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Productive talk is structured talk designed to support students in developing a deep understanding of the content (Michaels et al., 2008): a characteristic of high-quality mathematics instruction (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2014). Students who engage in talk during mathematics class have opportunities to make sense of the mathematics, reason, share their thinking, and hear the mathematical ideas of others (Carpenter et al., 2003). A launch-explore-discuss (LED) lesson structure is one way that teachers can plan for and facilitate productive talk across a mathematics lesson (Stein et al., 2008). This article shares how a mentor teacher, Ms. Harrington, and her mentee, Ms. Gallo, engaged their fifth-grade students in productive talk to develop their students' understanding of volume.

With the growth in digital teaching and learning, there has been a sharp rise in the number of cybersecurity attacks on K-12 school networks. This has demonstrated a need for security technologies and cybersecurity education. This study examined security technologies used, effective security practices, challenges, concerns, and wish list of technology leaders in K-12 settings. Data collected from 23 district websites and from interviews with 12 district technology leaders were analyzed. Top security practices included cloud-based technologies, segregated network/V-LAN, two-factor authentication, limiting access, and use of Clever or Class Link. Top challenges included keeping users informed, lack of buy-in from staff and decision-makers, lack of expertise to implement modern best practices, and cost of resources. Top concerns included possible cyberattacks, leaked student data, and lack of user awareness. Finally, their wish list included technology personnel, access to Clever of Class Link, external system diagnostic checks, professional development for staff, and replacing aging infrastructure. The findings have implications for K-12 administrators, technology leaders, and teachers.

Colorectal polyps are noteworthy because of their role in the development of various clinical conditions and their malignant potential. McKittrick-Wheelock syndrome, one of these clinical conditions, is characterized by dehydration, tenesmus, secretory diarrhea, fluid-electrolyte disturbance (hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic acidosis), and prerenal acute renal failure accompanied by large colorectal villous adenomas. Large villous adenomas, which cause the syndrome due to the hormones and secretions they produce, carry a high risk of invasive cancer because of their size and histological type. Definitive surgery or endoscopic resection following supportive treatment for fluid-electrolyte disorders is essential in the syndrome’s treatment and leads to an increase in survival rate and quality of life. In this case report, we aim to present this rare syndrome and the synchronous tumor accompanying it for the first time in the literature.

Digital Safety refers to the knowledge and skills needed for the intentional protection of users in the digital environment. With children having access to digital devices at a young age, it has become essential for them to be educated on how to be safe in the digital world. Through a week-long summer camp on digital safety, elementary-age learners were introduced to four topics (digital identity and digital footprint, cyberbullying, netiquette, and digital security and privacy). This study found that the digital safety immersion camp was beneficial to elementary school learners based on the achievement, attitude, and behavior data that were collected. Posttest scores were statistically significant from the pre-test. Cyberbullying topic had the highest pre- and post-knowledge, whereas netiquette and online behavior, and digital security and privacy had comparatively lesser scores. Students demonstrated positive attitudes in the post-camp survey and they also included several lessons learned from the camp in the Pixton comic strip, which they created as the final project from the camp. The findings from this study contribute to the current literature on preparing elementary school students' knowledge and skills related to digital safety and have implications for students, teachers, administrators, and parents.

Digital safety involves protecting oneself, and one's personal information to mitigate the risks that are inherently associated with using digital technologies. This study employed a multi-method design to explore 26 inservice and preservice elementary teacher experiences from attending a professional development on digital safety and facilitating a digital safety immersion summer camp. Data was collected through pre and posttest assessments, surveys, and interviews. Findings from knowledge assessments indicate no significant difference in pre and posttest assessment. However, elementary teachers displayed high motivation, valuing the critical need for ongoing digital safety education and opportunities for collaboration and self-reflection from the survey and interviews. Teacher challenges included teaching students from different backgrounds with varied expectations and engaging the learners. This study provides recommendations for teacher professional development and has implications for designing teacher professional development on digital safety and for administrators to offer support on digital safety topics amidst the challenges the teachers discussed.

