to 20 weeks with an average of 8.6 weeks. Sixty-five percent of the samples tested positive in the microbiological culture. In some samples, more than one genus of microorganisms was isolated. Five species of Gram-negative bacteria were isolated, the most frequent was Klebsiella pneumoniae with 40%. Candida albicans was isolated in 10% of the samples. In the process of choosing materials for rehabilitation, it is essential to consider the overall situation of each patient, since exposing them to a material with high retention capacities of microorganisms carries a danger.

The Phyllostomidae family is important among the bats found in Brazil, with several species and diverse eating habits, and is the only one to have frugivorous representatives. These bats can be found in urban and in wild life environments in search for the best reproductive and feeding conditions. The versatility of environments can be associated with the incidence and/or distribution of some diseases through pathogenic agents. The present paper has the purpose to identify the oral and perianal microbiota and to detect the bacterial resistance of frugivorous bats captured near communities inhabited by humans in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná. A total of 68 bats were captured, belonging to four species of the Phyllostomidae family, namely Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata and Sturnira lillium, originated from forest fragments in the micro region of Umuarama, state of Paraná. A total of 64 isolates from oral bacteria and 39 from perianal region were submitted to identification. They were later submitted to a susceptibility test to 22 human and veterinary antimicrobials. The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli 33.3% in the oral region, and 35.90% in the perianal region, Enterobacter aerogenes 12.7% and 5.13%, Enterobacter agglomerans 7.9% and 10.25%, and Serratia liquefaciens 9.5% and 5.13% in the oral and perianal region respectively. All bat species studied had resistant strains, with a few of them presenting multi-resistance to antimicrobials. The species with the highest multi-resistance index to antimicrobials was Carollia perspicillata, with three strains of the oral region resistant to 15 antimicrobials; it also presented two strains in the perianal region, which were resistant to 13 and 10 antimicrobials respectively. Based on the results found, it is possible to conclude that the oral and perianal microbiota of bats is composed of several enterobacterial species resistant to one or several antimicrobials used in human and veterinarian medicine. This is an issue and a future warning for unique health, since high percentages of resistance were found against antimicrobials broadly used, such as ampicillin, amoxicillin and amoxicillin+clavulonate. RESUMO: A família Phyllostomidae se destaca entre as famílias de morcegos encontrados no Brasil, com diversificadas espécies e hábitos alimentares, sendo a única a apresentar representantes frugívoros, podendo ser encontrada tanto em meio urbano, como de vida livre, em busca de melhores condições reprodutivas e alimentares. Essa versatilidade de ambientes pode estar associada à incidência e/ou distribuição de determinadas doenças por agentes patogênicos. O presente trabalho objetivou identificar a microbiota oral e perianal e detectar a resistência bacteriana em morcegos frugívoros capturados próximos às comunidades habitadas pelo homem na região noroeste do estado do Paraná. Foram capturados 68 morcegos, de quatro espécies da família Phyllostomidae, são eles Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata e Sturnira lillium, oriundos de fragmentos de Mata da microrregião de Umuarama, estado do Paraná. Um total de 64 isolados de bactérias da região oral e 39 da região perianal foram submetidos, identificação e posteriormente teste de susceptibilidade a 22 antimicrobianos de uso humano e veterinário. As bactérias mais prevalentes foram Escherichia coli 33,3% na região da boca e 35,90% na região perianal, Enterobacter aerogenes 12,7% e 5,13%, Enterobacter agglomerans 7,9% e 10,25% e Serratia liquefaciens 9,5% e 5,13% na região da boca e perianal, respectivamente. Todas as espécies de morcegos estudadas apresentaram cepas que foram resistentes, e algumas multirresistência aos antimicrobianos. A espécie que apresentou maior índice de multirresistência aos antimicrobianos foi Carollia perspicillata, com três cepas na região oral resistente a 15 antimicrobianos, e duas na perianal, com resistência a 13 e 10 antimicrobianos respectivamente. Baseados nos resultados encontrados, é possível concluir que a microbiota oral e perianal de morcegos, é composta por diversas espécies de enterobactérias, resistentes a um, ou vários antimicrobianos utilizados na medicina humana e veterinária, tornando-se um problema, e um alerta futuro para a saúde única, uma vez que foram encontrados elevados percentuais de resistência contra antimicrobianos utilizados em larga escala tais como ampicilina, amoxicilina e amoxicilina+clavulonato.