Background: Despite recent improvements in melanoma survival rates, persistent inequalities pose barriers to care for some patients. Objective: To assess the influence of social determinants of health (SDoH) on melanoma treatment outcomes. Methods: A systematic review (Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42022346854) of manuscripts that examined the association between SDoH and melanoma treatment-related outcomes in the United States was conducted using 5 databases. Results: The analysis encompassed data from 12 retrospective manuscripts. The SDoH domains most frequently investigated were health care access and quality (n = 6 manuscripts, 50%) and economic stability (n = 7, 58.3%). Other domains included social and community context (n = 5, 41.7%) and education access (n = 3, 25%). These findings revealed significant correlations between poor melanoma survival and low levels of economic stability, limited education, government health insurance, and being uninsured and unmarried. Limitations: Many SDoH were not analyzed at the patient level. SDoH are vast categories, but manuscripts usually analyze one aspect of a particular category. Conclusions: These results highlight the need for physicians to recognize the substantial impact of SDoH on melanoma outcomes and to adopt more comprehensive strategies focused on patient-centered care. Integrating social support mechanisms into clinical practice emerges as a key mechanism to promote equitable and effective interventions.

Background Pregnant patients with single ventricle (SV) physiology carry a high risk of spontaneous pregnancy loss (SPL), yet the clinical factors contributing to this risk are not well defined.Methods Single-centre retrospective study of pregnant patients with SV physiology seen in cardio-obstetrics clinic over the past 20 years with chart review of their obstetric history. Patients without a known pregnancy outcome were excluded. Univariable Bayesian panel-data random effects logit was used to model the risk of SPL.Results The study included 20 patients with 44 pregnancies, 20 live births, 21 SPL and 3 elective abortions. All had Fontan palliation except for two with Waterston and Glenn shunts. 10 (50%) had a single right ventricle (RV). 14 (70%) had moderate or severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation (AVVR). Atrial arrhythmias were present in 16 (80%), Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) in 15 (75%) and FALD stage 4 in 9 (45%). 12 (60%) were on anticoagulation. Average first-trimester oxygen saturation was 93.8% for live births and 90.8% for SPL. The following factors were associated with higher odds of SPL: RV morphology (OR 1.72 (95% credible interval (CrI) 1.0008–2.70)), moderate or severe AVVR (OR 1.64 (95% CrI 1.003–2.71)) and reduced first-trimester oxygen saturation (OR 1.83 (95% CrI 1.03–2.71) for each per cent decrease in O2 saturation.Conclusion Pregnant patients with SV physiology, particularly those with RV morphology, moderate or severe AVVR, and lower first-trimester oxygen saturations, have a higher risk of SPL. Identifying these clinical risk factors can guide preconception counselling by the cardio-obstetrics team.

Elementary school children are spending more time using digital technologies. Teachers and schools are concerned about the student's digital safety. We interviewed ten elementary school teachers virtually to understand their concerns and understand the actions they take regarding elementary school children's digital safety. Using thematic analysis, we identified themes of concerns and actions of teachers and schools on elementary school children's digital safety. Some digital safety concerns discussed by the teachers included content-related concerns such as accessing inappropriate content, contact-related concerns, inappropriate contact with others online, sharing personal information, lack of understanding of danger, conduct-related concerns regarding cyberbullying and digital footprint, contract-related concerns such as digital security and privacy, and home-related concerns. Teachers and schools have taken several actions to address these concerns. Some of the digital safety actions included security measures and limits, monitoring student activities, providing education on digital safety, and support from guidance counselors. This study has implications for elementary school educators, administrators, parents, and students on the safe use of digital technologies.

K-12 schools utilize a growing number of technologies to operate effectively, ranging from technologies for learning to technologies that manage student and personnel data. We share findings from an analysis of 23 school district websites for technologies used in a number of K-12 school districts surrounding a public, research university in a southeast region of the United States. In addition, we also share findings on technologies used in K-12 school districts from interviews with 12 technology directors. We propose a technology classification framework including educational technologies, management technologies, support technologies, networking technologies, and security technologies in addition to identifying various technologies that are currently used by school districts based on this framework. This framework has implications for K-12 technology adoption and clarifying the roles of school technology personnel.

In this study, we aim to examine the phases of inquiry-based learning and how to best prepare future teachers for inquiry-based teaching. While preservice teachers may leave teacher preparation with an understanding of the tenets of inquiry, their experiences in methods courses and experiences teaching in the field do not adequately prepare them to implement inquiry-based learning in classroom instruction. Part of this problem of practice relates to how the process of inquiry is ill-defined and muddy. We use a literature review methodology to investigate this problem by examining and comparing how teacher candidates are prepared with inquiry-based methods. We used Banchi and Bell's (2008) Levels of Inquiry model as a lens for reporting on different levels of inquiry-based preparation of teacher candidates. This lens was informative, though ultimately too restricting. We found that the types and degrees of inquiry-based teacher preparation vary greatly from context to context. This variation inspired our design of the Flexible Phases of Inquiry model. This model is a framework to support educators' understanding of how the levels of inquiry are not fixed, but rather overlapping and dynamic.

The aim of the research is to examine the relationship between character structures and mental toughness of high school and university students doing fencing sports. Survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, has been used in the study. The sample of the research consisted of 286 active licensed fencing athletes who have competing in the classifications of the Turkish Fencing Federation and studying at high schools and university. As a data collection tool in the study Personal Information Form, Sport Character Scale (SCS) Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) has been used. In the data analysis, independent group t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, Tukey HSD multiple comparison test, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient test have been applied. As a result of the research; average of sports character scores of high school and university athletes; gender, age, education level, branch and nationality status variables have found to be significantly different. It has been specified that there wasn’t significant difference in the fencing experience period variable. Mental toughness score averages in sports; gender, age, education level, branch, fencing experience period, nationality status have found to be significantly different. It has been determined that there is a low and moderate positive and significant relationship in some sub-dimensions of the Sports Character Scale and Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire.

Yöresel mimari özelliklerin, yerel kimliğin ve geleneksel yaşam örgüsünün gözlemlendiği yerler, değerlerin, inançların, geleneklerin yansıtıldığı mekânsal üretimler, kırsal yerleşimler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu yerleşimler tasarım kriterleri bağlamında kullanıcı odaklı oluşu, bölgesel malzeme kullanımı, iklim koşullarına ve arazi şartlarına uyumlu olması gibi özellikleriyle özgün karakterlere sahiptirler. Bünyelerinde barındırdıkları ünik niteliklerin ve geleneksel kültürün belgelenip, gelecek kuşaklara aktarılması, sonraki nesillerin de bu kültür birikimlerinden faydalanabilmesini ve kolektif belleğin canlı tutulmasını sağlayacaktır. Ancak günümüz şartlarında bireylerin vazgeçemediği ve çağdaş yaşamın beraberinde getirdiği konfor koşullarının vermiş olduğu imkânlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, geleneksel yaşam tarzının günümüz imkânlarına göre farklılaştığı gözlemlenmektedir. Buna ek olarak küresel değişimler, kentleşme, eğitim gibi nedenlerle oluşan göçler ve yapıların terk edilmesi, kırsal alanlardaki nüfusun giderek azalmasına neden olmaktadır. İnsan yaşamındaki farklılaşan kullanıcı ihtiyaçlarına bağlı olarak görülen bu değişimler neticesinde, geleneksel konut dokularının başkalaşım geçirdiği, bakımsız ve harap durumda kaldığı ve giderek özgünlüğünü yitirdiği örneklere rastlanmaktadır. Çoğunlukla mekânsal kurguya ve yapısal malzeme farklılığına dair saptanan bu başkalaşım hareketi, yörenin kimliksizleştirilmesine ve kültürel yozlaşmaya sebebiyet vermektedir. Bu durumda kırsal mimari mirasımızın özgünlüğünün yitirilmeden belgelenmesi çok önemlidir. Geleneksel konut mimarlığının ve yöresel özelliklerinin yitirilme etkisine maruz kalan bu yerleşimlerden biri de Antalya ili Akseki ilçesine bağlı Emiraşıklar Mahallesi’dir. Akseki yöresi ve çevresinde sıklıkla görülen, ünik değer taşıyan ve bilinen mimari yapım tekniklerinden farklı bir sistemle oluşturulan “düğmeli ev” karakterine sahip yapıların Emiraşıklar Mahallesi’nde de mevcut olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu özgün yapı karakterine sahip yerleşim alanlarının geleceğe aktarılması adına, var olan mimari oluşumların belgelenmesi önemli bir adımdır. Nitekim yapılan bu çalışmada Emiraşıklar Mahallesi’nde yer alan tescilli yapıların “belge değerlerinin” öneminin vurgulanması ve değerlendirilmesi adına incelemeler yapılmasını hedeflenmektedir.