Submitted by FERNANDA SAAD RODRIGUES null (fer.srodrigues@gmail.com) on 2018-03-26T00:39:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final.pdf: 1328007 bytes, checksum: 9adc5aefcfcb5be89caed834daab8c01 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Pizzani null (luciana@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-03-26T14:34:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_fs_me_bot_par.pdf: 551893 bytes, checksum: 78ba10c00a9731ca77246d1f2044a0ac (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-26T14:34:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_fs_me_bot_par.pdf: 551893 bytes, checksum: 78ba10c00a9731ca77246d1f2044a0ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-16 Seasonality of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) has been recently reported, especially involving Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Factors underlying this phenomenon were not elucidated. It is theoretically conceivable it reflects seasonal variations in traditional risk factors for those infections. With this in mind, we conducted a study to analyze the interplay of season, weather and usual predictors of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB-BSI). The study had a retrospective, case-only desing. It was conducted in the teaching hospital from Botucatu School of Medicine (450 beds). The study enrolled 446 patients with GNB-BSI caused by Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii, diagnosed from July 2012 through June 2016. Demographic data, comorbidities, invasive procedures and use of antimicrobials were reviewed in medical charts. The season in which GNB-BSI occurred, as well as weather parameters of the day of diagnosis, were recorded. We analyzed factors associated with occurrence of GNB-BSI in different seasons (with winter as reference category) and caused by different GNB (reference category, E. coli). Univariate and multivariable models of polytomous (multinomial) logistic regressions were used for analysis. In multivariable analysis, GNB-BSI diagnosed in summer were more likely to be caused by Klebsiella spp. (OR, 5.33; 95%CI, 2.04-13.96) or A. baumannii (OR, 2.69; 95%CI, 1.04-6.96), and there was association of Klesbiella spp. and spring (OR, 2.86; 95%CI, 1.14-7.18). Average temperature (in Celsius degrees[°C]) in the day of diagnosis was associated with Klebsiella spp. (OR, 1.19; 95%CI, 1.07-1.33) and A. baumannii (OR, 1.20; 95%CI, 1.07-1.34). In conclusion, warm seasons and daily temperature impact on the etiology of GNB-BSI, even in models adjusted for usual risk factors. Our findings support the thesis that seasonality of healthcare-associated pathogens is intrinsic to microorganisms, and not associated with comorbidities, procedures or use of antimicrobials. Seasonality of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) has been recently reported, especially involving Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Factors underlying this phenomenon were not elucidated. It is theoretically conceivable it reflects seasonal variations in traditional risk factors for those infections. With this in mind, we conducted a study to analyze the interplay of season, weather and usual predictors of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB-BSI). The study had a retrospective, case-only desing. It was conducted in the teaching hospital from Botucatu School of Medicine (450 beds). The study enrolled 446 patients with GNB-BSI caused by Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii, diagnosed from July 2012 through June 2016. Demographic data, comorbidities, invasive procedures and use of antimicrobials were reviewed in medical charts. The season in which GNB-BSI occurred, as well as weather parameters of the day of diagnosis, were recorded. We analyzed factors associated with occurrence of GNB-BSI in different seasons (with winter as reference category) and caused by different GNB (reference category, E. coli). Univariate and multivariable models of polytomous (multinomial) logistic regressions were used for analysis. In multivariable analysis, GNB-BSI diagnosed in summer were more likely to be caused by Klebsiella spp. (OR, 5.33; 95%CI, 2.04-13.96) or A. baumannii (OR, 2.69; 95%CI, 1.04-6.96), and there 16 was association of Klesbiella spp. and spring (OR, 2.86; 95%CI, 1.14-7.18). Average temperature (in Celsius degrees[°C]) in the day of diagnosis was associated with Klebsiella spp. (OR, 1.19; 95%CI, 1.07-1.33) and A. baumannii (OR, 1.20; 95%CI, 1.07-1.34). In conclusion, warm seasons and daily temperature impact on the etiology of GNB-BSI, even in models adjusted for usual risk factors. Our findings support the thesis that seasonality of healthcareassociated pathogens is intrinsic to microorganisms, and not associated with comorbidities, procedures or use of antimicrobials.

Introduction: Saquarema Lagoon (RJ) has a high ecological and economic value owing to its multiple uses. The population’s constant growth increases the amount of sewage containing bacteria and antimicrobial drugs that are discharged to the environment. Objectives: to detect Gram negative bacilli able to colonize or infect humans and animals and determine their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Methodology:samples were collected in the city centre in April 2010 and at Jaconé (Lagoon’s most preserved site) in February 2011. The total and thermo tolerant coliforms were determined and the isolation of samples was made using agar media containing 32cg/ mL of cephalotin. All samples were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility (AST) and on 16 samples, plasmid DNA was extracted. Results: different Gram negative bacteria were detected, such as: Enterobacter spp, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The coliform results showed that the water quality is proper for Human recreation. AST results demonstrated the existence of bacteria resistant to antimicrobial drugs frequently used in the community. It was possible to detected high molecular weight plasmids and nine samples (56,25%) showed at least one plasmid DNA electrophoresis band. Conclusions: there were not detected resistant samples to antimicrobial drugs normally used in hospital settings, which may possibly refute the idea of a contamination by nosocomial and/or veterinary sewage discharge. Keywords: Gram negative Bacilli. Enterobacteriaceae. Multidrug-resistance. Aquatic environment, Plasmid DNA. Submitted by ROBERTO PAULO CORREIA DE ARAÚJO (ppgorgsistem@ufba.br) on 2017-06-20T14:37:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 4_v.14_2.pdf: 709749 bytes, checksum: a7775a93edb6ba7d59b7ba1999a33b86 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T14:37:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4_v.14_2.pdf: 709749 bytes, checksum: a7775a93edb6ba7d59b7ba1999a33b86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05 Introdução: a Lagoa de Saquarema (RJ) tem elevado significado econômico e ecológico devido aos seus múltiplos usos. O crescimento demográfico favorece o lançamento de efluentes contendo microrganismos e antimicrobianos, capazes de contaminar esse ambiente. Objetivos: procurou-se detectar a presença de bacilos Gram-negativos com potenciais de colonização/infecção humana e animal e analisar sua resistência a antimicrobianos. Metodologia: as coletas foram realizadas em Abril de 2010, no centro da cidade e, em Fevereiro de 2011, em Jaconé, parte mais preservada da Lagoa. Foram realizados testes de colimetria para detecção de coliformes. Para o isolamento das cepas, empregaram-se meios de cultura sem antimicrobianos e contendo 32 mg/mL de cefalotina. As cepas foram submetidas a testes de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos (TSA) e em 16 cepas foram realizadas a extrações de DNA plasmidial. Resultados: foram identificadas diferentes espécies de bacilos Gram-negativos, em especial Enterobacter spp, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Os níveis de coliformes indicam que a qualidade da água na Lagoa é satisfatória para balneabilidade. O TSA exibiu perfil de resistência para antimicrobianos de uso frequente no ambiente comunitário. Foi detectada a presença de plasmídeos de alto peso molecular e nove cepas (56,25%) apresentaram pelo menos uma banda de DNA plasmidial. Conclusões: não foram detectadas cepas resistentes a antimicrobianos utilizados no meio hospitalar, podendo indicar ausência de contaminação por esgoto de origem nosocomial e/ou veterinária. Salvador

The aims of this study were to determine endemic and epidemic infection due to Gram-negative bacilli, risk factors associated with colonization and infection by these organisms and the resistance phenotypes (ESBL, AmpC) in neonates admitted in a High Risk Nursery. The study was conducted during a 21 month period and included: a prospective study to evaluate the neonates with hospital infection and the use of third-generation cephalosporins; a case-control study to determine the risk factors associated with colonization/infection. Rectal and oropharynx cultures were also performed in four opportunities (September and November 2001, February and August 2002). The isolates for which the resistance of ceftazidime was 2 mg/mL were suspected of producing ESBL or AmpC b-lactamases. The incidence of infection by Gram-negative bacilli was 2.4% (89/3.708 neonates), and sepsis (35.9%) and conjunctivitis (31.4%) were the most common infections. The endemic infections were more prevalent (73.9%) and usually associated with Enterobacteriaceae (95.5%), being these organisms also related to colonization, corresponding mainly to isolates of Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. Two outbreaks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=10) and Acinetobacter baumannii (n=11) were identified during the survey. Univariate analysis showed that risk factors for Gram-negative bacilli infection considered significant included: the length of stay before infection/colonization, exposure to antimicrobial agents, mechanical ventilation, central venous catheters, parenteral nutrition and surgery. The majority of resistance to ceftazidime among Enterobacteriaceae isolates (80.9%) was from ESBL phenotype. Administration of third-generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone) led to the emergence of these multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli in the neonatal unit.Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar infecções endêmicas e epidêmicas por bacilos Gram-negativos, fatores de risco associados a colonização e infecção e a presença dos fenótipos de resistência ESBL e AmpC em neonatos admitidos em Berçário de Alto Risco. Durante um período de 21 meses, foi realizado um estudo prospectivo para avaliar os casos de infecções hospitalares e o uso de cefalosporinas de terceira geração; e um estudo caso-controle para determinar os fatores de risco associados a colonização/infecção. Quatro inquéritos de colonização da orofaringe e intestino dos neonatos (Setembro e Novembro/2001, Fevereiro e Agosto/2002). Amostras com resistência a 2 mig/mL de ceftazidima foram isoladas devido a suspeita de produção de b-lactamases (ESBL/ AmpC). A incidência de pacientes infectados por bacilos Gram-negativos foi de 2,4% (89/3.709 neonatos), sendo sepse (35,9%) e conjuntivite (31,4%) as síndromes mais frequentes. A maioria das infecções foram endêmicas (73,9%) e associadas a Enterobacteriaceae (95,5%), estes também foram relacionados à colonização, correspondendo principalmente as amostras de Enterobacter spp e Klebsiella spp.. Foram identificados dois surtos, durante o estudo, associados a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (N=10) e Acinetobacter baumannii (N=11). Os fatores de risco incluindo: tempo de internação, uso de antimicrobianos, ventilação mecânica, cateter vascular central, cirurgia e nutrição parenteral foram significativos em uma análise univariada e considerados um risco para infecção por bacilos Gram-negativos. A maioria das amostras de Enterobacteriaceae (80,9%) com resistência a 2 mig/mL de ceftazidima foram do fenótipo ESBL. O uso de cefalosporinas de terceira geração (ceftriaxona) na unidade neonatal favoreceu a emergência de bacilos Gram-negativos multiresistentes.