There continues to be an abundance of research conducted and published about online learning in K-12 settings. In this systematic review, 386 articles on K-12 online teaching and learning published between 2000 and 2019 were reviewed for research themes, participants, school type, research methodologies, and data collection methods. The data was analyzed by the two decades 2000 to 2009 and 2010 to 2019 and showed significant increase in the second decade. There was an increased growth in the number of publications until 2016 after which it stabilized. About 60% of the studies were published in the United States. Areas that are most and less frequently researched are reported and discussed. The article provides implications and recommendations for future research for online learning in K-12 settings.

Aims: CRISPR/Cas9, a revolutionary genome editing tool derived from a bacterial system, has transformed molecular biology research, enabling precise and versatile modifications to the genome. This study surveyed 300 participants, including instructors, second-year medical students, and patient relatives from Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and ethical perspectives on gene editing. Methods: A comprehensive survey was conducted, and the participants' demographics were correlated with their responses. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0. Results: The survey revealed significant differences (p

During pollination, pollen grains can be transported to distant distances by various factors such as wind, insects, birds, and reptiles. While there have been numerous studies on pollen transportation by birds in Europe, there is a lack of research concerning the pollen grains transported by bird species in Turkey. In this context, we explored the role of Sylviidae species in pollination and identified the plant species whose pollen is transported by these birds. The temporary ringing station located at İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Avcılar Campus was selected as the study area and a total of 35 feather samples were collected from individuals of Sylvia atricapilla (Linnaeus), S. borin (Boddaert), Curruca communis (Latham), C. cantillans (Pallas), C. curruca (Linnaeus) and C. melanocephala (Gmelin) captured at station. Based on the analysis of pollen found on the feather samples, it was determined that the pollen found in 18 feather samples of Curruca curruca and Sylvia atricapilla provided pollen belonging to Pinus (Pine), Aesculus (Horse chestnut), Prunus (Plum), Spiraea (Spiraea), Quercus (Oak), Fraxinus (Ash) and Melia (Bead tree). The most commonly determined pollen on C. curruca were of Prunus (63.5%), while the least common were of Aesculus (0.9%). The most commonly determined pollen on S. atricapilla were of Melia (48.1%), while the least common were of Crocus (0.2%). The presence of pollen among the food sources of Sylviidae species during spring, the synchronization between the arrival time of birds in the study area during migration and the pollination period of the determined plant taxa, and the prevalence of these taxa in the study area suggest that S. atricapilla and C. curruca may be contributing to pollination.

Abstract Neutron dark-field imaging is a powerful technique for investigating the microstructural properties of materials through high-resolution full-field mapping of small-angle scattering. However, conventional neutron dark-field imaging utilizing Talbot–Lau interferometers is limited to probing only one scattering direction at a time. Here, we introduce a novel multi-directional neutron dark-field imaging approach that utilizes a single absorption grating with a two-dimensional pattern to simultaneously probe multiple scattering directions. The method is demonstrated to successfully resolve fiber orientations in a carbon compound material as well as the complex morphology of the transformed martensitic phase in additively manufactured stainless steel dogbone samples after mechanical deformation. The latter results reveal a preferential alignment of transformed domains parallel to the load direction, which is verified by EBSD. The measured real-space correlation functions are in good agreement with those extracted from the EBSD map. Our results demonstrate that multi-directional neutron dark-field imaging is overcoming significant limitations of conventional neutron dark-field imaging in assessing complex heterogeneous anisotropic microstructures and providing quantitative structural information on multiple length scales.