The aims of this study were to determine endemic and epidemic infection due to Gram-negative bacilli, risk factors associated with colonization and infection by these organisms and the resistance phenotypes (ESBL, AmpC) in neonates admitted in a High Risk Nursery. The study was conducted during a 21 month period and included: a prospective study to evaluate the neonates with hospital infection and the use of third-generation cephalosporins; a case-control study to determine the risk factors associated with colonization/infection. Rectal and oropharynx cultures were also performed in four opportunities (September and November 2001, February and August 2002). The isolates for which the resistance of ceftazidime was 2 mg/mL were suspected of producing ESBL or AmpC b-lactamases. The incidence of infection by Gram-negative bacilli was 2.4% (89/3.708 neonates), and sepsis (35.9%) and conjunctivitis (31.4%) were the most common infections. The endemic infections were more prevalent (73.9%) and usually associated with Enterobacteriaceae (95.5%), being these organisms also related to colonization, corresponding mainly to isolates of Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. Two outbreaks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=10) and Acinetobacter baumannii (n=11) were identified during the survey. Univariate analysis showed that risk factors for Gram-negative bacilli infection considered significant included: the length of stay before infection/colonization, exposure to antimicrobial agents, mechanical ventilation, central venous catheters, parenteral nutrition and surgery. The majority of resistance to ceftazidime among Enterobacteriaceae isolates (80.9%) was from ESBL phenotype. Administration of third-generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone) led to the emergence of these multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli in the neonatal unit. Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar infecções endêmicas e epidêmicas por bacilos Gram-negativos, fatores de risco associados a colonização e infecção e a presença dos fenótipos de resistência ESBL e AmpC em neonatos admitidos em Berçário de Alto Risco. Durante um período de 21 meses, foi realizado um estudo prospectivo para avaliar os casos de infecções hospitalares e o uso de cefalosporinas de terceira geração; e um estudo caso-controle para determinar os fatores de risco associados a colonização/infecção. Quatro inquéritos de colonização da orofaringe e intestino dos neonatos (Setembro e Novembro/2001, Fevereiro e Agosto/2002). Amostras com resistência a 2 mig/mL de ceftazidima foram isoladas devido a suspeita de produção de b-lactamases (ESBL/ AmpC). A incidência de pacientes infectados por bacilos Gram-negativos foi de 2,4% (89/3.709 neonatos), sendo sepse (35,9%) e conjuntivite (31,4%) as síndromes mais frequentes. A maioria das infecções foram endêmicas (73,9%) e associadas a Enterobacteriaceae (95,5%), estes também foram relacionados à colonização, correspondendo principalmente as amostras de Enterobacter spp e Klebsiella spp.. Foram identificados dois surtos, durante o estudo, associados a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (N=10) e Acinetobacter baumannii (N=11). Os fatores de risco incluindo: tempo de internação, uso de antimicrobianos, ventilação mecânica, cateter vascular central, cirurgia e nutrição parenteral foram significativos em uma análise univariada e considerados um risco para infecção por bacilos Gram-negativos. A maioria das amostras de Enterobacteriaceae (80,9%) com resistência a 2 mig/mL de ceftazidima foram do fenótipo ESBL. O uso de cefalosporinas de terceira geração (ceftriaxona) na unidade neonatal favoreceu a emergência de bacilos Gram-negativos multiresistentes.

La enfermedad de los legionarios es una causa de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) reconocida en todo el mundo. En Latinoamérica su incidencia es desconocida. En este estudio se analizó a 9 pacientes con NAC por Legionella pneumophila atendidos entre 1997 y 2001 en el Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Se registraron datos de antecedentes, enfermedad actual, contactos, exposición laboral, examen físico, pruebas de laboratorio y uso previo de antibióticos, y se tomó en cuenta la presencia de criterios de gravedad. Nueve pacientes presentaron diagnóstico de NAC por Legionella, ninguno refirió antecedentes de viajes recientes; cuatro de ellos debieron ser internados en unidades de cuidado intensivo. Siete pacientes tenían antecedentes de tabaquismo, 4 tenían EPOC y un paciente linfoma no-Hodgkin. Nuestra casuística corrobora la baja especificidad de la clínica y estudios complementarios para predecir esta etiología. El aislamiento de Legionella es dificultoso, la seroconversión permite el diagnóstico retrospectivo y requiere plazos prolongados y el antígeno urinario aporta un diagnóstico inmediato. Cuando la legionelosis aparece en casos aislados, como ocurriría en Argentina, si no se piensa en esta etiología no se llegará al diagnóstico. Legionella pneumophila es un patógeno de NAC en nuestro medio, debe buscarse mejor, particularmente en pacientes graves, inmunodeprimidos y en fumadores con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC).Legionnaires’ disease is a well recognized cause of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) all around the world. In Latin America its incidence remains unknown. This study analyzed a cohort of 9 patients with CAP due to Legionella pneumophila observed from 1997 to 2001, in the Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires. Clinical history included recent illnesses, work exposure, physical exam, prior antibiotic use and severity of illness criteria. None of the 9 patients had a history of recent travels, and 4 of them required admission in intensive care unit (ICU). Seven patients had a cigarette smoking history, four of them also had COPD, and one patient had a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This study confirms the low specificity of clinical and general laboratory criteria to predict this etiology. Legionella isolation is difficult, and serological testing allows retrospective diagnosis but takes several weeks, while urinary antigen test gives a bed-side diagnosis. When Legionella appears in isolated cases, as happens in Argentina, it should be necessary to have a high index of suspicion to successfully arrive at an etiological diagnosis. Legionella pneumophila is a pathogen causing CAP in our area. A surveillance should be established preferably focused on selected populations including severe CAP, immunocompromised hosts and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Neste trabalho foram determinados os níveis de bactérias anaeróbias facultativas em Reator de Fluxo Ascendente e Manta de Lodo (UASB) utilizado no tratamento de efluente de industria de gelatina. A quantificação dos microrganismos apresentou similar valor na manta de lodo granular e na zona de fluidização. No compartimento de sedimentação do reator as bactérias foram dois logs menores. Estas comunidades são compostas principalmente de bacilos Gram-negativos. Os mais abundantes gêneros foram Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella e Stenotrophomonas. O significado para a saúde pública das bactérias isoladas no reator UASB é desconhecido. Algumas espécies são residentes permanentes, outras são encontradas em somente uma parte da população, e ainda outras espécies são patógenos oportunistas que causam infecção humana. No presente estudo, nenhuma das bactérias predominantes pertence ao grupo dos patógenos estritosThis experiment measured levels of facultative anaerobic bacteria in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor treating wastewater from a gelatin industry. The microorganism quantification showed similar values in granular sludge bed and fluidized zone. In the settling compartment of reactor, the bacteria were two logs lower. These communities are composed mainly of Gram-negative rods. The most abundant genera isolated were Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella and Stenotrophomonas. The significance of the bacteria isolated from UASB reactor for public health is unknown. Some species are permanent residents; other are found only in a fraction of the population, and still other species are opportunistic pathogens that cause human infections. In the present study, none of the predominant bacteria belonged to the group of strict pathogens

Se comparó la incidencia relativa de las diferentes especies de bacilos gram-negativos y la resistencia a varios antibacterianos, en dos muestras de aislamientos clínicos correspondientes a cinco meses del año 1998 y del mismo período del año 2001, con el objetivo de conocer la evolución de ambos, frecuencia de cada especie como agente etiológico, y resistencia a antimicrobianos. Para ello se analizaron en cada período 100 aislamientos de bacilos gram-negativos obtenidos de muestras clínicas de pacientes internados en salas de cuidados intensivos del Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín. Se determinó la especie bacteriana y la concentración inhibitoria mínima de cada antibiótico. Acinetobacter spp. fue el microorganismo más aislado en ambos períodos. El porcentaje de aislamientos resistentes a imipenem fue del 60%, mientras que a ciprofloxacina y cefalosporinas de tercera generación fue superior al 80%. En Klebsiella pneumoniae el porcentaje de aislamientos resistentes a cefalosporinas de tercera generación disminuyó del 71.4 al 30% (pThe incidence and drug susceptibility of gram-negative isolates from clinical samples of patients from different intensive care units at the Hospital de Clinicas José de San Martín were analysed. Two hundred isolates during the same five months period, in two different years (1998 and 2001) were obtained and evaluated. Acinetobacter spp., was the most frequently isolated microorganism. Resistance to imipenem was observed in 60% of these isolations while resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporin and ciprofloxacin was observed in more than 80%. Klebsiella pneumoniae was not resistant to imipenem, the resistance to 3rd and 4rth generation cephalosporins decreased from 71.4 to 30% of isolates (p

Introduction: Pressure ulcers (PU) are common in hospitalized patients and residents of Long Term Care Facilities (LTCF) for elderly, are susceptible to colonization/infection by bacteria epidemiologically important and potential source of secondary bacteremia. Objectives: To evaluate the colonization of the PU as a reservoir and/or source of infection by gram-negative bacilli (GNB), and the risk of evolution to secondary infection of the bloodstream and colonization of the oropharyngeal mucosa by these bacteria in patients hospitalized in Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia and in residents of LTCF. Methods: The study was conducted at Clinical Hospital of Federal University of Uberlandia and three LTCF of city. The study desing was prospective cohort in different clinics of hospital and longitudinal, in the LTCF, both during the period August 2009 to July 2010. The PU were classified according to severity (stage I to IV) and the presence of local infection by evaluation of clinical signs and microscopic by positive evaluation of wound s smears, by ratio of inflammatory cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) to epithelial cells of 2:1 per field, after staining the smear from the ulcer Giemsa method. The surveillance was conducted via active monitoring with the volunteers until discharge or death. Individual records for demographic data, clinical and development was completed. The collections of PU stage II and mucosal oropharyngeal swabs were performed and we used the means of MacConkey Agar (for PU and oropharyngeal mucosa) and Mannitol Salt Agar (for PU) in primary culture identification of gender/species was performed by classical phenotypic tests and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined by means of agar diffusion according to CLSI standards 2005/2009. Results: In total, the study included 60 in patients and 81 residents of LTCF. Volunteers from both groups were elderly, with prolonged hospitalization average of 103 days for patients 91 months and they are in the LTCF. The frequencies of participants with PU colonized by BGN were similar and high, 83.3% and 77.7% in the hospital and the LTCF, respectively, with a predominance of polymicrobial colonization in both institutions. Among the predominant microorganisms recovered from PU: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, among microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa between BGN non-fermenting. The presence of multidrug resistance was observed at rates greater than 50.0% between samples isolated from the hospital as opposed to those derived from LTCF. The independent risk factor for patients with polymicrobial colonization with PU versus monomicrobial for GNB was the presence of clinical infection at another anatomic site (P = 0.03). Overall, among patients colonized with PU BGN, about one-third were infected and 62.5% of this group progressed to bacteremia by the same organism/resistance phenotype of those isolated from ulcers, with a significant mortality (100.0%) Unlike evidenced by the residents of LTCF. The frequencies of colonization of the oropharyngeal mucosa in both groups of volunteers were also similar, but lower than observed in the PU and detection of multiresistant GNB only in hospitalized patients. Conclusions: PU colonized/infected with multidrug-resistant GNB are an important reservoir of these bacteria in the hospital with minor risk of bacteremia and poor outcomes. Introdução: Úlceras por pressão (UPs) são frequentes em pacientes hospitalizados e em residentes de Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI), são passíveis de colonização/infecção por bactérias epidemiologicamente importantes e fonte potencial de bacteremia secundária. Objetivos: Avaliar a colonização das UPs como reservatório e/ou fonte de infecção por bacilos Gram-negativos (BGN), e o risco de evolução para infecção de corrente sanguínea secundária, bem como a colonização da mucosa de orofaringe por esses microrganismos em pacientes internados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HC-UFU) e em residentes de ILPI. Casuística e Métodos: Foram realizados estudos de coorte prospectivo em diferentes clínicas do HC-UFU e do tipo longitudinal em residentes em três ILPI da cidade, ambos no período de agosto de 2009 a julho de 2010. As UPs foram classificadas quanto à gravidade (estadio I a IV) e quanto à presença de infecção local através de critérios clínicos e microscópicos, o último pela razão 2:1 de leucócitos polimorfonucleares e células epiteliais, após a coloração do esfregaço da úlcera pelo método de Giemsa. A vigilância foi realizada por busca ativa com acompanhamento dos voluntários até alta ou óbito. Uma ficha individual com dados demográficos, clínicos, epidemiológicos e evolução foi preenchida. As coletas das UPs estadio II e da mucosa de orofaringe foram realizadas com swab e utilizou-se os meios de Ágar MacConkey (para UP e mucosa de orofaringe) e Ágar Manitol Salgado (para UP) no cultivo primário. A identificação de gênero/espécie foi realizada por testes fenotípicos clássicos e o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana foi realizado pela técnica de difusão em Agar, segundo as normas do CLSI 2005/2009. Resultados: No total, foram incluídos no estudo 60 pacientes hospitalizados e 81 residentes em ILPI. Os voluntários dos dois grupos eram idosos, com internação prolongada média de 103 dias nos pacientes e 91 meses de permanência nos residentes das ILPI. As frequências de participantes com UP colonizada por BGN foram semelhantes e altas, 83,3% e 77,7%, no HC-UFU e nas ILPI, respectivamente, com predomínio de colonização polimicrobiana em ambas instituições. Entre os microrganismos recuperados das UP predominaram: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, entre os microrganismos da família Enterobacteriaceae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa entre os BGN não-fermentadores. A presença de multirresistência foi observada em taxas superiores a 50,0% entre as amostras dos isolados hospitalares ao contrário daqueles provenientes das ILPI. O fator de risco independente para pacientes com UPs com colonização polimicrobiana versus monomicrobiana por BGN foi a presença de infecção clínica em outra região anatômica (P=0,03). No total, entre os pacientes com UPs colonizadas por BGN, cerca de um terço estavam infectadas e 62,5% deste grupo evoluíram para bacteremia pelo mesmo microrganismo/fenótipo de resistência daqueles isolados das úlceras, com uma mortalidade de 100,0%, ao contrário do evidenciado com os residentes de ILPI. As freqüências de colonização da mucosa de orofaringe nos dois grupos de voluntários também foram semelhantes, mas, mais baixas do que observadas nas UPs e com detecção de BGN multirresistentes apenas nos pacientes hospitalizados. Conclusões: UP colonizadas/infectadas por BGN multirresistentes representam importante reservatório destas bactérias no ambiente hospitalar, com risco de bacteremia secundária e pior evolução. Mestre em Ciência da Saúde