The impact of heterogeneous uptake of HO2 on aerosol surfaces on radical concentrations and the O3 production regime in Beijing in summertime was investigated. The uptake coefficient of HO2 onto aerosol surfaces, γHO2, was calculated for the AIRPRO campaign in Beijing, in summer 2017, as a function of measured aerosol soluble copper concentration, [Cu2+]eff, aerosol liquid water content, [ALWC], and particulate matter concentration, [PM]. An average γHO2 across the entire campaign of 0.070±0.035 was calculated, with values ranging from 0.002 to 0.15, and found to be significantly lower than the value of γHO2=0.2, commonly used in modelling studies. Using the calculated γHO2 values for the summer AIRPRO campaign, OH, HO2 and RO2 radical concentrations were modelled using a box model incorporating the Master Chemical Mechanism (v3.3.1), with and without the addition of γHO2, and compared to the measured radical concentrations. The rate of destruction analysis showed the dominant HO2 loss pathway to be HO2 + NO for all NO concentrations across the summer Beijing campaign, with HO2 uptake contributing % to the total loss of HO2 on average. This result for Beijing summertime would suggest that under most conditions encountered, HO2 uptake onto aerosol surfaces is not important to consider when investigating increasing O3 production with decreasing [PM] across the North China Plain. At low [NO], however, i.e. ppb, which was often encountered in the afternoons, up to 29 % of modelled HO2 loss was due to HO2 uptake on aerosols when calculated γHO2 was included, even with the much lower γHO2 values compared to γHO2= 0.2, a result which agrees with the aerosol-inhibited O3 regime recently proposed by Ivatt et al. (2022). As such it can be concluded that in cleaner environments, away from polluted urban centres where HO2 loss chemistry is not dominated by NO but where aerosol surface area is high still, changes in PM concentration and hence aerosol surface area could still have a significant effect on both overall HO2 concentration and the O3 production regime. Using modelled radical concentrations, the absolute O3 sensitivity to NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed that, on average across the summer AIRPRO campaign, the O3 production regime remained VOC-limited, with the exception of a few days in the afternoon when the NO mixing ratio dropped low enough for the O3 regime to shift towards being NOx-limited. The O3 sensitivity to VOCs, the dominant regime during the summer AIRPRO campaign, was observed to decrease and shift towards a NOx-sensitive regime both when NO mixing ratio decreased and with the addition of aerosol uptake. This suggests that if [NOx] continues to decrease in the future, ozone reduction policies focussing solely on NOx reductions may not be as efficient as expected if [PM] and, hence, HO2 uptake to aerosol surfaces continue to decrease. The addition of aerosol uptake into the model, for both the γHO2 calculated from measured data and when using a fixed value of γHO2=0.2, did not have a significant effect on the overall O3 production regime across the campaign. While not important for this campaign, aerosol uptake could be important for areas of lower NO concentration that are already in a NOx-sensitive regime.

Abstract During the second long shutdown period of the CERN accelerator complex (LS2, 2019-2021), several upgrade activities took place at the n_TOF facility. The most important have been the replacement of the spallation target with a next generation nitrogen-cooled lead target. Additionally, a new experimental area, at a very short distance from the target assembly (the NEAR Station) was established. In this paper, the core commissioning actions of the new installations are described. The improvement in the n_TOF infrastructure was accompanied by several detector development projects. All these upgrade actions are discussed, focusing mostly on the future perspectives of the n_TOF facility. Furthermore, some indicative current and future measurements are briefly reported.

Children interact with digital devices for learning and entertainment at an early age. This study examines elementary educators' perceptions of student digital safety based on their interactions with others using technology in the classroom. Through a qualitative interview study, we analyzed data collected from ten elementary educators, including classroom teachers, media specialists, and instructional technology facilitators. Educators shared that their students interact with one another using technology for a variety of social and learning purposes in the classroom. Additionally, teachers described negative interactions with technology they have observed in their classrooms with elementary students, including incidents of cyberbullying and access to inappropriate content online. Findings from this study support the design of instructional materials for elementary student digital safety and have implications for teachers, parents, students, and administrators.