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais The higher incidence of bacteraemia due to multiresistant microorganisms in recent years, coupled with the emergence and spread of β-lactamases, have become a great public health problem, since in patients infected with these strains is more likely to receive inadequate antimicrobial therapy, directly reflected in mortality rates. We conducted a case-control study in order to identify risk factors associated with bacteraemia due to MDR-GNB isolates and a cohort study to determine the prognostic factors associated with mortality among patients with bloodstream infection diagnosed from May 2009 through February 2010. The production of extended-expectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC was determined in isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) among Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated among isolates of blood and catheter tip culture. The univariate analysis showed that the development of bacteraemia caused by multiresistant gram-negative bacilli was associated with previous surgery, use > 2 invasive procedures, including mechanical ventilation, urinary catheter, tracheotomy and use of antibiotics, especially fluoroquinolones. Previous surgery, tracheostomy and inadequate therapy were independently associated with the multidrug resistance. The rate of ESBL producing isolates was 58% and 32% for K. pneumoniae and E. coli, respectively. Among Enterobacteriaceae, the AmpC enzyme was detected in 8.6% of isolates and the MBL phenotype was detected in 34% of the P. aeruginosa isolates. The most microoorganisms showed high rates of antimicrobial resistance. The resistance was associated with inadequate antimicrobial therapy and higher mortality rates. The risk for death was higher in patients over 60 years old, MDR-GNB bacteraemia, heart disease and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy, but just advanced age was independently associated with death. There was also a high frequency of phenotypes ESBL, AmpC and metallo-β-lactamases among isolates, associated with higher rates of resistance to most antimicrobial agents used in patients. Nos últimos anos, a grande incidência de bacteremias por microrganismos multiresistentes associada com a emergência e disseminação de β-lactamases, tem-se tornado problema de saúde pública, uma vez que em pacientes infectados por essas cepas existe maior possibilidade de ocorrer uma terapia antimicrobiana inadequada, refletindo diretamente nas taxas de mortalidade. Foi realizada vigilância laboratorial diária na qual foram recuperados isolados de BGN de hemocultura e cultura de ponta de cateter. Um estudo caso-controle foi conduzido para determinar os fatores de risco associados à bacteremias hospitalares por bacilos Gram-negativos multiresistentes e estudo de coorte para identificar os fatores prognósticos associados com mortalidade entre os pacientes com bacteremia, no período de maio de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010 no HC-UFU. Em adição, foi determinado a prevalência dos fenótipos ESBL (vitek2) e AmpC (teste de disco com ácido borônico) entre as enterobactérias, e metalo-β-lactamase em isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (teste de sinergismo com duplo disco). A análise univariada demonstrou que o desenvolvimento de bacteremia por bacilos Gram-negativos multiresistentes (BGN-MR) foi associado com cirurgia prévia, uso > 2 procedimentos invasivos, incluindo ventilação mecânica, sonda vesical, traqueostomia e uso prévio de antimicrobianos, particularmente fluorquinolonas. Cirurgia prévia, traqueostomia e terapia antimicrobiana inadequada foram independentemente associadas a essa multiresistência. A taxa de produção de ESBL foi de 58% para K. pneumoniae e 32% para E. coli. Entre as enterobactérias, a enzima AmpC foi detectada em 8,6% entre os isolados resistentes a cefoxitina e o fenótipo metalo-β-lactamase em 34% dos isolados de P. aeruginosa. A maioria dos microrganismos demonstrou taxas elevadas de resistência aos antimicrobianos, associada com a terapia antimicrobiana inadequada e maiores taxas de mortalidade. Os fatores associados com a mortalidade incluíram, além de infecção por BGN-MR e terapia inadequada, fatores intrínsecos ao paciente como cardiopatia e idade > 60 anos, considerada também fator de risco independente. Observou-se ainda uma prevalência elevada dos fenótipos ESBL, AmpC e metalo-β-lactamase entre os isolados, associados com maiores taxas de resistência para a maioria dos antimicrobianos. Mestre em Imunologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas

INTRODUÇÃO: O aparecimento de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Acinetobacter sp produtores de metalo-β-lactamases (MBLs) é um desafio para os hospitais. MÉTODOS: Verificou-se a produção de MBL em cepas clínicas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Acinetobacter sp de um hospital de emergência de Porto Alegre pelo método de aproximação de disco e E-test MBL. Os genes bla foram pesquisados pela PCR. RESULTADOS: Duas cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e oito Acinetobacter sp demonstraram fenótipo de MBLs. A amplificação do gene blaSPM-1 confirmou a enzima em P. aeruginosa.. CONCLUSÕES: Deve-se ter cautela ao avaliar testes fenotípicos utilizados na detecção rotineira de metalo-enzima.

INTRODUÇÃO: O aparecimento de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Acinetobacter sp produtores de metalo-β-lactamases (MBLs) é um desafio para os hospitais. MÉTODOS: Verificou-se a produção de MBL em cepas clínicas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Acinetobacter sp de um hospital de emergência de Porto Alegre pelo método de aproximação de disco e E-test MBL. Os genes bla foram pesquisados pela PCR. RESULTADOS: Duas cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e oito Acinetobacter sp demonstraram fenótipo de MBLs. A amplificação do gene blaSPM-1 confirmou a enzima em P. aeruginosa.. CONCLUSÕES: Deve-se ter cautela ao avaliar testes fenotípicos utilizados na detecção rotineira de metalo-enzima. INTRODUCTION: The appearance of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. is a challenge for hospitals. METHODS: The production of MBL in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. From an emergency hospital in Porto Alegre was investigated using the disk approximation test and MBL E-test. The bla genes were determined using PCR. RESULTS: Two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and eight of Acinetobacter sp were shown to be MBL phenotypes. Amplification of the blaSPM-1 gene confirmed the presence of the enzyme in P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS: Caution is needed in evaluating phenotype tests used for routine detection of metallo-β-lactamases.

Resumen La bacteriemia nosocomial es una causa importantede infeccion intrahospitalaria, asociada a alta morbi-mortalidad, pero pocos estudios examinan en formaprospectiva las bacteriemias por bacilos grammne-gativos (BGN) mas alla de las areas de cuidados inten-sivos. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo, prospectivodesde marzo a diciembre del 2006, reclutando todos lospacientes con bacteriemia por BGN de origen intra-hospitalario. Se analiza la epidemiologia y caracteristi-cas clinicas como potenciales factores pronosticos demortalidad. En el periodo de estudio se detectaron 84casos (los mas frecuentes A. baumannii , Burkholderia sp. y E. coli ), con una mortalidad de 48%. La bacteriemiaderivada de un foco infecciosos asociada a alta morta-lidad (RR 4.9, IC95% 1,3-18,8) y la internacion en UCI(RR 4,78, IC95% 1,7-13,1) fueron variables indepen-dientes predictoras de mortalidad. El tratamientoantimicrobiano empirico inadecuado no se asocio amayor mortalidad. La bacteriemia nosocomial por BGNen nuestra serie se debio principalmente a bacilos nofermentadores y esta se asocio con alta mortalidadcuando el origen fue un foco de alto riesgo o el pacien-te se encontraba internado en la UCI.

La bacteriemia nosocomial es una causa importante de infección intrahospitalaria, asociada a alta morbi-mortalidad, pero pocos estudios examinan en forma prospectiva las bacteriemias por bacilos grammne-gativos (BGN) más allá de las áreas de cuidados intensivos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo desde marzo a diciembre del 2006, reclutando todos los pacientes con bacteriemia por BGN de origen intra-hospitalario. Se analiza la epidemiología y características clínicas como potenciales factores pronósticos de mortalidad. En el período de estudio se detectaron 84 casos (los más frecuentes A. baumannii, Burkholderia sp. y E. coli), con una mortalidad de 48%. La bacteriemia derivada de un foco infecciosos asociada a alta mortalidad (RR 4.9, IC95% 1,3-18,8) y la internación en UCI (RR 4,78, IC95% 1,7-13,1) fueron variables independientes predictoras de mortalidad. El tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico inadecuado no se asoció a mayor mortalidad. La bacteriemia nosocomial por BGN en nuestra serie se debió principalmente a bacilos no fermentadores y ésta se asoció con alta mortalidad cuando el origen fue un foco de alto riesgo o el paciente se encontraba internado en la UCI. Nosocomial bacteremia is a major cause of hospital infection, associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stay and higher costs. However, few prospective studies analyse the prognostic factors associated with mortality of gramnegative rods bloodstream infections in hospital wards outside of intensive care units. A prospective/descriptive study was conducted from March to December 2006. All patients with nosocomial-acquired bloodstream infection due to gramnegative rods were included. Epidemiology and clinical features were analysed as potential prognostic factors for mortality. During the study period, 84 cases were detected, being A. baumannii, Burkholderia sp and E. coli the most frequent isolates, with a mortality of 48%>. Bacteremia derived from a high-mortality associated septic focus (RR 4.9, IC95%> 1.3 - 18.8) and admissionto intensive care unit (RR 4.78, IC95%> 1.7- 13.1) were independent variables associated with mortality. Inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment was not associated with greater risk of mortality. Nosocomial gramnegative bloodstream infections in our series were mainly due to non-fermentative bacilli and were associated with high mortality rates when their origin was a high risk septic focus or the patient was admitted to intensive care unit.

This experiment measured levels of facultative anaerobic bacteria in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor treating wastewater from a gelatin industry. The microorganism quantification showed similar values in granular sludge bed and fluidized zone. In the settling compartment of reactor, the bacteria were two logs lower. These communities are composed mainly of Gram-negative rods. The most abundant genera isolated were Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella and Stenotrophomonas. The significance of the bacteria isolated from UASB reactor for public health is unknown. Some species are permanent residents; other are found only in a fraction of the population, and still other species are opportunistic pathogens that cause human infections. In the present study, none of the predominant bacteria belonged to the group of strict pathogens Neste trabalho foram determinados os níveis de bactérias anaeróbias facultativas em Reator de Fluxo Ascendente e Manta de Lodo (UASB) utilizado no tratamento de efluente de industria de gelatina. A quantificação dos microrganismos apresentou similar valor na manta de lodo granular e na zona de fluidização. No compartimento de sedimentação do reator as bactérias foram dois logs menores. Estas comunidades são compostas principalmente de bacilos Gram-negativos. Os mais abundantes gêneros foram Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella e Stenotrophomonas. O significado para a saúde pública das bactérias isoladas no reator UASB é desconhecido. Algumas espécies são residentes permanentes, outras são encontradas em somente uma parte da população, e ainda outras espécies são patógenos oportunistas que causam infecção humana. No presente estudo, nenhuma das bactérias predominantes pertence ao grupo dos patógenos estritos

Los ß-lactámicos, primeros antibióticos introducidos para uso en clínica, siguen siendo los más usados. También es frecuente el desarrollo de resistencia a ellos, la cual fue identificada inmediatamente después de la introducción de la penicilina. El mecanismo de resistencia más frecuente en bacilos Gram-negativos a los ß-lactámicos es la producción de ß-lactamasas, y su forma de transmisión es a través de plásmidos y cromosomas. Los bacilos Gram-negativos aeróbicos son los principales responsables de infección nosocomial. Hemos publicado los valores de resistencia de éstos ante ß-lactámicos, haciendo un diagnóstico de la situación a nivel nacional. Además de seguir su evolución durante la década 1988-1998, estudiamos los cambios producidos sobre la evolución de la resistencia, en presencia de inhibidores de ß-lactamasas. Desde 1988, el Grupo Venezolano de Vigilancia de la Resistencia Bacteriana, cuyos miembros pertenecen a 29 instituciones de salud de siete estados, está a cargo de analizar y publicar resultados de resistencia bacteriana a antimicrobianos de bacterias aisladas de pacientes con infecciones hospitalarias y de la comunidad. Se usó el método de difusión de disco, de acuerdo a las normas de la NCCLS. Se siguió el programa software WHONET (World Health Organization Net). Las diferencias de sensibilidad entre el ß-lactámico y el ß-lactámico más el inhibidor de ß-lactamasas son: 1. Piperacilina versus piperacilina/tazobactam: entre el 10 y el 30% para la mayoría de los gérmenes estudiados, excepto para E. coli (45%) y Serratia sp. (60%). 2. Ampicilina versus ampicilina/sulbactam: entre el 10 y el 30%. 3. Cefoperazona versus cefoperazona/sulbactam: entre el 5 y el 25%. Como era de esperar, la resistencia de bacilos Gram-negativos aeróbicos a betalactámicos en presencia del inhibidor de ß-lactamasas es menor que ante el ß-lactámico solo; además, esta diferencia se hace mayor con el tiempo. Las diferencias entre las dos series durante el primer año (1988) son menores que las encontradas entre las series durante el último año (1998) en muchas de las bacterias estudias. Estos resultados son relevantes especialmente si recordamos el mecanismo de inductores de betalactamasas que se les ha atribuido. The ß-lactams antimicrobial were the first to be used, and today they still are the most frequently used. Among the bacteria responsible of high resistance to ß-lactams are gramnegative rods; the most frequent mechanism is the production of ß-lactamase We follow the trends of resistance of Gram-negative rods to ß-lactams alone and with ß-lactamase-inhibitors during the decade 1988-1998. Since 1988, The Venezuelan Group of Vigilance of the Bacterial Resistance, with 29 health institution in the country; they identify, analyze and publish data on bacteria resistance of isolates from patients with bacterial infection coming from hospitals and the community. It was used diffusion disk, according NCCLS. The software program WHONET (World Health Organization Net) was used. The difference in sensitivity among ß-lactam and ß-lactam/ß-lactamase-inhibitor are: 1. Piperacillin versus piperacillin/tazobactam: between 10 and 30% of resistance for most isolated, except for E. coli (45%) and Serratia sp. (60%). 2. Ampicillin versus ampicillin/sulbactam: between 10 and 30%. 3. Cefoperazone versus Cefoperazone/sulbactam: between 5 and 25%. How is expected gramnegative rods resistance to ß-lactams with a betalactamase-inhibitor (ß-L-I), is lower than the ß-lactam alone; furthermore the difference between them, grows higher with time. This results are relevant, since ß-L-I are described as ß-lactamase inductors.